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IMAGE  EVALUATION' 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  145C0 

(716)  872-4503 


''4 


«a 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  May  significantly  change 
the  usual  mevhod  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Ccluured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

I      I    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

r7~l/Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
L^   Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  coulv>ur 

□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  ^tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dt6  fiimdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6ment»ires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  et6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normi^le  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materis 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppiementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


r~~j    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

rrpc  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I    Pages  detached/ 

p~7r  Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

r~~|    Only  edition  available/ 


a 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  reifilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  fiim^es  d  nouveau  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


./ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


:ails 

du 

>difier 

une 

nage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  th>3  generosity  of: 

Libraiy, 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  ihe  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  pli^tfas,  chnrts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagr&ins  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'sxemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque, 

Commission  G6ologique  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  riettetd  de  I'exemplaire  filme,  et  en 
conformitd  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papior  est  imprimis  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
J'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autras  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symk)ole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filrr^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gaixhe,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  niicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


rata 
> 


elure. 


J 


I2X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 


DEPARTMENT  OF   THE    INTERIOR. 


REPORT 


UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


ov 


THE    TERRITORIES 


UNITED    STATES    CfEOLOGIST-IN-CH  A  ROl 


VOLUME  XII. 


WASIIINGTOH: 

GOVKUNMENT     PUINTINQ     Ol'TICE. 

1879. 


LETTER  TO  THE  SECRETARY. 


Office  United  States  Geological  and 

Geogkapiiical  Survey  of  the  TEunrroRiES, 

Washinfjton,  D.  C,  Januanj  1,  1879. 

SiK :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewitli,  for  your  approval  and 
for  publication,  Volume  XII  of  the  Final  Reports  of  the  Survey  under  my 
direction. 

This  volume  has  been  i:>repared  by  Prof  Joseph  Leidy,  the  eminent 
comparative  anatomist  and  microscopist,  who  is  well  known  as  one  of  the 
most  valued  collaborators  of  the  Survey,  and  the  author  of  tho  first  volume 
of  the  cpiarto  series  of  Reports,  entitled  "  Contributions  to  the  Extinct  Ver- 
tebrate Fauna  of  the  Western  Territories." 

Professor  Leidy  spent  the  greater  portion  of  two  seasons  in  the  West 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Survey.  During  this  time  he  made  a  careful 
ex])loration  of  the  country  about  Fort  Bridger,  Uinta  Jlountalns,  and  the 
Salt  Lake  Basin,  in  search  of  the  materials  for  this  memoir. 

The  use  of  the  microscope  in  all  branches  of  natural  science  has 
become  so  universal  that  the  publication  of  the  present  volume  in  con- 
nection with  the  Survey  needs  no  explanation.  It  is  intended  as  a  guide 
and  aid  to  students  in  this  new  or  little-known  field  of  observation.  The 
facility  with  which  these  small  objects  for  study  can  be  obtained  all  around 
us  will  render  the  work  still  more  timely  and  useful  to  the  students  of  this 
country.  There  are  also  a  number  of  closely  allied  fields  of  inquiry,  as  the 
Diatoms,  Desmids,  Infusoria,  Rotifera,  Entomostraca,  and  Aquatic  insectr,, 
etc.,  which,  when  pursued  with  the  same  skill  and  devotion,  will  prove  equally 
fruitful  in  results. 

The  Rhizopods  are  the  lowest  and  si  .iplest  forms  of  animals,  mostly 
minute,  and  requiring  high  power  of  the  microscope  to  distinguish  their 
structure.     While  most  of  them  construct  shells  of  threat  beautv  and  varietv, 

lit 


IV 


LETTER  TO  THE  Sl^OKETAllY. 


their  soft  part  consists  of  iij(3lly-liko  substauco.  This  the  iiuimal  has  the 
po\ver  of  oxton(Hn<^  in  threads  or  Ihiger-liko  proct'sscs,  ^vlli(•ll  are  used  as 
organs  of  h)Coniotion  and  prehension,  often  branching.  From  the  nppear- 
ance  of  their  temporary  organt-,  resend)hng  roots,  tlio  chiss  of  animals  has 
received  its  name  of  IJlii/.opoda,  meaning  literally  root-footed. 

In  compensation  for  the  smallness  of  these  creatures,  they  make  up  in 
nuiiil);rs,  and  it  is  iiuestionable  whether  any  other  class  of  animals  exceeds 
them  in  importance  in  the  <'conomy  of  miture.  Geological  evidence  shows 
that  they  were  the  starting-point  of  animal  life  in  time,  and  their  agency 
in  rock-mid<ing  has  not  been  excei^led  by  later  higher  and  more  visible 
forms. 

AYitli  tile  marin  ■  hind,  known  as  I'oraminifera,  we  ha\e  been  longest 
fnmiliar.  Their  beautii'td  many-chatid)ered  shells — ibr  the  most  part  just 
visible  to  the  naked  eye — foi'in  a  Inrge  portitai  of  the  ocean-mud  and  the 
sands  oi'  the  occiin-shore.  Shells  of  I'oraminifera  likewise  form  the  basis 
of  miles  of  strata  of  limestone,  such  as  the  chalk  of  ICngland  and  the  lime- 
stones of  which  I'iU'is  and  the  })yramids  of  l'jgy[)t  are  built. 

Fresh-water  Kliizopods,  though  not  so  abundant  as  marine  forms,  are 
nevertheless  very  numerous  They  mainly  inhahit  our  lakes,  ponds,  and 
stiuiding  waters,  but  they  also  swarm  in  sphagnons  swamps  and  even  live 
in  moist  earth.  Professor  Leidy  has  devoted  several  years  of  study  to 
th(.'  Fresh-wiiter  Ivhizopods  of  the  eastern  jiortion  of  our  couutrv,  and  his 
esjtecial  object  in  his  western  expeditions  was  to  investigate  those  which  are 
to  be  found  in  the  elevated  regimis  of  the  liocky  Mountains. 

The  beautiful   plntes  which   illustrate  this  volume  were  engraved  by 
Messrs   Sinclair  tt  Sou,  I'Iiiladel[)hia,  and  to  this  hrm  the  thanks  of  the  Sur- 
vey are  due  for  their  care  and  skill. 
Vei'v  respectfully, 

F.  V,  IIAYDEN, 

United  States  Geohgisl. 

To  the  SECi.'KT.VKV  or  ■vim  iNTKinoi!. 


J, 


I 

f 


UNiTHI)  8TATKS  GKOLOUKJAL  SUUVEV  OF  THE  TEKlilTOIUES. 


FRESH-WATER 


RHIZOPODS 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


ny 


JOSEPH    l.EIDY,    M.    ])., 

TUOFl'-aSOll  OF   ANATOMV  IN   TlIU    UNI VKIiSIl'Y   OF    I'KNNSYI.VANIA,   AND   l)I'   NATUliAL 
HIHTOUY   IN  tlWAKTIIMOIIK  COLLKCiK,   rKSNSYLVANIA. 


WASHINGTON: 

OOVKBNMENT     PRINTING     OPriOE. 
1870. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Philadelphia,  Jammry  1,  1879. 
Dear  Sir  :  On  seveml  occasions  you  have  expressed  a  desire,  that,  in 
my  trips  to  the  Western  Territories,  I  should  undertake  the  investigation  of 
the  microscopic  forms  of  hfe  whicli  inhabit  the  waters.  During  the  last 
four  years  I  have  studied  one  important  class — the  Rhizopods,  as  they  occur 
in  all  fresh  waters  of  the  country,  from  the  Allantic  border  to  an  altitude 
of  10,000  feet  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  marine  forms  of  Rhizopods, 
in  all  times,  have  extensively  contributed  to  the  construction  of  stratified 
rocks  The  determination  of  the  living  fresh-water  forms  may  serve  as  a 
guide  to  the  discovery  and  determination  of  fossil  forms  in  the  vast  lacus- 
trine formations  in  the  interior  of  our  continent.  Herewith,  I  transmit  my 
report  for  examination  and  publication,  trusting  it  may  meet  with  your 
approbation. 

Respectfully, 

^    „  ,  JOSEPPI  LEIDY. 

Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden, 

U.  S.  Geologist,  Washington,  T).  C. 


5UT>1 


▼tt 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 


TlHo  of  V.ilunic  XU  '>f  (ho  riiinl  1{i'|.oi(.h 

I-i'ltcr  to  till'  Si'm'tiirr 

Tilli'  (if  I'lcsli-wiitiT  lihizoixxls 

lii'tlrr  of  'I'm iisinit  till , 

'I'lilili'  cif  C'oiitints 

lilt rodi let  iim  

OcMii.il  KriiiiirlisdU  Ihn  IJIiizopmlM 

ricili-watcr  UIiizoiMKiii 

l'n)ti(|iliiMlii 


l'i<)l(i|)!;i»t;i  I.oliosii 
Aiiin^li:i 


Aincobii  inodiis 

vcvnicdsii  ... 

Villi iosn  

villdMl 

Oiiriiniii.liii 


Oiiriiiiiu'liii  viiiiix 

ImiIiiIIi'iiiuIii 
Pl'ldlllVXll 


IVloiiiyxii  villosa 
Diiiiiiiiipliii 


niiiiUMii'lia  iiiiiiiliilis. 
llVilldiliscU-i 


llyiilodiiiciis  riiliicniiiliis 
Dii;iii;;i;i 


Uii;iii 


liyi-ilbniiis 


iirccoliici  . 
rriili'iii 

iU'llMlillillit 

Idlnisldinii. 
illTlllll 


roriiMii  .  .. . 
const  i-U^I  IV 
spiiiili.s  ... 


Tngi-. 
1 
iii 

V 

vii 

ix 

1 

■I 

c:i 
:;() 
:;o 

f;:i 
r.8 

(!•,' 

(ill 


HI 
i)| 


lOci 
109 

iia 
no 

117 

l!!0 
1>'1 

1;;8 


Ilyalosivtici 

Myaliwiiliciiia  (■micalji 
imjiilid 

lilK^tll   -, 

i'!c,';aim 

Qiiiiilnila 

(^ladnila  Hvniwii'trica ...    . 
Nobola _  1^- 


l:!l 

l:;.s 

IVJ 


IV'i'lit'lii  collariti. 


li 
115 


X 


TAIU-K  t)F  CONTKNTS. 


NrlM'lii — Coutl'iiU'd. 

Nfbelii  tlnlu'lliiu.m l.Vi 

I'iUi-.iiitii 154 

UippiHTi'pis 1")(; 

aiisativ VS 

Imrbata .- iri) 

i-amlatT    KiO 

lli'U'opi'ia 100 

III  Icopcra  ]>ii  la    loO 

|uli'ii,ia hi'i 

Aiivlla lo(5 

Anella  vulyinns 170 

(lisi'oi.h's 17;t 

mil  rata 175 

ilouiata 177 

artocroa 17!< 

CiMifroiivNis It-'O 

(I'lilrnii.vxis  ai'iiloata It'O 

('oi'lilii)i>i>(liiiiii    1~4 

Coi'liliopiuliiim  liiUiiiIiosiim lL-4 

vt'stidim 1H6 

rrotoplasta  I'ildsa IW) 

raiiipliafjus 1!10 

^alnplla.ull^  imnaliilis l',)l 

liyalJinis H14 

iiirvns 1!V) 

aviiliis VMi 

IVMil.xlilllu-ia 1!»7 

rsoiiiloililllujjia  praoilis KS 

Cyplunlciia    i!(>l 

C'yphodfi'ia  ampulla 'Mi 

Cainpasi'iis '^(M 

Cainpasciis  ooriiuliis M:^ 

Kujilyplia '.'(Ki 

Kugly)iha  alwolata '.'(7 

liliata yi  1 

ciistati 'Jlt^ 

uiiu  rimata 'JID 

biai'hiata 'J'iO 

I'laiocisfu t!S: 

riacoi'ista  spiiiosa C-1 

Assiilina 'ii\ 

Assulina  somiiiulinu 205 

Triiu'iua V~(> 

Tii!i-.;m  clichrlys 'J'JtS 

Sphomxl.ria i^'J 

Splu'iuMli'iia  lent  a -"..> 

iiiai'iolopm - '2'.'i 

H.li../iia si:t:f 

Aot  iiuii>lii'v.'* ~''l 

Act  mophrys  sol ~;(5 

pitta 'JU 

lI.t.'ropliryM... -MO 

lli'ti'ropluy.s  myi'iapiMla UJ'.! 

liai>liiilii>plii'y:i »4H 

liai)Ui>liopiiry9  viriJis «4H 

I'li'gaus -50 


TABliK  OF  COXTKNTS. 


Zl 


Page. 

Vnmpyri'lln '"'•' 

Viiiupyri'llu  lutt'iititt. '-J^' 

liiplolihi-.VM '-^'■'O 

Uiploiilirvs  airlH'vi «5*' 

Ac'diiosplm'rimii '-^^ 

.\('tiiio.s|iliiniiniu  oichhoviiii '-Kif* 

Ai-:uillioi'.vtilis    "<'4 

Ae.mtluicvstis  cliii'topliorii 2t54 

; 2(>8 

f aro 

Hjiiloliimpo '-■''1 

Ilynliiliimiio  foiiostratn 'J*! 

rinthnilina :'*'- 

Cliithnilinii  I'lojjnns 27S 

VoraniiiiilVriv  277 

Oroiiiia 877 

Oromiii  *cm<'olii 277 

Hioiiiyxii 2Sl 

liioiiivxii  va);iiiis 281 

Lists  of  Fii'sh-wator  Ulii/.oixid.s,  iiulicntiiig  (ho  many  I'orma  which  oci'iir  tojsi'thiT  in  i-rrtaiii 

localili.-s SS9 

Concliidiu};  lioniarlvH ytH 

Chii'f  works  and  civ.mnnnicationa  lolatiug  to  the  Frosh-walcr  Ubizopmls,  with  lists  dI'  Iho  l\>rins 
•h'sciibcMl,  and  n  ,>iiitial  and  prolinblr  rolVroni'i-  nt  Ihcso  lo  coiri'siiondinj;  I'oiiiis  di'si-iibcd  in 

f  ho  body  of  tlic  promvnt  work v97 

Index...! :W1 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  revelations  of  the  microscope  fire  perhaps  not  exceeded  in  impor- 
tance by  those  of  the  telescope.  While  exciting  our  curiosity,  our  wonder 
and  admiration,  they  have  proved  of  infinite  service  in  advancing  our 
knowledge  of  things  around  us.  The  present  work,  founded  on  such 
revelations,  I  have  attempted  to  prepare  in  a  manner  to  render  it  easy  of 
comprehension,  with  the  view  of  promoting  and  encouraging  a  taste  for 
microscopic  investigation. 

Dr.  Carpenter,  the  eminent  I<]nglish  physiologist  and  naturalist,  in  his 
treatise  'The  Microscope  and  its  Revelations',  remarks  that  "it  is  a  ten- 
dency common  to  all  observers,  and  not  by  any  means  peculiar  to  micro- 
scopists,  to  describe  what  they,  believe  and  infer,  rather  than  what  they 
actually  witness." 

There  are  certainly  peculiar  difficulties  in  arriving  at  a  faithful  inter- 
pretation of  microscopic  observations,  arising  from  many  causes,  of  which 
a  common  one  is  the  difficulty  of  handling  minute  objects,  especially  active 
living  animals,  so  as  to  examine  them  from  every  point  of  view.  While  I 
have  endeavored  to  describe  things  as  they  appeared  to  be,  I  am  conscious 
of  having  been  unable  to  avoid  the  usual  proportion  of  errors,  for  which  I 
beg  indulgence,  and  which  I  leave  for  others  who  shall  pursue  the  same 
path  of  investigation  to  correct. 

What  are  Rhizopods?  is  a  question  that  will  be  asked  by  perhaps  most 
persons  whose  attention  may  be  directed  to  the  present  work.  They  are 
the  simplest  or  lowest  forms  of  animal  life,  constituting  the  first  class  of  the 
Protozoa  (Greek,  protos,  primitive ;  soon,  animal). 

I'ho  Rhizopoda  (Gr.  rhiza,  root ;  pons,  foot  .—root-footed  animals)  are 
mostly  microscopic  beings,  rarely  just  visible  to  the  naked  eye;  though 
some  are  sufficiently  large  to  appear  as  conspicuous  objects.  Their  minute- 
ness is  amply  compensated  by  their  multitude  and  world-wide  distribution; 

1  RHIZ  J 


2 


FRESn  WATER  RniZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


essentially  .iquatic,  they  occur  wherevei"  there  is  moisture.  Commencing' 
from  one's  own  doorstep,  tliey  niay  bo  found  in  almost  every  damp  nook 
and  crevice,  savanna  and  marsh,  pool  and  ditch,  pond  and  lake,  sea  and 
ocean,  and  from  the  greatest  depths  of  the  latter  to  the  snow-line  of  mount- 
ains. By  far  the  greater  proportion  are  marine,  and  their  tiny  shells  enter 
abundantly  into  the  composition  of  the  ocean  mud  and  abound  in  the  sands 
of  every  ocean  shore.  1  hey  appear  to  have  been  the  first  representatives 
of  animal  life  on  earth;  and  if  there  is  any  truth  in  the  theory  of  evolution, 
they  represent  our  own  remotest  ancestors.  Having  existed  for  ages,  their 
remains  have  largely  contributed  to  the  formation  of  the  marine  sediment- 
ary rocks. 

The  particular  Rhizopods  which  form  the  subjects  of  the  present  work 
are  those  usually  designated  as  the  'Fresh-water  Rhizopods',  living  mainly 
in  comparatively  still  fresh  waters,  in  the  mud  of  bogs,  among  alga)  and 
mosses,  and  even  on  the  ground  in  damp,  shaded  places.  My  investigations 
were  commenced  foiu'  years  ago,  and  have  been  continued  during  that  time, 
in  intervals  of  leisure  from  teaching  and  ordinary  business  pursuits,  until 
last  summer,  when  I  began  the  preparation  of  my  report  for  publication. 
In  the  study  of  the  Rhizopods,  my  attention  has  been  more  jiarticularly 
directed  to  the  discovery  and  determination  of  the  various  forms  occurring 
in  this  country,  rather  than  to  the  elaboration  of  details  of  structure,  habits, 
modes  of  development,  and  other  matters  pertaining  to  their  history, 
though  these  have  not  been  entirely  neglected.  In  the  latter  respects,  my 
researches  fall  short  of  these  of  some  of  the  able  naturalists  of  England  and 
Germany: — Wallich,  Carter,  and  Archer  of  the  former,  and  Ilertwig  and 
Lesser,  Greeff,  Cienkowski,  and  Schulze  of  the  latter  country. 

The  illustrations  accompanying  the  work,  done  in  chromo-lithography, 
are  not  equal  in  execution  to  my  desire,  though  they  represent  the  charac- 
teristic appearance  of  the  subjects  in  all  cases,  I  believe,  sufficiently  vv^ell  to 
enable  the  stiulent  to  recognize  these  when  found.  The  original  drawings, 
made  by  myself,  I  think  may  be  fairly  viewed  as  approximating  accuracy, 
at  least  so  far  as  relates  to  the  outlines,  which  have  invariably  been  drawn 
to  a  scale  of  measurements,  so  as  to  preserve  the  proportions  of  all  parts. 
Faults  in  perspective  and  other  qualities  are  partially  due  to  my  own  w.ant 
of  ability  as  an  artist,  and  partially  to  the  difficulty  of  correctly  interpret- 
ing the  views  of  objects  as  oixlinarily  seen  through  the  microscope.     Many 


INTRODUCXrON.  3 

of  the  illustrations  exhibit  various  degrees  of  imperfection  in  some  of  the 
details,  duo  to  exaggeration  of  defects  in  the  original  drawings,  which  the 
artists,  without  any  knowledge  of  the  subjects,  have  attempted  closely  to 
imitate.  It  has  long  been  a  matter  of  regret  to  me  that  I  have  not  been 
able  to  secure  the  services  of  accomplished  artists,  educated  for  the  special 
purpose  to  give  us  faithful  and  beautiful  representations  of  natural-history 
subjects,  such  as  we  so  frequently  see  in  the  scientific  periodicals  and  other 
works  especially  of  Germany  and  France. 

I  think  it  worth  while  to  embrace  the  opportunity  of  informing  students 
that  microscopic  observations,  such  as  those  which  form  the  basis  of  the 
present  work,  do  not  require  elaborate  and  high-priced  instruments.  Such 
a  microscope  as  is  made  by  Zentmayer  of  Philadelphia,  Beck  of  London, 
or  Ilartnack  of  Paris,  and  sold  at  prices  ranging  from  §50  to  8 100, 
ans  vers  all  ordinary  purposes.  The  instrument  should  be  furnished  with 
two  objective  powers,  of  which  the  higher  should  be  at  least  ^tli  or  Jth  of 
an  inch  focus.  A  still  higher  power  being  occasionally  required,  I  have 
found  an  Jth  or  /^^th  objective  of  great  service.  I  have  now  in  use  a 
little  instrument  of  Beck,  called  the  Economic  Microscope,  with  1-inch 
and  ^-inch  object-glasses  and  two  eye-pieces,  sold  by  W.  H.  Walmsley, 
No.  921  Chestnut  street,  Philadelphia,  for  $50.  An  important  addition  to 
the  instrument,  for  measuring,  is  a  micrometer,  divided  into  fractions  of  a 
millimetre,  which  may  be  purchased  for  a  couple  of  dollars. 

I  give  the  above  statement,  not  with  any  disposition  to  detract  from 
the  value  of  the  various  magnificent  microscopes  so  much  in  vogue,  but 
with  the  object  of  dispelling  a  common  impression  widely  prevalent,  at  least 
among  those  with  whom  I  habitually  come  into  contact,  that  tlie  kind  of 
work  such  as  I  now  put  forth  can  be  done  only  with  the  help  of  elaborate 
and  expensive  instruments. 

In  aid  of  my  researches  among  the  Rhizopods  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Region  I  acknowledge  the  services  of  my  friend  Dr.  J.  Van  A  Carter,  for- 
meriy  of  Fort  Bridger,  now  of  Evanston,  Wyoming  Territory.  It  was  not 
only  under  his  hospitable  roof  that  I  was  enabled  to  pursue  my  investiga- 
tions, but  he  conducted  my  expeditions  into  the  Uinta  Mountaii'a  and  other 
places  to  collect  materials,  and  withal  defrayed  the  expenses  of  our  trips 
Dr.  Carter,  in  his  appreciation  of  scientific  matters,  has  been  of  eminent 
service  to  geologists  and  other  naturalists  visiting  his  region  of  country. 


4  FRESn- WATER  UUIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Some  of  my  most  delightful  recollections  are  associated  with  expe- 
ditions into  the  Uinta  Mountains  conducted  by  Judge  W.  A.  Carter,  of 
Ft.  Bridger,  or  his  son-in-law  Dr.  J.  Van  A.  Carter.  At  an  elevation  of 
from  eight  to  ten  thousand  feet  the  mountains  are  covered  with  forests, 
chiefly  of  Fir  and  Pine,  with  a  most  wonderful  profusion  of  beautiful  flow- 
ering plants  beneath.  The  forests  here  and  there  enclose  bright,  grassy 
meadows  and  ponds,  favorite  resorts  of  deer,  and  in  these  I  obtained  rich 
materials  for  my  investig.ations. 

Whatever  may  bo  thought  of  the  pertinence  of  publishing  such  works 
as  the  present  one  with  the  Reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  tlio 
Territories,  to  remove  any  misapprehension  in  the  matter  I  deem  it  proper 
to  state  that  my  contribution  has  been  given  without  pecuniary  recompense. 
In  my  own  judgment.  Prof  Hayden  has  acted  with  the  most  enlightened 
view  in  authorizing  and  encouraging  such  natural-history  investigations 
as  would  be  facilitated  by  explorations  of  the  country  in  which  his 
geological  surveys  wei*e  conducted.  With  the  exception  of  the  cost  of 
publi.shing  the  present  Report,  the  only  additional  expense  to  which  I  put 
the  Survey  during  my  explorations  in  the  West  amounted  to  about  $222. 
Much  expense  was  saved  through  the  liberality  of  various  railroad  compa- 
nies in  giving  me  the  privilege  of  free  travel  and  travel  on  half-fare. 

GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  RHIZOPODS. 

The  simplest  kinds  of  Rhizopods  are  unprovided  with  a  protection  or 
support  of  hard  parts  of  any  kind,  possessing,  at  least  in  tlieir  ordinary 
active  condition,  neither  a  shell  nor  an  investing  membrane.  In  all  kinds, 
the  soft  substance  of  the  animal  mainly  consists  of  a  fluent,  viscid,  albumi- 
noid jelly,  endowed  with  an  extensile  and  a  contractile  power,  by  which  the 
creature  is  enabled  to  execute  all  those  movements  which  ordinarily  distin- 
guish animal  life. 

The  motile  jelly  of  the  Rhizopod  is  regarded  to  be  of  the  nature  of  the 
common  elementary  basis  of  organic  bodies  in  general,  and,  like  it,  is  called 
the  protoplasm  (Gr.  protos,  first ;  plasso,  I  mould  : — the  primitive  material 
from  which  organic  bodies  are  moulded).  Its  resemblance  in  motive  power 
to  muscular  tissue,  or  the  flesh  of  more  complex  animals,  led  the  French 
naturalist  Dujardin,  who  was  the  first  to  indicate  the  true  nature  of  the 
Rhizopods,  to  give  it  the  name  of  sarcode  (Gr.  sarx,  flesh;  eidos,  form). 


GENERAL  REMAKKS  ON  TUE'  KUIZOPODS. 


Tlie  soft  mass  of  protoplasm,  or  sarcode,  forming  the  essential  part  of 
the  body  of  all  Rhizopods,  has  no  internal  cavity  like  the  body-cavity  of 
higher  animals,  neither  has  it  a  mouth  like  the  higher  Protozoa,  nor  has  it 
stomach  or  intestine.  Without  trace  of  nerve  elements,  and  without  defi- 
nite, fixed  organs  of  any  kind,  internal  or  external,  the  T^.hi^opod, — simplest 
of  all  animals,  a  mere  jelly-speck, — moves  about  with  the  apparent  purposes 
of  more  comjjlex  creatures.  It  selects  and  swallows  its  appropriate  food, 
digests  it,  and  rejects  the  insoluble  remains.  It  grows  and  reproduces  its 
kind.  It  evolves  a  wonderful  variety  of  distinctive  forms,  often  of  the 
utmost  beauty,  and,  indeed,  it  altogether  exhibits  such  marvelous  attributes, 
that  one  is  led  to  ask  the  question  in  what  consists  the  superiority  of  ani- 
mals usually  regarded  as  much  higlier  in  the  scale  of  life. 

In  this  relationship.  Dr.  Carpenter  remarks  of  the  Rhizopods,  "  If  the 
views  which  I  have  expressed  as  to  the  nature  and  relations  of  their  living 
substance  be  correct,  that  substance  does  not  present  any  such  differentia- 
tion as  is  necessary  to  constitute  what  is  commonly  understood  as  '  organi- 
zation '  even  of  the  lowest  degree  and  simplest  kind ;  so  that  the  phj'siolo- 
gist  has  here  a  case  in  which  those  vital  operations  which  he  is  accustomed 
to  see  carried  on  by  an  elaborate  apparatus,  are  performed  without  any 
special  instruments  whatever, — a  little  particle  of  apparently  homogeneous 
jelly  changing  itself  into  a  greater  variety  of  forms  than  the  fabled  Proteus, 
la)'ing  hold  of  its  food  without  members,  swallowing  it  without  a  mouth, 
digesting  it  without  a  stomach,  appropriating  its  nutritious  material  without 
absorbent  vessels  or  a  circulating  system,  moving  from  place  to  place  with- 
out muscles,  feeling  (if  it  has  any  power  to  do  so)  without  nerves,  propa- 
gating itself  without  genital  apparatus, — and  not  only  tliis,  but  in  many 
instances  forming  shelly  coverings  of  a  symmetry  and  complexity  not  sur- 
passed by  those  of  any  testaceous  animals."* 

Through  the  motile  power  of  the  Rliizopod,  it  projects  or  extends 
portions  of  its  protoplasm,  which  act  as  temporary  organs  of  locomotion 
and  prehension,  and  it  again  withdraws  or  contracts  them  so  that  they  melt 
away  in  the  mass  and  leave  no  trace  of  their  previous  existence.  From 
their  function,  the  extensions  of  protoplasm  have  received  tlio  appropriate 
name  of  pseudopods  (Gr.  pseitdos,  false ;  pons,  foot).  These  a])pear,  in  gen- 
eral, in  different  kinds  of  Rhizopods,  in  the  condition  of  threads  of  extreme 


'Introduction  to  tho  Study  of  the  Foruniinifera.    Preface,  vii. 


6  fim:sii-\vateu  huizoi'ods  of  noutli  aimekica. 

delicacy,  of  coarser  linger -like  processes,  or  of  rounded  lobes.  TJioy  often 
branch  and  assume  a  inoro  or  less  root-like  appearance,  whence  Diijardin 
gave  the  class  the  name  of  Kliizojiods. 

As  previously  intimated,  the  simplest  kinds  of  Ithizopods  are  unpro- 
vided with  hta-d  parts,  or  even  a  membranous  investment,  and  they  present 
to  the  outside  medium  in  which  they  live  nothing  but  the  naked  mass  of 
protoplasm  of  which  they  consist.  IJy  far  the  greater  number  (»f  the  class 
are  protected  and  supported  by  some  kind  of  skeleton  of  hard  material, 
consisting  of  spicules  or  a  trellis-work  of  silex,  or  a  shell  of  chitinoid 
membrane,  of  linjestone,  or  of  the  former  material.  Mostly  the  hard  part  is 
intrinsic,  or  pertains  to  the  inherent  structure  of  the  animal,  but  frequently 
is  also  more  or  less  extrinsic.  In  the  latter  instances,  the  shell  usually 
consists  of  siliceous  particles,  commonly  hyaline  quartz  sand,  diatom  cases, 
a'ld  sponge  spicules. 

Besides  some  general  differences  in  the  character  of  the  soft  pai'ts,  the 
sustaining  skeleton,  or  protective  shell,  of  the  Khizopods,  exhibits  a  great 
variety  in  form,  construction,  and  ari'angement  of  structure ;  frequently  is 
highly  intricate  and  often  remarkable  for  beauty  of  apparent  design. 

On  the  general  differences  observed  in  the  soft  body-mass  and  its 
pseudopods,  and  on  the  absence  or  presence  of  hard  parts  with  their  form 
and  constitution,  the  ordinal  and  other  subdivisions  of  the  Rhizopods  are 
founded.  It  however  appears  from  the  researches,  especially  of  British 
authorities,  such  as  Carpenter,  Williamson,  Wallich,  Brady,  Parker,  and 
Jones,  that  the  members  of  the  class  are  infinitely  variable,  and  that  indeed 
no  absohu  distinctions  of  species  and  genera  exist,  such  as  appear  more 
definitely  to  characterize  the  higher  forms  of  animal  life.  My  own  investi- 
gations rather  confirm  this  view,  and,  under  the  circumstances,  we  can  only 
regard  the  more  conspicuous  and  prevailing  forms  as  so  many  nominal 
species,  in  likeness  with  the  species  of  higher  organic  forms,  more  or  less 
intimately  related,  and  by  intermediate  foi-ms  or  varieties  merging  into  one 
another. 

As  is  the  case  with  all  other  groups  of  organic  beings,  few  authorities 
agree  in  the  classification  of  the  Rhizopods ;  and  it  is  for  convenience 
rather  than  from  studied  opinion  that  I  have  adopted  the  following  ordinal 
arrangement 


CLiVSSlFlCATlON  OF  THE  KlIIZOrODS. 


Class.  RIIIZOPODA. 
Order  I.  Protoplasta  ;  II.  Heliozoa  ;  III.  Radiolaeia  ; 

IV.    FORAMINIFERA;    V.    MoNERA. 

The  distinguished  French  naturalist  Dujardin,  who  first  recognized  the 
nature  of  the  Ehizopoda,  and  applied  to  them  this  name,  included  in  the 
class  the  Foraminifera  and  the  group  of  Protoplasta,  excepting  only  the 
genus  Aniouba,  although  ho  fully  understood  the  relationship  of  this  Avith 
the  former.  The  Heliozoa  he  viewed  as  another  division  of  the  Protozoa, 
and  in  his  day  the  Padiolaria  were  not  sufliciently  known  to  hold  a  recog- 
nized position  in  zoological  systems. 

Prof  Ilaeckel,  one  of  the  latest  and  highest  authorities  on  all  that 
concerns  the  lowest  fonn«  of  life,  includes  in  the  class  the  Foraminifera, 
the  Heliozoa,  and  the  Ratliolaria.  The  Protoplasta  and  the  IMonora,  which 
names  originated  with  him,  he  regards  as  two  distinct  and  additional  classes 
in  his  proposed  kingdom  of  Protista  {protiston,  primordial). 

Prof  Carpenter  includes  all  the  ordinal  groups  above  indicated  as 
Rhizopoda,  but  associates  the  Heliozoa  in  the  order  of  Radiolaria. 

Dr.  Wallich*  divides  the  class  into  three  orders:  the  Ilerpnemata,  the 
Protodermata,  and  the  Proteina.  In  the  first  are  included  the  Gromida, 
Foraminifera,  and  Polycystina;  in  the  second,  the  Thalassicollida;  and 
Acanthometrina ;  and  in  the  third,  or  highest  order,  the  Actinophryna, 
Lagynidtc,  and  Amoebina. 

Pi'of.  Huxley  drops  the  name  of  Rhizopoda  altogether,  and  distributes 
the  groups  into  two  divisions  of  the  Protozoa :  the  Monora  and  the  Endo- 
jjlastica  To  the  former  he  refers  the  Monera  of  Ilaeckel  and  the  Fora- 
minifera ;  to  the  latter  ho  refers  the  Radiolaria,  including  the  Heliozoa,  the 
Protoplasta,  the  Gregarinida;,  the  Catallacta,  and  the  Infusoria.  The  essen- 
tial character  of  the  Monera,  according  to  Ilaeckel,  the  founder  of  the  order, 
is  the  absence  of  a  nucleus,  but  this  has  recently  been  shown  by  Ilertwig 
and  Schulze  to  exist  in  the  Foraminifera.  Carter,  Greeff,  and  others,  speak 
of  the  Heliozoa  as  fresh-water  Radiolaria.  Ilertwig  and  Lesser,  who  gave 
the  name  of  Heliozoa  to  the  ordinal  group,  regard  them  as  of  a  distinct  class 
fi'om  the  Radiolaria,  and,  excluding  these,  they  associate  the  former  together 

*  AuiiuIb  and  Maguzino  of  Natural  History,  180:i,  si,  p.  438. 


8 


rKK8U  WATKIi  UIIIZOI'ODS  OF  NOKTII  AMKUICA. 


with  tlio  Foraniiniferu,  Protoplasta,  niul  Moiicni,  as  lihiKopoila,  but  propose 
for  this  chisH  to  substitiuo  the  naiiic  of  Sarcodiiia. 

In  my  studios  of  tlio  Protozoa,  or  animals  of  tho  lowest  siibkingdom, 
I  have  habitually  viewed  as  Hhizopods  the  live  ordinal  groups  indicated 
in  tho  above  classification.  This  accords  with  the  views  of  Prof  F.  K. 
Sdndzc,  an  able  investigator  of  tho  class.  In  a  recent  number  of  the 
Arehiv  fiir  Mikroscopischo  Anatomic  for  1877,  \).  21,  ho  remarks,  that  his 
researches  led  him  to  consider  as  pertaining  to  tho  Khizopods,  as  an 
essentially  harmonious  whole,  all  those  low  forms  which,  during  the  greater 
part  of  their  life,  and  especially  during  the  period  of  their  highest  perfec- 
tion, hold  intercourse  with  tho  exterior  world,  move  about,  and  obtain  food, 
by  moiins  of  extensile  processes  of  tho  viscid  body-substance,  which  are 
again  capable  of  flowing  back  completely  into  tho  hatter. 

The  first  two  orders  of  the  Khizopods — the  Protoplastaandthelleliozoa — 
are  those  wliich  are  connnonly  designated  as  tho  'Fresh-water  Rhizopods'; 
the  Radiolaria  and  the  Foraminifora,  with  part  of  the  Monera,  are  marine. 

Fresh-water  lihizopods  are  to  be  found  almost  everywhere  in  positions 
kept  continuously  damp  or  wet,  and  not  too  much  shaded.  They  are 
especially  frequent  and  abundant  in  comparatively  quiet  waters;  clear,  and 
neither  too  cold,  nor  too  much  heated  by  the  sun,  such  as  lakes,  ponds, 
ditches,  and  pools.  They  are  also  frequent  in  wet  bogs  and  savannas, 
among  mosses,  in  springy  places,  on  dripping  rocks,  the  vicinity  of  water- 
falls, springs,  and  fountains,  and  in  marshes,  wherever  the  ground  is  suffi- 
ciently damp  or  moist  to  promote  the  growth  of  algae  They  are  also  to 
be  found  in  damp  shaded  places,  among  alga?,  liverworts  and  mosses,  about 
the  roots  of  sedges,  rushes  and  grasses,  or  those  of  shrubs  and  trees  grow- 
ing in  or  at  tho  borders  of  bogs  and  ponds  or  along  ditches  and  sluggish 
watercourses.  They  are  likewise  to  be  found  with  algae  in  damp  shaded 
positions  in  tho  depressions  and  fissures  of  rocks,  in  the  mouths  of  cfives, 
among  decaying  logs,  among  mosses  and  lichens,  on  the  bai'k  of  growing 
trees,  and  even  in  the  crevices  of  walls  and  pavements  about  old  dwellings 
and  in  cities. 

The  fiivorite  habitation  of  many  kinds  of  Rhizopods  is  the  light  super- 
ficial ooze  at  the  bottom  of  still  waters,  where  they  live  in  association  with 
diatoms,  desmids,  and  other  minute  alga^,  which  form  the  chief  food  of 
most  of  these  little  creatures.     They  never  penetrate  into  the  deeper  and 


PLACKS  VVUKUK  UJIIZOI'ODH  MAY  li\i  FOUND. 


9 


UHually  bliic'k  imul,  which  Indood  is  iiluiost  uiiivorsuUy  devoid  of  Ut'e  of 
nny  kind. 

Rhizopods  'also  occur  in  tho  flocculent  nmtorials  and  slimy  niuttor 
adherent  to  most  submerged  objects,  such  as  rocks,  tho  dead  bouj^hs  of 
trees,  and  the  stems  and  loaves  of  aquatic  plants.  A  frequent  position  is 
the  under  side  of  floating  leaves,  such  as  tho.se  of  the  Pond-lily,  Nymphcca 
odorata:  the  Spatter-dock,  Niiphar  advena;  and  tho  N-elunibo,  Nclumblum 
lutetim.  Certain  kinds  of  Khizopods,  especially  the  Ileliozoa,  or  Sun-ani- 
malcules, are  most  frequent  among  floating  plants,  such  as  Duck  meat, 
Lcmna;  Ilornwort,  Ccratophyllum ;  Bladderwort,  Utrkuhtria ;  and  the 
vai'ious  Confervas,  as  Zygncma,  Spirogyra,  Oscillatoria,  and  the  Water-purse, 
Hydrodidyon. 

In  no  other  position  have  I  found  Rhizopods  of  the  kind  under  con- 
sideration in  such  profusion,  number,  and  beauty  of  form  as  in  sphagnous 
bogs,  living  in  the  moist  or  wet  Bog-moss,  or  Spliaynxm.  Sometimes  I 
have  found  this  particular  moss  actually  to  swarm  with  multitudes  of  these 
creatures  of  the  most  extraordinary  kinds  and  in  the  most  highly  developed 
condition.  A  drop  of  water  squeezed  from  a  little  pinch  of  13og-moss  has 
often  yielded  scores  of  half  a  dozen  genera  and  a  greater  number  of  species. 
Frequently,  however,  the  Sphagnum  of  many  localities  contains  compara- 
tively few  Rhizopods,  though  I  have  rarely  found  them  entirely  absent 
from  this  moss.  Other  mosses  and  liverworts  I  have  not  observed  to  bo 
specially  favorite  habitations  of  tho  Rhizopods,  not  even  such  aquatic  kinds 
as  the  Fontinalis. 

Notwithstanding  the  experience  of  four  years'  exploration  aud  obser- 
vation, I  have  not  been  able  to  determine  the  exact  conditions  luider  which 
particular  Rhizopods  are  to  be  obtained  with  certain iy  and  in  any  consid- 
erable numbers.  In  general,  they  are  to  be  found  in  greatest  number  and 
variety  under  the  peculiar  conditions  favorable  to  them,  in  old  established 
ponds,  bogs,  etc.,  which  are  not  liable  to  become  completely  drief'  tp  in  t!io 
summer  season.  At  times,  however,  I  have  found  a  profusion  of  one  or 
two  forms  in  some  localities,  in  which,  in  another  season,  I  could  find  but 
few  or  none.  Sometimes  I  have  found  many  individuals  of  a  particular 
kind  in  a  shallow  pond  of  recent  origin,  which,  after  drying  up  in  the 
summer  and  being  renewed  tho  following  spring,  yielded  no  more  of  the 
same.     Sometimes  the  most  unpromising  places  have  produced  an  unex- 


10 


FRESn  WATKR  RUIZOPODS  OF  NOUTH  AMKUICA. 


poctod  and  oconsloimlly  a  Hiirpriuing'ly  rich  supply  of  Rhizopods,  iiiul 
ropoiitedly  tlio  most  promising  pliices  have  yioldod  oxcecdiiig'.y  lew. 

The  Uliizopods  may  bo  t'ouiul  at  all  temporato  HoaHoriH  (»t  t!:o  year; 
and  ovon  in  winter,  when  out  of  tho  influonco  of  a  freezing  cold,  a  few 
may  bo  discovered,  though  mostly  in  a  comjjaratively  inactive  state.  Frost 
or  :i  freezing  temperature  ajjpears  to  destroy  them. 

They  do  not  live  among  actively  decaying  vegetal  matter,  nor  aro 
thoy  to  be  found  in  foul  water.  I  have  further  not  been  able  to  discover 
them  in  brackish  waters  on  the  sea-coast,  though  I  detected  a  f(!W  forms  in 
feebly  saline  or  alkaline  waters  in  the  Uridger  Valley  of  Wyoming  Territory. 

Tho  Fresh-water  Rhizopods  appear  to  iiduibit  indiscriminately  almost 
any  kind  of  country,  no  matter  what  may  bo  its  rocky  constitution,  except 
it  bo  limestone.  According  to  my  experience,  they  aro  comparatively 
rare  in  limestone  districts,  and  I  have  repeatedly  been  disappointed  in 
my  expectation  of  finding  them  in  some  large  limestone  s{)rings  in  which 
grew  a  profusion  of  Anacharis,  Chara,  and  other  acpuitic  plants.  This  has 
appeared  the  more  surprising  when  it  is  considered  ihat  the  allied  marine 
order,  the  Foraminifera,  have  so  largely  contributed  to  the  formation  of  tho 
limestone  rocks. 

Tho  mode  I  have  habitually  adopted  for  collecting  Rhizopods,  which 
is  also  equally  well  adapted  for  collecting  manj  other  microscopic  organ- 
isms, plants,  and  animals,  is  as  follows : 

For  ponds,  ditches,  or  other  waters,  I  uso  a  small  tin  ladle,  or  dipper, 
such  as  is  commonly  employed  for  domestic  purposes  I*ito  the  handle  I 
insert  a  stisk  of  convenient  length,  and  for  this  I  usually  carry  with  mo 
a  jointed  pole  of  two  or  three  pieces,  each  about  five  feet.  The  dipper 
is  used  by  slowly  skimming  the  edge  along  tho  bottom  of  the  water  so  as 
to  take  up  only  tho  most  supei"ficial  portion  of  the  ooze,  which  is  then 
gently  raised  from  the  water  and  transferred  to  a  glass  jar.  A  small  hole 
in  the  bottom  of  the  ladle  favors  the  retention  of  tho  collected  material, 
but  care  should  be  taken  that  it  is  not  so  largo  as  to  permit  the  material 
to  stream  through.  After  the  collecting-jar  is  full,  if  more  of  tho  material 
is  wanted,  after  allowing  that  in  the  bottle  to  settle,  I  pour  off  a  portion 
of  the  water  and  supply  an  additional  quantity  from  the  locality. 

Usually,  I  have  proved  more  successful  in  obtaining  Rhizopods  from 
tho  ooze  near  ♦^lio  shores  of  lakes  and  ponds  than  I  have  in  deeper  water; 


) 


I 


COLLKCTION  AND  EXAMINATION  OF  UlllZOPODS. 


11 


but  this  1  BiiHpect  wiih  inainly  duo  to  tho  cinuuiHtiuu'o  tliat  ncnr  tlio  hIioio 
I  could  see  tho  oozo  at  the  bottom  of  tho  wator,  and  couhl  much  bettor 
manago  to  collect  tho  dosirod  niatorial. 

Aquatic  plants,  if  rooted  in  tho  mud,  should  bo  carefully  cut  off 
and  gently  lifted  from  tho  water  so  as  to  disturb  as  little  as  possible  tho 
adherent  materials.  A  suflicient  (puintity  being  placed  in  a  tin  ])reserving- 
can  or  other  vessel,  water  from  other  portit)ns  of  the  plants  may  bo 
squeezed  upon  that  which  is  retained. 

Wet  S})hagnum  may  bo  collected  and  put  in  tin  preserving-cans,  and 
tho  wator  of  other  portions  may  bo  squeezed  upon  the  portion  preserved. 
Tho  same  process  may  bo  pursued  with  other  mosses. 

From  tho  surface  of  the  ground  in  wet  places,  to  coMect  the  lihizopods, 
it  is  sufficient  to  scrape  up,  with  tho  broad  blade  of  a  knife,  the  grcju  algous 
material  with  which  the  animals  are  usually  associated. 

The  materials  collected  from  waters  1  have  preserved,  for  convenient 
examination  from  time  to  time,  by  putting  them  in  dishes  about  three  inches 
in  depth,  filling  them  with  fresh  water,  and  placing  them  in  tho  window 
where  they  obtain  an  abundance  of  light,  but  without  receiving  tho  direct 
rays  of  the  sun.  If  exposed  to  the  sun,  tho  water  becomes  unduly  heated, 
and  all  living  things  speedily  die  and  decompose.  Care  should  also  be 
observed  not  to  have  too  nuich  material  in  tho  same  dish  ;  and  I  have  found 
it  best  to  i)reserva  a  stratum  of  ooze  which,  when  settled,  is  no^  more  than 
from  a  line  to  the  eighth  of  an  inch  in  depth.  Some  Duck-meat,  Leiiiiia, 
Bladderwort,  U(rictilaria,  Spirogyra,  or  other  })lant,  collected,  and  placed  iu 
the  water,  greatly  promotes  its  freshness  and  continued  purity.  The  dishes 
should  bo  covered  with  panes  of  glass  to  exclude  tho  dust  and  prevent 
evaporation.  A  day  or  two  after  tho  materials  have  been  placed  in  dishes, 
the  sediment  has  deposited  and  tho  water  become  clear.  In  this  condition, 
there  msiy  usually  bo  observed  on  the  surface  of  tho  sediment  a  continuous 
thin  film,  or  patclies  of  a  yellowish,  yellowish-green,  or  green  color.  The  film, 
or  patches  of  the  same  material,  is  more  tenacious  than  the  dejjosit  beneath, 
and  consists  of  the  various  living  organisms,  especially  diatoms,  dosmids, 
rhizopods,  etc.,  which  have  extricated  themselves  from  the  oozo  to  occujjy 
tho  most  fiivorablo  position  to  continue  their  functions.  Indeed,  it  is  a 
remarkable  phenomenon  to  observe  with  what  ease  and  rapidity  these 
extremely  minute  living  creatures  can  free  themselves  from  tho  depths  of 


12 


hM{b:8ll  WATER  KIlIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


tho  nuul  in  which  thoy  had  been  buried,  to  ocoiipy  a  position  on  its  surtai'o, 
where  thoy  receive  the  full  benefit  of  the  conditions  necessary  to  their  life. 

F:om  tho  living;  lihn,  as  it  niijjht  not  inappropriately  be  called,  the 
desired  objects  for  exaniinatittn  are  to  be  obtained.  Portions  may  be  lifted 
with  a  ylass  tube  closed  at  the  uj>per  end  by  the  finjjer,  antl  then  with  the 
other  end  brou<>ht  into  contact  <iently  with  the  surface  of  the  oo/o.  Ry 
raising  the  tiiiyer,  the  jiressure  of  the  water  forces  a  portion  of  the  «>oze  into 
the  tube,  when,  the  ling'T  beinj;;  replaced,  ;\  drop  of  tho  contents  of  the  tube 
niav  be  trai'.sferred  to  a  sjlass  slide  or  an  aninjalcnla  cayo  for  the  iielil  of 
tho  microscope. 

The  materials  collected  and  disposed  of  in  the  manner  above  described 
ni;>\  be  preserved  in  a  good  condition  for  examination  for  weeks  together, 
and  indeed  without  any  further  care  in  this  way  1  liave  kept  a  stock  of 
l\hizopods  alive  during  the  winter. 

'I'he  Khizopods  collected  with  wet  Sphagnum,  or  otlier  mosses,  or  on 
damj)  earth,  may  be  readily  kept  in  good  comlitioi".  for  examination  in  glass 
cases,  for  which  purpose  common  wide-mouthed  candy -jars  answer.  They 
should  be  kept  in  the  light  in  the  same  manner  as  tho  dishes  of  water. 
With  Sphagnum  1  have  retained  its  peculiar  lilnzopods  alivi>  tho  whole  year 
through. 

To  exanune  the  T{hizoi)ods  of  Sphagnun\  or  other  nuisses.  or  from  tho 
algous  tihn  of  damp  places,  wet  a  fragment,  teaze  it  with  a  knif"  and 
iorceps,  and  press  the  water  from  the  pnlpy  mass  into  a  watch-crystal.  A 
drop  of  tho  sediment  collected  is  then  to  be  transferred  to  tho  Jield  of  tho 
microscope. 

The  diiVerent  forms  oi  fresh-water  Khizopods  are  not  generally  restricted 
to  dift'ereut  locr.'ities  or  positions,  but  are  connnoidy  found  mori>  or  less  in 
association  together.  I'sually  the  naked  forms,  and  especially  the  larger 
ones,  the  Oitllugias  and  the  Arcellas,  are  found  most  frequently,  abimdautly 
and  bi«st  c'eveloped,  in  the  ooze  of  bodies  of  water.  The  Euglyplias, 
Nebelas,  and  their  nearer  allies,  are  in  like  manner  nu>st  freipunit  in  tho 
moist  Sphagnum  of  bogs;  ami  the  lloliozoa  in  the  positions  previously 
indicated. 

Tho  chief  localities  from  which  1  have  myself  collected  the  materials 
of  tho  present  work  are  as  follows : 


i^L. 


DHOKHS  OK  HHlZOl'Ona— U.VniOLAHIA. 


13 


Ponds,  sj)ni)<>:s,  and  niarslios  in  tho  vioinity  of  riiihidolpliia,  l)ut  espe- 
olnlly  tho  diti'hos  wliioh  travorso  tho  ^nwt  nioadowa  bolow  tho  city,  in  tho 
alhivial  trian<;lo  caUod  tho  Nock,  botwoon  tho  Dolawaro  l{ivor  and  tho 
month  of  tho  Sclmylkill  liivor. 

l\)nds,  niarshoa,  etc ,  ah>nj>;  tho  i-ourso  of  tho  Dohiwaro  Rivor,  botli  in 
IVnnsylvania  and  Now  Jorsoy,  in  \n  I'hihidolphia  to  tho  Dohiwaro  Wutor 
Gap. 

Sphagnons  btiys,  pools,  and  }H>nds  on  tho  Pokono  Mountain,  Monroo 
County,  and  on  Ihoad  ^[ountain,  Schuylkill  County,  Ponnsylvania 

Tho  lower  jiart  of  tho  Stato  of  Now  Jovsoy,  alon<j:  tho  course  of  tho 
Canidon  and  Atlantic  City  Railway,  and  along  tho  coiirso  of  tho  Canidon 
and  Oau'>  May  Kailwav.  'rhrou<>hout  this  bro.ul  rojj-ion  materials  were  col- 
looted  from  many  localities;  ponds  and  pools,  s{)ha<;nous  bo<;s,  cedar  swamps, 
savannas,  and  cranberry  liuids.  Also  Lake  llattacawana,  or  Pudd's  Lake, 
on  Schoolov's  Mountain,  Morris  County,  New  ilersoy. 

The  vicinity  of  Noank,  on  tho  coast  of  Connecticut,  and  of  Newport, 
Rhode  Island. 

Pridgor  Valley,  in  tho  southwestern  ctn-niu-  of  Wyon\ing  Territory,  and 
the  Uinta  Mountains  to  the  height  of  10,()()0  foot,  in  tho  same  region. 

Partridge  Island,  at  tho  head  of  the  Pay  of  Fundy,  Nova  Scotia. 


Poforo  entering  in  detail  upon  tho  s|)ecial  snbjocts  of  my  studios,  tho 
Fresh-water  Rhizopods,  nearly  all  of  which  ])ertain  to  the  orders  of  the 
)'rotoplasta  ard  tho  llelio/.oa,  some  remarks  on  tho  characters  of  the  'chor 
orders  o(  tho  class  may  not  bo  out  of  place. 

Tho  Kadiolaria  {radiolu-s,  a  little  ray)  are  tho  subjects  of  an  ela- 
borate and  magniricont  work  by  Dr.  Frnst  llaeekil,  Professor  of  Natural 
History,  in  Jena.*  They  are  exclusively  marine  Rhizopods,  couiitrising 
many  wonderfully  beautiful  forms,  living  and  swinuning  in  vast  nudtitudes 
in  tho  superficial  waters  of  tho  ocean.  They  are  generally  minute,  and  aro 
tho  most  complex  in  their  constitution  of  any  of  tho  Rhizopods.  They  aro 
commonly  furnished  with  a  siliceous  or  ilinty  skeleton,  which,  in  variety  of 
tbrm,  svminetry,  and  intricacy  of  construction,  is  a  marvel  of  beauty.  Tho 
matc.'iul  of  tho  skeleton  is  derived  from  tho  exceedingly  small  proportion 

'  I>ii>  KiiilioiiiriiMi  (Ifliiziiinulii  KiulinliiiiiO,  Iti'rlln,  tSiW. 


N 


i^ 


i| 


14 


FREf»n  WATER  RBIZOPODS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA 


of  silex  contained  in  the  sea-wuter.  After  deatli,  the  skeletons  of  the  Radio- 
haria  sink  to  the  bottom  of  tlio  ocoan,  where  they  accumulate  as  an  abun- 
dant component  of  the  mud. 

In  the  island  of  Barbadoes,  extensive  rock  strata  of  the  Tertiary  period, 
1100  feet  in  thickness,  consisting  of  marls,  tripoli,  and  ferruginous  sand- 
stones, are  largely  composed  of  the  siliceous  skeletons  of  Radiolaria. 
Material  from  these  strata  called  '  Barbadoes  earth'  is  well  known  to 
microscopists,  and  is  highly  prized  for  the  perfection  and  beauty  of  the 
forms  it  supplies.  Likewise,  in  the  Nicobar  Islands,  of  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, the  solid  nucleus  of  the  islands,  consisting  of  cliiys,  marls  and 
arenaceous  marls  of  Tertiary  age,  20J0  feet  in  thickness,  is  largely  com- 
posed o\'  the  remains  of  Radiolaria. 

According'  to  Haeckel,  the  soft  body  of  the  Radiolaria  is  more  highly 
organized  tluni  that  of  the  Foraminifera  and  Heliozoa.  It  contains  a  cen- 
tral capsule  of  firm  membrane  enclosing  masses  of  minute  colls.  The 
exterior  protoplasm  commonly  contains  numerous  yellow  cells  enclosing 
starch-grains,  and  in  some  forms  also  large  vacuoles,  and  from  it  emanate 
in  all  directions  countless  pseudopodal  rays. 

Most  Radiolaria  possess  a  highly  complex  skeleton  composed  of 
silex,  exhibiting  in  different  kinds  a  wonderful  variety  of  the  strangest  and 
most  elegant  forms.  Sometimes  it  consists  of  a  simple  trellised  ball,  some- 
times a  series  of  several  such  Vails  enclosed  concentrically  in  one  another, 
and  connected  together  by  radial  bars.  Gencrall}"  delicate  spines,  often 
branching,  radiate  from  the  surface  of  the  balls.  In  other  instances,  the 
skeleton  consists  of  a  star  mostly  composed  of  twenty  spines,  arranged  in 
definite  order  and  united  in  a  common  centre.  In  some  Radiolaria,  the 
skeleton  is  a  delicate,  many-chambered  shell,  as  in  the  Foraminifera. 
Indeed,  says  Prof.  Ilaeckel,  no  other  group  of  organisms  develop  in 
the  construction  of  their  skeleton  such  a  variety  of  fundamental  forms, 
with  such  geometrical  regularity,  and  such  elegant  architecture. 

The  For-^minirera  (foramen,  an  aperture;  fcro,  to  bear)  constitute 
by  far  the  most  important  order  of  the  Rhizopods,  especially  from  the  vast 
quantities  in  which  they  have  existed  in  all  times  from  the  earliest  known 
appearance  of  life  on  earth  until  now,  and  from  the  enormous  extent  in 
which  their  remaiiis  liavo  contributed  to  the  formation  of  rocks.  They  are 
marine  shell-bearing  animals,  mostly  living  at  the  bottom  of  oceans  and 


ORDEKS  OF  RHIZOPODS— FORAMINIFEEA. 


15 


-# 


seas,  some  attached,  bnt  generally  free,  and  creeping  on  the  surface  of  sea- 
weeds, on  the  mud,  the  sands  and  rocks,  or  on  dead  shells  and  corals,  or 
the  lifeless  fixed  hard  parts  of  other  living  animals,  as  the  shells  of  molluskc, 
corals,  sertularians,  and  sponges.  Large  numbers  are  pelagic,  or  live  on 
the  high  seas,  swimming  in  the  superficial  water,  while  their  dead  shells 
foi-m  an  incessant  rain,  and  contribute  largely  to  the  formation  of  the  ocean 
mud. 

Of  their  class,  the  Foraminifera  have  been  longest  and  best  known, 
-and  their  tiny  and  beautiful  shells  have  been  the  subjects  of  many  descrip- 
tions and  illustrations.  The  characters  of  the  order  have  been  especially 
elaborated  in  more  recent  works,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
"Organization  of  the  Polythalamia"  by  Dr.  Jlax  S.  Schultze,  and  the 
"  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Foraminifera"  by  Dr.  William  B.  Cai-- 
penter. 

The  Foraminifera,  though  generally  too  minute  to  be  distinguished  by 
tlip  -^aked  eye,  are  readily  detected  with  a  good  pocket-lens.  They  are 
commonly  largest  in  tropical  seas,  and  even  the  same  species  are  better 
developed  in  warmer  than  in  colder  latitudes.  A  few,  the  giants  of  their 
kind,  are  conspicuous  for  their  size,  and  range  even  to  the  diameter  of  seve- 
ral inches.  In  former  ages  they  frequently  reached  a  greater  growth,  so 
that  fossil  forms  ai'e  connnonly  larger  than  those  now  living.  Some  of  the 
extinct  species  exceed  in  size  double  that  of  any  knov/n  existing  ones. 

The  Foraminifera  are  provided  with  a  shell,  mostly  calcareous,  but 
often  partially  calcareous  with  incorporated  siliceous  sand,  or  it  is  composed 
ot  smd-grains  alone  cemented  together.  With  few  exceptions,  the  shells 
are  partitioned  into  many  chambers,  and.  the  most  common  forms,  which 
are  spiral,  so  nearly  resemble  the  shells  of  the  Nautilus  and  Ammonite,  that 
until  a  comparatively  late  period  all  were  classed  together  as  Polythalamia 
(Gr.  jpo?MS,  many;  thalamos,  chamber)  or  Cephalopoda  (the  Cuttle-fishes). 
D'Orbigny,  recognizing  in  the  shells  of  the  Nautilus  and  Ammonite  that  the 
chambers  were  traversed  by  a  tube,  while  in  the  shells  of  the  so-called 
microscopic  Cephalopods  the  chambers  communicated  by  one  or  more  holes, 
called  the  foraier  Siphonifera  {sq)1ion,  a  tube;  fero,  I  carry)  and  the  latter 
Foraminifera.  In  a  systematic  arrangement  of  the  Cephalopods  in  182o, 
D'Orbigny  still  retained  the  Foraminifera  as  an  order.  Dr.  Carpenter 
remarks  that  "no  suspicion  appears  at  that  time  to  have  crossed  the  mind 


'] 


16 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


II 


of  M.  D'Orbigny  tliat  the  place  of  these  organisms  miglit  be  among  tlio 
lowest  instead  of  among  the  highest  of  the  Invertebrata." 

The  true  nature  of  the  Foraminifera,  and  their  relationship  with 
Amoeba,  Difflugia,  and  other  animals  of  the  kind,  was  first  recognized  by 
tiitj  accurate  observer  M.  Dujardin. 

In  the  Annalcs  des  Sciences  Naturelles  for  1835,  there  are  two 
articles  from  M.  Dujardin,  entitled  "New  Observations  on  the  Micro- 
scopic Cephalopods"  and  "New  Observations  on  the  pretended  Micro- 
scopic Cephalopods".  The  author  remarks  that  he  has  observed  several 
genera  of  these  animals  from  the  Mediterranean  in  a  living  condition,  nota- 
bly Miliola,  Rotalia,  etc.  The  segments  of  the  shell  successively  augment 
in  volume,  and  are  occupied  with  a  red  or  orange-colored  animal  matter,  of 
the  consistence  of  thick  mucus,  very  contractile,  and  susceptible  of  length- 
ening into  threads.  In  conclusion,  the  author  remarks  that  "if  one  wishes 
to  assign  to  these  animals  their  place  in  the  animal  kingdom,  in  considering 
the  absence  of  organs,  the  homogeneity  and  simplicity  of  their  material — 
a  sort  of  nuicua  endowed  with  spontaneous  movement  and  contractility — 
one  is  led  to  place  them  in  the  lowest  rank  I  first  designated  them  under 
the  name  of  Symplectomcres,  only  having  in  view  the  succession  of  similar 
parts  rolled  together,  in  the  known  species ;  but  the  observation  of  Gromia 
has  led  me  to  prefer  the  name  Rhizopods,  to  express  their  singular  mode  of 
creeping  by  means  of  threads,  which  extend  and  branch  like  roots." 

Dr.  Carpenter  divides  the  Foraminifera  into  two  suborders:  the  Imper- 
forata  and  the  Perforata,  founded  on  the  circumstances  that  in  the  former 
the  shell  has  mostly  but  a  single  orifice  of  communication  with  the  exterior 
for  the  emission  of  the  pseudopods,  while  in  the  latter  the  shell  has  its  outer 
walls  everywhere  minutely  perforated  for  the  same  purpose 

The  sarcode  of  the  Foraminifera  consists  of  a  viscid  protoplasm,  usu- 
ally more  or  less  colored  yellowish,  brown,  or  red ;  the  color  being  deepest 
in  the  earlier  formed  chambers  of  the  shell,  and  becoming  less  towards  the 
last  one,  in  which  it  is  very  feeble  or  absent  altogether.  The  protoplasm 
contains  granular  matter,  and  vacuoles,  or  drops  of  more  liquid  matter  than 
that  of  the  general  mass  of  the  sarcode.  Nuclei  have  commonly  been  sup- 
posed to  be  absent,  but  recent  researches  of  Hertwig*  and  Schulzef  have 
proved  their  existence.     The  pseudopods  of  the  Foraminifera  extend  as 


'Jenaischo  Zeitscbrift,  x,  1870,41. 


tAic'liiv  f,  Mikros.  Aiiat.  1877,9. 


ORDERS  or  RHIZOPODS— FORAMINIFURA. 


17 


exceedingly  delicate  threads,  often  in  large  number,  from  the  one  or  several 
mouths  or  numerous  pores  of  the  shell.  They  divide  and  subdivide  into 
finer  and  finer  threads,  which  inosculate  freely  where  they  come  into  con- 
tact with  one  anotlar,  so  as  to  produce  an  intricate  net.  From  this  condi- 
tion. Dr.  Carpenter  has  applied  to  the  order  the  name  of  Reticularia. 
The  pseudopods  exnibit  continual  changes  in  their  arrangement,  and  an 
incessant  circulation  in  their  course.  In  the  larger  threads,  two  streams 
are  observed  at  the  same  time,  passing  in  op^wsite  directions ;  in  the  finest 
threads,  a  single  stream  moves  outward  or  inward.  The  cun-ents  carry 
along  granules  of  the  protoplasm,  and  also  convey  particles  of  food  which 
may  be  caught  in  the  way  of  the  pseudopods. 

Sea-sands  contain  as  an  important  constituent  the  d^ad  shells  of 
recent  Foraminifera,  though  in  very  variable  proportioi-s.  They  are 
generally  most  abundant  in  the  sands  of  warmer  latitudes,  and  especially 
on  shores  profusely  furnished  with  sea-weeds. 

Plancus,*  who,  according  to  D'Orbigny,t  was  the  first  to  describe  and 
figure  the  shells  of  Foraminifera,  counted  6000  individuals  in  an  ounce  of 
sand  from  the  Adriatic.  D'Orbigny  estimated  that  there  were  160,000  in 
a  gramme  of  selected  sand  from  the  Antilles.  Schultzef  gives  1,500,000  as 
the  number  he  found  in  fifteen  grammes  of  sand  from  Gaeta  on  the  coast 
of  Sicily. 

Even  on  the  comparatively  barren  shores  of  New  Jersey,  consisting  of 
quartz  sand,  fora-niniferous  shells  occur  in  notable  quantity.  In  a  portion 
scraped  from  the  surface  between  tides,  at  Atlantic  City,  I  estimated  that 
there  were  18,700  shells  to  the  ounce  avoirdupois,  all  of  a  single  species  of 
Nonionina  In  another  sample,  from  Cape  May,  I  obtained  38,400  shells  to 
the  ounce,  likewise  of  the  one  species. 

In  sand  collected  by  scraping  up  the  long  white  lines  on  the  bathing 
beach  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  occupying  an  indenture  of  the  rocky 
coast,  covered  with  sea-weeds,  foraminiferous  shells  were  found  to  be  much 
more  numerous,  but,  excepting  in  the  case  of  some  examples  of  Miliola,  of 
smaller  size.  In  an  ounce  of  the  sand,  I  estimated  that  there  were  about 
280,000  shells,  of  several  genera  and  species. 

It  would  appear  as  if  the  deep-sea  mud  almost  universally  was  mainly 

•Ariminensis  do  conchif*  iiiinus  nntm.    Venicii  17;t!).  ~       ~ 

t  Foraminii^roK :  Lii  H»^r»,  L'i«l,.  ,l„  Vu\m.    Pui-Ib,'  IBU!).     Introcluctiou,  vii. 
1  Oigiimsmiis  tl.  I'olythulamieu,  1054,  |i.  ;<5. 
2  KHIZ 


i 


\ 


18 


FKESn-WATER  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


derived  from  the  shells  of  Foraniinifera.  T'ao  sediment  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  is  so  largely  constituted  of  one  kind  of  foraminiferous  shell,  the 
Globigerina  buUoldcs,  that  the  nmd  is  now  frequently  spoken  of  as  the  *Glo- 
bigerina  ooze';  and  this  material  is  likewise  found  in  the  Pacific  and  other 
oceans  and  seas. 

In  speaking  of  the  composition  of  the  ocean  mud,  Mr.  Thomson  re- 
marks :  "The  dredging  at  2435  fathoms  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
gave  a  very  fair  idea  of  the  condition  of  the  bottom  of  the  sea  over  an 
enormous  area,  as  we  know  from  many  observations  which  have  now  been 
made,  with  the  various  sounding  instruments  contrived  to  bring  up  a 
sample  of  the  bottom.  On  that  occasion  the  dredge  brought  up  about  one 
and  a  half  cwt.  of  calcareous  mud.  The  matter  contained  in  the  dredge 
consisted  mainly  of  a  compact  'mortar',  of  a  bluish  color,  passing  into  a 
thin — evidently  superficial — layer,  much  softer  and  more  creamy  in  consist- 
ence and  of  a  yellowish  color.  Under  the  microscope  the  surface  layer 
was  found  to  consist  chiefly  of  entire  shells  of  Globigenna  huUokles,  large 
and  small,  and  fragments  of  such  shells  mixed  with  a  quantity  of  amorphous 
calcareous  matter  in  fine  particles,  little  fine  sand,  etc.  Below  the  surface 
layer  the  sediment  becomes  gradually  more  compact,  and  a  slight  grey 
color,  due  probably  to  the  decomposing  organic  matter,  becomes  more  pro- 
nounced, while  perfect  shells  of  Globigerina  almost  entirely  disappear,  frag- 
ments become  smaller,  and  calcareous  mud,  structureless  and  in  a  fine  state 
of  division,  is  in  greatly  preponderating  proportion. 

"One  can  have  no  doubt,  on  examining  this  sediment,  that  it  is  formed 
in  the  main  by  the  accumulation  and  disintegration  of.  the  shells  of  Globi- 
gerina— the  shells  fresh,  whole  and  living  in  the  surface  layer  of  the  deposit, 
and  in  the  lower  layers  dead  and  gradually  crumbling  down  by  the  decom- 
position of  their  organic  cement,  and  by  the  pressm-e  of  the  layers  above — 
{in  animal  formation  in  fact  being  formed  very  much  in  the  same  way  as 
in  the  accumulation  of  vegetal  matter  in  a  peat  bog,  by  life  and  growth 
above,  and  deat'.i,  I'etarded  decomposition  and  compression  beneath."* 

When  we  are  thus  informed  of  the  constitution  of  ocean  mud,  we  are 
fully  prepared  to  learn  that  vast  rock-formations  of  past  ages  are  composed 
of  the  shells  of  Foraniinifera.  D'Orbigny  observes  that  the  '  calcaire  gros- 
sier'  of  the  Paris  basin,  a  coarse  limestone  of  Tertiary  age,  is  chiefly  com- 

"Tlii!  DcpllLs  (if  111.!  Sill,  I).  410. 


ORDERS  OF  RIIIZOPODS— MONERA. 


19 


posed  of  the  shells  of  these  animals.  As  this  rock  is  employed  for  building', 
he  remarks  that  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  Paris,  as  well  as  the  towns 
and  villages  of  some  of  the  surrounding  departments,  are  almost  built  up 
of  Foraminifera. 

The  limestones  of  early  Tertiary  age  of  Southern  Em-ope  and  Asia 
and  of  Northern  Africa  are  largely  constituted  of  Nummulites  {nummulus,  a 
small  coin), — foraminiferous  shells  resembling  money  in  shape,  and  ranging 
from  the  size  of  a  pin-head  to  that  of  a  dollar.  This  'Nummulitic  Lime- 
stone '  attains  a  thickness  of  several  thousand  feet,  and  contributes  to  form 
those  great  mountain  chains,  the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  Apennines,  Carpathians, 
and  the  Himalayas,  often  including  their  snow-clad  peaks.  It  extends 
through  the  Mediterranean  basin,  Asia  Minor,  pnd  Persia,  into  India.  In 
Egypt,  it  furnished  building-stone  for  the  great  Pyramids. 

The  chalk  of  Europe,  a  soft  limestone  of  an  earlier  time  than  the 
former,  is  also  -chiefly  composed  of  the  shells  and  their  decomposed  i-emains 
of  Foraminifera.  The  so-called  green-sands,  like  those  of  our  neighboring 
States,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  of  the  same  and  other  periods,  from  the 
earliest  to  the  latest  times,  have  been  largely  due  to  Foraminifera.  Prof. 
Bailey  has  further  shown  that  a  similar  material  to  the  green-sand  is  now 
in  process  of  formation  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  through  the  same  agency. 

The  fossil-bearing  rocks  of  earliest  time  present  illustrations  of  the 
same  character.  Limestones  of  the  Carboniferous  age  have  been  largely 
due  to  foraminiferous  shells,  and  one  kind  has  been  sjiecially  named 
'Fasulina  Limestone'  from  the  abundance  of  shells  it  contains  of  the 
foraminiferous  genus  Fusulina. 


The  group  of  organic  beings  designated  as  ITEonera  (Gr.  moneres, 
simple)  was  first  definitely  characterized  by  Prof  Ilaeckel,  who  describes 
it  in  his  Monograph  as  follows : 

Organisms  without  organs,  which  in  the  perfectly  developed  condition 
consist  of  a  freely  movable,  naked  body,  composed  of  a  completely  struc- 
tureless and  homogeneous  sarcode  (protoplasm).  Never  differentiating 
nuclei  within  the  homogeneous  protoplasm.  IMotion  occurs  through  con- 
tractions of  the  homogeneous  body- substance,  and  through  extension  of 
variable  processes  (pseiulopods),  which  either  remain  simple,  or  branch  and 
anastomose  Nourishment  occurs  in  various  ways,  mostly  after  the  manner 
of  Khizoj)ods      Heproduction    takes    place    only    in    aji    asexual    manncj' 


20 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


through  division.  Often,  though  not  always,  the  free  movi  ig  condition 
interchanges  with  one  of  rest,  during  which  the  body  excretes  and  encloses 
itself  in  a  structureless  investment.* 

Though  Prof.  Haeckel  has  indicated  and  described  a  number  of  fresl:- 
water  species  of  Monera,  I  am  not  sure  that  I  have  had  the  opportunity 
of  finding  any  of  them,  excepting  perhaps  the  genus  Vampyrella  of  Cien- 
kowski,  which  he  ascribes  to  the  same  order. 

In  his  History  of  Creation,  Prof.  Haeckel  observes:  "In  a  state  of 
rest  most  Monera  appear  as  small  globules  of  slime,  invisible  or  barely  visi- 
ble to  the  naked  eye,  and  at  most  about  the  sisse  of  a  pin-iiead.  When  the 
Moner  moves,  there  are  produced  on  the  surface  of  the  little  slimo  ball,  finger- 
like processes  or  very  fine  radiating  threads,  the  so-called  false  feet  or 
pseudopods.  The  latter  are  simple  continuous  processes  of  the  structure- 
less albumen-like  mass  of  which  the  body  consists.  We  are  unable  to 
perceive  difl^erent  parts  in  it,  and  we  can  obtain  direct  proof  of  the  absolute 
simplicity  of  the  semi-fluid  mass  of  albumen,  for  with  the  aid  of  the  micro- 
scope we  can  follow  the  Moner  as  it  receives  its  nourishment.  When 
minute  bodies  suitable  for  food,  as,  for  instance,  small  particles  of  decayed 
organic  bodies  or  microscopic  plants  and  infusoria,  accidentally  come  into 
contact  with  the  ^oner,  they  remain  hanging  to  the  sticky  surface  of  the 
semi-fluid  mass  of  slime,  and  here  produce  an  irritation,  which  is  followed 
by  a  strong  afflux  from  the  slimy  mass  of  the  body,  and  they  become  finally 
completely  enclosed  by  it,  or  they  are  drawn  into  the  body  of  the  Moner 
by  displacement  of  the  several  albuminous  particles  and  there  digested, 
beinjj  absorbed  by  simple  diff'usion  (endosmosis). 

"Just  as  simple  as  is  the  nourishment,  is  the  mode  of  reproduction  of 
these  primitive  beings,  which  one  cannot  positively  call  animal  or  plant. 
All  Monera  propagate  themselves  only  in  an  asexual  manner  by  self- 
division.  When  such  a  speck,  for  example,  a  Protamoeba  or  a  Protogenes, 
has  attained  a  certain  size  by  Ihe  assimilation  of  foreign  albuminous  matter, 
it  falls  into  two  pieces ;  there  is  formed  a  constriction  around  the  middle, 
whivjh  finally  leads  to  the  separation  of  the  two  halves.  Each  half  becomes 
rounded,  and  then  appears  as  an  independent  indi>'idual,  which  commences 
anew  the  simple  play  of  the  vital  phenomena  of  nutrition  and  propagation. 
In  other  Monera  {Vampyrella)  the  body  in  the  process  of  propagation, 

*  BiulcgUcbc  Studiun,  1870,  08. 


ORDERS  OF  RHIZOPODS— CHALIiENGERIDA. 


n 


instead  of  two,  falls  into  four  equal  parts,  and  in  others  again  {Protomonas, 
Protomyxa,  Myxastrmi)  at  once  into  a  large  number  of  small  globules  of 
slime,  each  of  which  again  by  simple  growth  becomes  like  the  parent 
body."* 

Sir  Wyville  Thomson,  in  the  Voyage  of  the  Challenger,  briefly 
describes  certain  Rhizopods,  which  be  refers  to  a  new  order.  On  page 
341  of  the  work  indicated,  he' says:  "In  the  investigations  with  the 
towing-net,  made  by  Mr.  Murray  during  the  latter  part  of  the  cruise,  at  all 
depths,  about  thirty  species  or  more  were  procured  of  a  beautiful  group  of 
minute  forms  approaching,  but  in  many  important  points  differing  from  the 
Radiolarians.  This  order  have  apparently  hitherto  escaped  observation, 
and  I  retain  for  the  type  genus  the  name  ChaUengeria,  and  for  the  Order  that 
of  'Challengerida'.  As  a  rule  these  forms  are  extremely  minute,  although 
some  of  them  approach  in  size  the  smaller  Radiolarians.  Thoy  consist 
usually  of  a  single  chamber  of  silica  varying  greatly  in  form,  sometimes 
triangular,  sometimes  lenticular,  and  frequently  globular  or  flask-shaped ; 
with  a  single  opening  usually  guarded  by  a  beautifully  formed  and  fre- 
quently highly-ornamented  lip.  The  contents  of  the  shell  consist  of  a  mass 
of  granular  sarcode,  with  one  or  more  large  well  defined  granular  nuclei, 
and  a  number  of  dark  brown,  sometimes  nearly  black,  rounded  compound 
granular  masses.  The  Challengerida  are  essentially  Rhizopods  with  mono- 
thalamous  siliceous  shells ;  and  their  zoological  position  may  be  nov  very  far 
from  such  forms  as  Gromia." 

Nothing  is  said  of  the  characters  of  the  pseudopods ;  but  should  they 
be  of  the  same  kind  as  those  of  Gromia,  this,  with  the  new  forms,  might 
conveniently  be  associated  in  the  same  order. 


•  NatUrliclio  Scliopfungsgesoliichto,  1872, 166. 


N 


FRESH-WATER    RHIZOPODS. 


PROTOPLASTA. 

:  Protos,  first ;  plasio,  I  form  or  mould. 

The  Protoiilasta  comprise  by  far  the  ^eater  number  of  the  Fresh- 
water Rhizopods,  and  inchide  nearly  all  the  known  forms  except  the  Ileli- 
ozoa,  or  Sun-animalcules.  They  are  divisible  into  two  sub-orders,  the 
liobOMa  and  the  Filosn,  founded  mainly  on  the  difference  of  the  pseudo- 
pods,  which  in  the  former  are  comparativel}'  thick,  finger-like  or  lobose, 
and  in  the  latter  filamentous  and  of  extreme  delicacy. 

Some  of  the  Protoplasts  are  naked,  usually  liave  no  real  distinction  in 
the  relative  position  of  parts,  and  emit  pseudopods  from  any  portion  of  the 
body-mass,  though  even  most  of  these  when  in  movement,  for  the  time 
being,  may  have  the  body  more  or  less  differentiated  into  an  anterior  and  a 
posterior  region. 

The  greater  number  of  the  Protoplasts  are  provided  with  an  exterior 
shell,  commonly  of  a  more  or  less  flask-  or  Vase-like  shape,  and,  with 
few  exceptions,  having  a  single  orifice,  from  which  the  pseudopods  are 
projected.  The  shell  is  an  excreted  membrane,  chiti'.ioid  or  siliceous  in 
character,  or  it  is  constructed  of  siliceous  sand  or  particles  of  similar  con- 
stitution, but,  so  far  as  known,  appears  never  to  bo  composed  of  carbonate 
of  lime. 

PROTOPLASTA  LOBOSA. 

The  liobose  Protopla8ti<i,  represented  by  the  familiar  Amoeba, 
Difflugia,  Arcella,  as  well  as  by  many  other  less  known  genera,  are  jirinci- 
pally  characterized,  as  indicated  in  the  name,  from  the  comparatively  thick, 
lobe-like,  or  blunt  finger-like  form  of  the  pseudopods. 

2.1 


24 


KHKHII  WATKIt  IMIIZOPOIKH  OF  NORTH  AMKUIdA. 


In  the  LoboHo  ProtoplnstH,  moro  tlinn  in  any  other  KhizopodH,  the  8ar- 
code  njiiHH  of  the  body  exiiibits  a  tendency  to  ditrerciitiato  an  exterior, 
usually  more  i-onniHtent  layer  of  protophiHn),  which,  though  ai-tually  con- 
tinuouH  with  the  interior,  ordinarily  moro  fluent  protoplasm,  seems  like  an 
investing  membrane,  preventing  the  escape  of  the  latter.  For  convenience, 
the  two  portions  of  protoplasm,  differently  related  in  position,  have  been 
appropriately  termed  the  Hndosarc  and  the  Kctosarc  ((ir  rmhii,  within ; 
ektos,  outside ;  sarj;  Hesh). 

The  ectosarc  appears  as  the  exterior  clear  protoplasm ;  the  endosarc 
as  the  interior  granular  jjrotoplasm,  though  high  j)owers  of  the  microscope 
generally  reveal  an  infinitely  fine  granular  constitution  also  lo  the  former. 

Dr.  Wallich  regards  the  endosarc  and  ectosarc  as  temporarily  distinct 
portions  of  the  sarcode,  mutually  convertible  into  one  another.  The  ecto- 
sarc becomes  differentiated  from  the  endosarc  by  contact  with  the  outside 
medium  in  which  the  animal  lives,  and  from  time  to  time  reverts  again  to 
the  condition  of  the  more  fluent  endosarc  within. 

From  this  view,  as  intimated  by  Dr.  Wa'.lich  himself,  the  ectosarc  is 
due  to  a  temporary  and  partial  coagulation  of  the  endosarc  coming  into 
contact  with  the  water  in  which  the  animal  lives,  and  again  reverts  to  the 
condition  of  the  more  fluent  endosai'c  as  it  retreats  to  the  mass  of  the  latter 
within  the  body.  The  process  reminds  one  of  the  cooling  of  a  molten  mass 
of  metal  at  the  sides  of  a  crucible,  and  the  melting-away  again  of  the  crust 
as  it  is  stin-ed  from  the  sides  into  the  remainder  of  the  molten  mass  within. 

In  the  movements  of  the  siarcode  mass  of  the  body,  as  exemplified  in 
an  Amoeba,  a  temporary  increase  of  the  ectosarc  nuty  occur  in  one  or 
more  positions,  accompanied  with  a  proportionate  flow  or  drain  of  hyaline 
protoplasm  from  the  contiguous  endosarc.  A  reduction  in  thickness  of  the 
ectosarc  follows  an  absorption  of  the  clear  protoplasm  among  the  more 
visible  granular  constituents  of  the  endosarc. 

The  pseudopods  of  the  liobosa  commence  as  projections  of  the  clear 
ectosarc,  and  may  continue  as  such  in  their  extension  unless  unusually  pro- 
longed or  thick.  In  the  latter  cases  they  are  accompanied  to  a  variable 
extent  with  an  influx  of  the  endosarc.  They  are  mostly  digitiform  or 
finger-like  processes,  or,  in  other  wordt;,  a  e  cylindrical,  with  rounded  ends, 
variable  in  number  nnd  length,  often  simple,  frequently  more  or  less 
ramose,  but  almost  never  anastomosing.     Sometimes  they  are  pointed,  and 


i;t 


rUOTOIM.ASTA— THK  I.ODOHR  I'UOTOPLAHTS. 


2ft 


indeed  in  ihe  Hiuno  species  under  different  circunistHUCos  tliey  nuiy  be  either 
blunt  or  pointed.  ,«•     . 

The  01.  losarc  is  essentinlly  granular ;  that  is  to  say,  it  consists  of  a 
motile  hyaline  protoplasm,  not  differentiated  from  the  octosarc,  except  in 
its  less  consistence  and  in  the  thorouj^h  diffusion  of  conspicuous  (granular 
elements.  These  occur  in  all  gradations  of  size,  from  those  which  are 
immeasurably  lino  and  indistinct  up  to  the  largest  granules  which  are 
more  or  less  darkly  defined,  and  resemble  oil-molecides.  Besides  the  more 
generally  diffused  granular  cojjstituents,  the  endosarc  contains  variable  pro- 
portions of  larger  spherical  corpuscles,  clear  or  finely  granular,  and  mostly 
colorless  or  pale  yellowish,  but  in  some  species  usually  of  a  bright  green 
color,  and  apparently  of  tho  nature  of  chlorophyl. 

An  important  element  of  the  endosarc  is  the  nucleus,  a  comparatively 
largo  spherical  or  compressed  spherical  corpuscle,  colorless,  and  mostly  clear,, 
but  sometimes  finely  granular,  or  more  distinctly  coarsely  and  uniformly 
granular.  In  the  naked  forms  of  the  Lobosa,  while  in  motion,  the  nucleus 
usually  occupies  a  position  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  body,  or  at  least  is 
placed  back  of  the  centre  In  most  of  the  shell-covered  forms  it  occupies 
a  corresponding  position ;  that  is  to  say,  in  the  part  most  remote  from  tho 
mouth  of  the  shell, — in  the  fundus  or  upper  part  of  the  body.  In  some 
forms,  as  in  Arcella,  there  are  two  or  more  nuclei  occupying  a  position  on 
each  side  of  the  fundus. 

Another  element  of  the  endosarc,  usually  situated  at  its  confines  and 
encroaching  on  the  ectosarc,  is  the  contractile  or  pulsating  vesicle.  This 
appears  as  a  clear,  colorless,  or  pale  roseate  sphere,  which  is  observed  very 
slowly  to  enlarge,  then  rather  abruptly  to  collapse  and  for  the  moment  dis- 
appear, again  to  reappear,  commonly  in  the  same  position.  The  successive 
movements  of  the  vesicle  occur  with  a  certain  degree  of  regularity,  or 
rhythm,  whence  the  n.ame  of  pulsating  vesicle.  It  appears  to  be  due  to  a 
gradual  concentration  of  water  from  all  parts  of  the  sarcode  mass  of  the 
body,  forming  a  drop,  which  when  it  reaches  a  certain  size  excites  con- 
traction and  is  expelled.  The  phenomenon  is  remarkable,  and  is  in  a 
measure  subservient  to  a  respiratory  as  well  as  to  an  excretory  function. 

In  the  naked  Lobosa,  the  contractile  vesicle  usually  occupies  a  position 
posterior  to  the  nucleus  or  at  the  back  of  the  body  near  the  surface.  In 
the  shell-covered  kinds  of  flask-  or  vase-like  shape,  there  are  commonly 


26 


FRESn  WATER  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i 


$1 


several  contractile  vesicles  situated  at  tlie  periphery  of  the  body  adjacent 
to  the  nucleus.  In  Arcella,  the  greatest  number  of  contractile  vesicles 
occur,  and  are  ordinarily  seen,  as  the  animals  are  viewed  from  above  or 
below,  along  the  border  of  the  sarcodo  mass. 

Food  swallowed  by  the  Lobosa  and  other  Rhizopods,  and  indeed  by 
most  of  the  Protozoa,  apjiears  in  the  endosarc,  commonly  in  spherical  balls, 
mingled  with  the  other  constituents.  These  balls,  or  rather  the  spaces 
occupied  by  them,  have  been  called  vacuoles,  and  are  usually  regarded  as 
of  temporary  character.  Ehrenberg  supposed  tliem  to  be  actual  stomachs, 
and  hence  the  name  of  Polygastrica  (Gr.  poliis,  many ;  gaster,  stomach), 
which  he  applied  to  all  the  Protozoa,  including  other  forms  now  generally 
regarded  as  pertaining  to  the  vegetal  kingdom. 

Dr.  Wallioh  considers  the  so-called  vacuofes,  or  food-vesicles,  not  in  the 
light  of  more  spaces,  but  as  temporary  vesicles  of  ectosarc,  due  to  inver- 
sion of  poi  ions  of  the  exterior  ectosarc  at  the  time  of  the  inception  of  the 
food,  or  to  the  contact  of  water  with  portions  of  the  endosarc.  The  food- 
balls  conunonly  appear  with  some  degree  of  niiformitv  in  size,  and  they 
vary  in  color  and  constitution  according  to  the  nature  of  the  food  and  the 
changes  it  undergoes  diu'ing  digestion  in  the  endosarc.  The  solid  food  in 
the  balls  often  appears  surrounded  with  a  more  translucent  area  than  the 
contiguous  endosarc,  due  to  water  swallowed  with  the  food  Frequently, 
however,  the  solid  food  appears  without  the  translucent  area,  and  in  direct 
contact  with  the  endosarc,  in  which  cases  liquid  originally  ingested  with  the 
food  and  altered  in  some  way  has  probably  been  drained  oft"  into  the  con- 
tiguous endosarc. 

Among  the  food  constituents  of  the  endosarc  there  frequently  occur 
solid  bodies  of  difterent  forms  and  extremely  different  si-^es,  with  or  without 
surrounding  li(juid,  such  as  diatoms,  desmids,  fragnjonts  of  vegetal  tissues, 
and  even  other  llhizopods  included  in  their  shells. 

Associated  in  like  manner  with  the  ordinary  food-balls,  '^hero  are  fro- 
fjuently  to  be  noticed  drops  of  liquid,  clear  and  colorless,  or  colored, 
mingled  with  the  other  materials  of  the  endosarc.  These  particid  ir  licjuid 
drops,  water-vacuok's  or  vesicles  containing  liquiil,  are  due  to  water  swal- 
lowed in  drops,  or  imbibed  aiid  accumulated  in  drops,  or  they  are  the  result 
of  more  consistent  food  liqueiied  in  the  process  of  digestion. 

The  food  appears  to  be  swallowofl  by  the  Lobosa,  not  by  a  mere 


PROTOPLASTA— THE  LOBOSE  PROTOPLASTS. 


27 


udlierenco  of  the  material  to  a  viscid  substance,  and  a  gradual  entangle- 
ment and  sinking  of  the  food  into  the  body,  but  through  an  active  exten- 
sion or  flowing  of  the  ectosarc  over  it,  with  or  without  the  aid  of  the  jiseudo- 
pods.  I.i  the  naked  forms,  the  inception  may  occur  in  any  position  of  tho 
exterior  surface  of  the  body,  but,  according  to  the  researches  of  Prof. 
Duncan,*  would  appear  ordinarily  to  take  place  at  the  i)Ost.erior  extremity, 
where  the  endosarc  is  nearest  to  or  actually  reaches  tho  surface.  Some  of 
my  late.^t  observations  apparently  coniir-'i  this  view. 

Whatever  may  be  the  position  of  ingestion  in  the  naked  Lobosa,  excreta 
are  ordinarily  discharged  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body  adjacent 
to  the  position  of  the  contractile  vesicle  Although  there  is  no  true  vent, 
like  the  jjositions  of  the  contractile  vesicle  and  nucleus,  the  position  of  dis- 
charge of  excrement  maintains  a  certain  degree  of  constancy. 

In  the  shell-covered  Lobosa,  tlie  food  and  water  are  ingested  at  tho 
mouth  of  tho  shell,  usually  through  the  agency  of  tho  pseudopods,  and  tho 
egesta  are  discliraged  in  the  same  position  at  the  base  of  the  pseudopods, 
if  tliese  happen  to  be  protruded. 

Many  of  the  Lobosa  exhibit,  among  the  constituents  of  the  endosarc, 
variable  i)roportions  of  clear,  colorless  or  yellowish  oil-globules,  and  also 
starch-granules.  The  latter  are  no  doubt  often  swallowed  as  part  of  the 
food;  but  in  many  cases  they  appear  as  if  they  were  an  intrinsic  element 
of  the  endosarc. 

]\Iost  of  tho  naked  Tjobosa  frequently  contain  in  the  endosarc  more  or 
loss  angular  particles  of  quart/  sand ;  sometimes  a  i'ow  grains,  sometimes 
in  largo  and  truly  astonishing  quantities.  The  shell-covered  Lobosa  usually 
do  not  contain  this  material,  at  least  in  any  obvious  quantity. 

Another  frecpient  constituent  of  tho  endosarc,  especially  in  some  of 
the  Ama^biC,  consists  of  minute  crystals,  often  quite  distinct,  though  it  is  iu>t 
easy  to  make  out  their  exact  form  and  constitution.  They  sometimes 
appear  as  octahedrons,  rhombohedrons.  and  hexagonal  tables.  Auerbachf 
supposes  them  to  be  of  a  fatty  nature ;  Carter  f  describes  them  as  octahe- 
drons, or  modiiications  of  the  same,  and  as  })robably  consisting  of  oxalate 
of  iime;  and  Wallich§  speaks  of  them  as  rhombohedrons,  probably  of  car- 

•  l\)l>nliir  Scioiico  R«vi(>\v,  1877,217. 

t  Zi'ilwliriri   I',  wis.  /oiilogic,  !,-::)(!,  ;i(l!». 

t  Aiiimls  iiiul  Miigii/.iiii'  ol'  Niitui:il  IliNtnry,  IHlKl,  xii,;(:i. 

Jlliiilom,  lH(i;l,  xi,4;t4;  xii,  t:«-i. 


38 


FRESn- WATER  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


bonate  of  lime,  and  again  he  refers  them  to  the  hexagonal  system.  The 
crystals  sometimes  occur  in  notable  quantity,  even  in  young  specimens  of 
Amoeba,  and  are  quite  conspicuous ;  at  other  times,  even  in  what  appear 
to  be  the  same  species,  they  are  few  and  small,  or  not  clearly  evident.  The 
crystals,  unlike  the  quartz  sand,  appear  to  be  an  intrinsic  element  of  the 
animal. 

There  is  yet  little  positively  known  in  relation  to  the  modes  of  repro- 
duction of  Rhizopods,  though  it  is  certain  that  a  common  mode  is  by 
division,  as  has  been  observed  in  some  of  the  naked  Lobosa,  Heliozoa, 
and  Monera.  The  opportunities  for  observing  the  process  have  appeared 
to  me  to  be  by  no  means  frequent ;  for  in  all  the  four  years  of  my  study 
of  the  Fresh-water  Rhizopods,  I  met  with  an  Amceba  in  the  state  of  division 
in  but  few  instances,  and  the  common  Sun-animalcule,  Adinophrys  sol,  but 
rarely. 

The  shell-covered  Protoplasts  are  frequently  found  in  pairs,  with  the 
shells  moutii  to  mouth.  When  the  shells  are  sufficiently  translucent  to 
allow  the  soft  parts  witiiin  to  be  seen,  at  times  it  is  observed  that  these 
become  confluent  in  one  mass,  which  flows  to  and  fro  from  one  shell  to  the 
other.  The  mass  finally  dividing  again  into  two,  the  individuals  with  their 
shells  become  separated  without  apparent  change  from  the  original  state. 
This  conditioii  of  union  of  a  pair  is  commonly  named  'conjugation',  and 
lias  been  supi)08ed  to  hold  a  relation  with  the  act  of  reproduction,  though 
it  has  not  been  positively  proved  to  be  so. 

From  certain  appearances,  hereafter  to  be  considered  in  the  special 
cases,  I  have  suspected  that  many  of  the  supposed  examples  of  conjuga- 
tion are  really  due  to  reproduction  through  division.  From  the  appear- 
ances alluded  to,  there  is  reason  to  suspect  that  from  time  to  time  the  shell- 
covered  Protoplasts,  under  appropriate  conditions, — such  as  are  induced  by 
being  well  fed,  so  that  the  animal  is  in  a  highly  active  condition,  and  the 
shell  is  surcharged  with  sarcode, — quickly  project  one  half  the  mass  of 
sarcode,  which  as  quickly  assumes  the  shape  and  size  of  the  parent.  The 
exuded  mass  at  the  same  time  may  be  supposed  to  rapidly  secrete  a  shell ; 
or,  if  this  is  conqjosed  of  foreign  matters,  as  in  the  case  of  a  Difflugin,  it 
may  be  immediately  formed  by  the  adherence  of  particles  to  the  exuded 
sarcode.  Jf  such  shall  be  proved  to  be  one  of  the  modes  of  reproduction 
of  the  shell-covered  Protoplasts,  it  is  one  w^hich  we  may  suppose  would 


PKOTOPLASTA— Tllli;  LOllOSE  PllOTOPLASTS. 


29 


•/ 


assure  conipamtive  uniformity  of  character  in  the  shape,  size,  and  consti- 
tution of  the  shell,  just  as  buds  of  the  same  plant  ordinaril}'  assure  the 
same  varieties  of  flowers  and  fruit.  On  the  other  hand,  reproduction  of 
the  Rhizopods  from  germs  or  spores  would  probably  furnish  a  partial 
exi)lanation  of  the  multitudinous  varieties  of  form. 

The  naked  Protoplasts,  as  represented  by  species  of  Amojba,  etc.,  at 
times  which  are  apparently  related  with  circumstances  unfavorable  to 
activity,  even  of  an  opposite  character,  as  extremes  of  temperature,  cold 
or  he.it,  assume  a  condition  of  complete  quiescence,  reminding  one  of  the 
winter  or  summer  sleep  of  higher  animals.  The  condition  is  preceded  by 
retirement  into  the  deeper  part  of  the  ooze  in  which  these  lowly  creatures 
live,  or  by  concealment  in  dirt  and  other  materials  accumulated  around  and 
adherent  to  them.  Contracted  into  a  globular  form,  they  are  puiged  of  all 
remains  oi  food  and  other  materials,  such  as  sand,  etc.,  swallowed  with  the 
former.  They  then  become  gradually  invested  with  a  structureless  mem- 
brane consisting  of  one  or  several  layers,  apparently  the  product  of  exuda- 
tion and  coagulation  of  a  portion  of  the  protoplasm  of  the  sarcode  mass 
of  the  body.  In  this  encysted  condition,  the  Protoplast  remains  an  indeti- 
nite  period,  and  perhaps  usually  undergoes  transformation  into  reproductive 
germs  or  spores.'  Often,  however,  if  the  circumstances  are  changed  for  one 
favorable  to  activity,  the  creature  bursts  its  envelope  and  creeps  forth  to 
feed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  as  if  it  had  been  passing  a  time  in  sleep. 

The  shell-covered  Protoplasts  are  frequently  found  with  the  sarcode 
mass  contracted  into  a  ball  commonly  defined  by  a  membrane  of  variable 
thickness,  and  apparently  due  to  the  coagulation  or  condensation  of  the 
ectosarc,  or  oi  an  exterior  more  clear  and  homogeneous  layer  of  the  soft 
structure.  In  the  formation  of  these  qu'.3scent  balls,  they  are  purged  of  all 
remains  of  the  food  which  is  often  seen  occupying  t'le  space  between  the 
ball  and  the  mouth  of  the  shell.  Frequently,  also,  in  the  quiescent  or 
encysted  condition  of  the  sarcode,  the  mouth  of  the  shell  is  closed  by  an 
vtperculum  apparently  formed  by  the  accunuilation  of  successive  layers  of 
Kiatters  discharged  from  the  sarcode  bfill. 

The  encysted  ball  of  the  siiell-covered  Pi-otoplasts  in  many  instances 
appears  to  be  resolved  into  globules,  or  coarse  granules  of  nearly  luiifonn 
size,  wJiich  are  probably  to  be  viewed  as  germs  or  spores. 

From  the  researches  of  Mr.  Carter*  it  would  appear  that  in  Anuijba 


'  AuiiiiU  ttiiil  Mngazinc  of  Natunil  History,  xviii,  1856,  p.  1226. 


30 


FRESH-WATrJl  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


\  I 


and  Euglj'plia,  x-epresentatives  of  tho  Lobose  and  Filoso  Protoplasts,  tlio 
endosarc  becomes  resolved  into  nucleated  cells,  which  are  of  the  nature  of 
ova,  while  the  nucleus  is  resolved  into  graauliferous  non-nucleated  cells, 
finally  breaking  up  into  their  constituent  granules,  which  are  of  the  nature 
of  sperniatozoids. 

AM(EBA. 


Greek,  ainoibos,  cliaiiging. 

Voti-ox:  Liiiiiieus,  1700.    Chaos:  LiiiuasuH,  17G7.     Prolciia:  MUUcr,  1786. 
Bory,  lS-24.    Amaha :  Ehrenbcr};,  1831. 


Vibrio:  Giiielin,  1788.     J':,tba: 


Animal,  when  at  I'est,  a  spherical  or  oval  mass  of  soft,  hyaline,  color- 
less, homogeneous,  pale  granular  protojjlasm,  possessing  extensile  and  con- 
tractile power,  and  in  the  active  condition  devoid  of  an  investing  membrane, 
or  any  kind  of  covering.  In  motion,  mostly  of  exceedingly  variable  and 
ever-changing  form,  and  with  no  absolute  distinction  of  parts,  though  fre- 
quently exhibiting  more  or  less  disposition  to  differentiation  into  an  anterior 
and  a  posterior  region.  Ectosarc  hyaline,  crystal-clear,  but,  with  high  mag- 
nifying power,  exhibiting  more  or  less  of  an  infinitely  fine  granular  consti- 
tution. Endosarc  continuous  with  the  former,  finely  and  coarsely  granuLir, 
mingled  with  corpuscles  of  inirinsic  and  varied  character,  together  with 
various  ingesta,  consisting  of  food,  water-drops,  sand,  etc.  Containing  also 
a  nucleus  and  a  contractile  or  pulsating  vesicle,  or  sometimes  more  than  one 
of  either  or  both  of  these  constituents. 

Body  with  no  external  appendages  of  a  fixed  or  permanent  character. 
Pseudopods  digitate,  simple  or  branching,  cylindroid  and  blunt,  or  more  or 
less  tapering  and  pointed,  or  short  and  broadly  lobato,  consisting  of  exten- 
sions of  the  ectosarc  with  variable  proportions  of  the  endosarc,  or  of  the 
former  alone. 

Animal  in  the  quiescent  state,  purged  of  food  and  other  ingested  mat- 
ters, globular  in  form,  and  invested  with  a  structureless  membrane,  appa- 
rently produced  by  coagulation  of  a  portion  of  the  ectosarc. 

AMCEBA  PllOTEUS. 

Plates  1,  figs.  1-6;  11,  ligs.  l-i:i;  IV,  f.^s.  2-2-25;  Vll.ilgs.  13-19;  VIII,  figs.  17-30. 

J)rr  Idtinc  I'rolciis.     Rdscl:  Inscctcii  liclustl'iuii};,  ITri.'),  iii,  ('i\>l,  tiil>.  <'i. 
I  iilrox  ('htU)n.     liinniiMis:  SyHtiinii  Xatiiiii',  fd.  N,  17(ilt,  i,  fi-Jl. 
I'olrox  ProleuH.     PiiUiis:  I'.lciiclum  Zoophytoriiiii,  17(')(>,  417. 
Chaos  I'rollicns.     I.iiiiiiuiis:  SjHtcniu  Natiirio,  ed.  l!i  et  13,  1707,  i,  1320. 
Volvox  Hjtliarulii.     MiilUr:  Veiiii.  TincH.  I'liiviiU.  177;t,  31. 


«-,' 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AM(E1}A  PllOTEUS. 


31 


ProleKS  diffliiciw.    Miillcr:  Aiiiiimlonla  Infusoria,  17SG,  9,  tab.  ii,  figs.  1-12.— Sumray :  Diet.  Sci.  Nut.  1820. 

Vibrio  rrotcua.    Gmeliii:  Liu.  SjHt.  Nat.,  cd.  Hi,  1788,  3899. 

Amiba  dh-crgcna.     Bory;  Diet.  Clas.  Hist.  Nat.  1822,  201. 

AmibaKasilt.    Bory:  Encyc.  Mc^lh.,  Hist.  Nat.  Zooiihytcs,  1824,  46.— Dnjaidin:  Hist.  Nat.  Zoophytes, 

lufus.  1841,  232. 
Amiha  MUUcri.    Bory:  Encyc.  JIdth.,  Hist.  Nat.  Zoophytes,  1624,  40. 
Amoeba  princcpa.    Ehrenberg:  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1831,  28,  79;  Infusiousthiorchcn,  1838,  120,  Taf.  viii, 

Fig.  X.— Perty:  Ken'utuis-s  klein.st.  Lcbensformcn,  1852,  188.— Auerbaeh:  Zeitsch.  wisscus. 

Zool.  1850,  407,  Taf.  xxii   »•'"•  '  10.— Lcidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  1874,  14,143. 
Aviiba  princeps.     Dujardin:  Hist.  Nat.  Zoophytes,  Infus.  1841,  U'i'i,  pi.  i,  lig.  11. 
Amaba  ramosa.     Froiuentcl:  fitudes  Jlicro  :oaires,  340,  pi.  xxviii,  fic,  2. 
Amaba  communis.    Duncan:  Pop.  Sc.  Review,  1877,  233. 
Anurba  chaos.     Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1878,  99. 
Amaba proleiis.    Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1878,  99. 

S])ecies  comp.iratively  large,  nearly  colorless,  or  more  or  less  black 
by  transmitted  light,  pale  yellowish  by  reflected  light;  spheroidal  or  ovoidal 
when  at  rest;  very  variable  and  ever  changing  in  shape  when  in  motion, 
ordinarily  ramose,  palmate,  or  radiate;  comparatively  active,  creeping,  with 
a  disposition  to  differentiate  into  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  region.  Pseu- 
dopods  digitate,  simple  or  branching,  and  blunt,  sometimes  tapering  and 
pointed.  Posterior  part  of  the  body  in  contraction  receding  in  the  advan- 
cing pseudopods,  sometimes  assuming  a  mulberry-like  appearance.  Nucleus 
usually  single,  discoid,  habitually  posterior.  Contractile  vesicle  usually 
single  and  large,  habitually  behind  the  former.  Ectosarc  thinly  differen- 
tiated. Endosarc  finely  and  coarsely  granular,  Avith  many  and  varied  ele- 
ments, contributing  in  its  flow  to  the  extension  of  the  pseudopods. 

Size,  in  the  globular  form  to  0.2  mm.;  in  the  ovoidal  form  to  0.3  by 
0  15  mm.;  extended inadendroid form, occupyingaspaceof0.5mm.inlength 
by  0.4  mm.  in  breadth;  in  a  palmate  form  0.5  mm.  long  by  0.35  mm.  broad; 
in  a  radiate  form  from  0.2  mm.  to  0.5  by  0.4  mm. ;  in  an  irregularly  cylindroid 
form  to  1  mm.  long.  The  largest  observed  occupied  a  space  of  0.6  by  0.2 
and  0.35  mm. 

■  ioca^%.- -Common  in  the  superficial  ooze  of  ponds  and  ditches  almost 
everywhere,  though  rarely  in  large  numbers.  Ditches  below  Philadelphia 
and  brick-ponds  in  the  vicinity.  Ponds  in  the  neighboring  counties, 
including  Delaware,  Chester,  Montgomery,  Bucks,  Berks,  and  Northamp- 
ton; Broad  Mountain,  Schuylkill  County;  Pokono  Mountain,  Monroe 
County,  Pennsylvania;  at  Absecom,  Ilainmonton,  Woodstown,  VinelanJ, 
Cape  May,  and  other  places  in  Now  Jersey;  Ncw[)ort  and  Narragansett, 
Rhode  Island ;  and  lakes  of  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory. 


A  large  Aiuwba  is  the  subject  of  the  earliest  notice  of  a  Eresh-watei 


I  t 


I 


'■i 


¥ 


32 


rRESII-WATER  UIIIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AJIERICA. 


Rhizopod.  It  was  discovered  by  Riisel,  and  described  in  a  work  entitled 
"Insecten  Belustigung ",  or  Recreation  among  Insects,  published  in  Nnrn- 
berg  in  11^)5.  Rosel  alls  the  animal  the  little  Proteus,  and  accompanies 
his  description  with  nineteen  well-executed  and  colored  figures  engraved 
by  himself. 

Linnteus,  in  the  Systema  Naturae,  referring  to  Rosel's  animal,  named 
it  Volvox  Chaos,  and  subsequently  Chaos  Protheus.  Pallas  called  it  Volvox 
Proteus.  Miiller  afterwards  named  it  Volvox  Spharula,  but  later,  after  having 
himself  observed  the  animal,  described  and  figured  it  under  the  name  of 
Proteus  difiluens. 

As  the  generic  name  of  Proteus  had  been  previously  appropriated  for 
the  well-known  Salamandroid  of  Adelsberg,  Bory  de  St.  Vincent  substituted 
that  of  Amiba  for  the  animal  of  Rosel  and  Miiller,  calling  it  by  the  various 
names  of  Amiba  divergens,  A.  lioesiU,  and  A.  Mulleri. 

Ehrenberg,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Academj;'  of  Sciences  of  Berlin 
for  1830,  indicated  and  figured  a  comparatively  small  Amoeba,  the  i^th  of  a 
line  (pp.  oO,  75,  pi.  I,  figs.  5),  under  the  name  of  Amoeba  diffluens,  regarding 
it  as  the  same  as  the  Proteus  diffluens  of  Miiller. 

In  the  Transactions  of  the  following  year,  Ehrenberg  described  what 
he  considered  to  be  a  new  species  with  the  name  of  Amoeba  princeps.  The 
characters  given  of  this  are  as  follows :  Diameter  1th  of  a  line;  body  trans- 
parent, yellowish,  with  many  easily  and  voluntarily  movable  blunt  pro- 
cesses; four  times  larger  than  the  Proteus. 

This  description  is  accompanied  with  one  of  Amosba  diffluens  {Proteus 
diffluens,  Miiller),  as  follows:  Diameter  Jjth  of  a  line;  body  transparent  as 
water,  mostly  with  only  three  or  ^our  variable  processes;  four  times  smaller 
than  the  preceding  species. 

In  his  great  work,  the  Infusionsthierchen,  1838,  Ehrenberg  described 
Amaiba  princeps  as  ''large,  yellowish,  equalling  Jth  of  a  lino,  provided  with 
a  variable  number  of  cylindrical  appendages,  thick  and  rounded  at  the  end." 
The  -Accompanying  figures  (Taf  VIII,  Fig.  X)  accord  with  the  description, 
and  agree  with  the  familiar  oonmion  large  Amoeba. 

In  the  same  work,  Amaba  diffluens  u  described  as  "  rarely  surpassing 
the  jjth  of  a  line,  hyaline;  processes  variable,  moderately  long  and  robust 
and  subacute."     Under  this  species,    Ehrenberg  jdaces  as  synonyms  the 


GENUS  AMffiBA— AM(EBA  TROTEl  8. 


33 


Hjy 


names  of  all  forms  of  Amoeba  previously  described  by  others,  including 
the  one  first  discovered,  the  little  Proteus  of  Rosel. 

In  the  earlier  description  of  Amoeba  princeps,  Ehrenberg  says  it  is  four 
times  larger  than  the  Proteus,  meaning  the  Proteus  diffluens  of  Miiller  and 
his  own  Amoeba  diffluens,  but  not  the  Proteus  of  Rosel;  for  this,  according 
to  the  actual  representation  of  the  latter,  is  four  times  larger  than  Amoeba 
princeps,  and  sixteen  times  larger  than  Amoeba  diffluens,  nccording  to  the 
measurements  of  these  given  by  Ehrenberg. 

In  the  remarks  on  Amoaha  princeps,  in  the  Infusionsthierchen,  Ehren- 
berg says  "  it  is  true  that  Rtisel  described  a  larger  species  of  Proteus  of 
which  the  dimension  accords  with  this,  but  the  blunt  processes,  of  the  species 
occurring  in  Berlin,  do  not  agree  well  with  those  of  Rosel's  figures,  but 
rather  approximate  those  of  larger  individuals  of  Amoebo  diffluens!'^ 

It  is  natural  to  suppose  that  an  Amoeba  discovered  by  the  earliest 
microscopic  observers  would  be  one  of  the  more  conmion  large  forms,  and 
that  such  was  the  case  appears  to  be  fairly  proved  by  figures  and  descrip- 
tions. 

Rosel,  in  refemng  to  one  of  his  figures  of  the  little  Proteus,  remarks 
that  in  its  natural  size  it  looked  like  A.  Now,  this  figure  A  represents  the 
animal  in  its  quiescent  state,  in  globular  form,  and  the  figure  measures  just 
four  fifths  of  a  line.  No  Amoeba  has  since  been  recorded,  in  the  same 
condition,  so  large  as  this,  and  it  is  not  unfair  to  suppose  that  the  figure  is 
somewhat  exaggerated,  which  could  readily  occur  in  absence  of  the  accurate 
means  of  measurement  which  came  subsequently  into  use. 

Rosel  refers  to  his  having  held  his  little  Proteus  at  rest  with  a  pointed 
feather,  which  is  alone  sufficient  to  prove  that  he  had  under  his  observation 
one  of  the  largest  forms  of  Amoeba. 

In  size,  according  to  the  actual  measurements  given,  Rosel's  Proteus 
is  as  much  larger  than  Amoeba  princeps  as  this  is  than  Amoeba  diffluens. 

In  all  other  characters  ascribed  by  Ehrenberg  to  Amoeba  princeps,  it 
appears  to  the  writer  to  agree  with  the  Proteus  of  Rosel,  and  this  without 
doubt  better  than  does  the  Amoeba  diffluens  as  described  by  Ehrenberg. 

Amoeba  princeps  is  said  by  the  latter  to  be  yellowish,  while  the  Amoeba 
diffluens  is  said  to  be  clear  as  water.  Though  Rosel  says  nothing  of  the 
color  of  the  Proteus,  his  figures,  carefully  colored,  exhibit  the  granular 

3  BUIZ 


34 


FRESn  WATEU  UniZOPODS  OF  NORTH  A?.i  ERICA. 


contents  yellowish,  and  the  exterior  investment  colorless,  just  as  our  largo 
common  Amoeba  appears  under  partially  reflected  and  transmitted  light. 

Most  of  Rosel's  figures  exhibit  the  characteristic  changes  of  form  of 
the  Proteus,  and  these  certainly  agree  with  those  cf  our  common  large 
Amtt3ba,  and  better  with  those  of  Ehrenberg's  figures  of  Amoeba  princcps 
than  with  those  of  the  same  author's  figures  of  Amwha  diffluens.  Of  the 
figures  of  Rosel,  one  ho  likens  in  its  branching  to  the  antler  of  a  deer,  a 
resemblance  which  all  must  have  seen  who  are  familiar  with  the  large 
Amoeba  commonly  regarded  as  the  Aniceba  princeps. 

As  regards  both  size  and  color  of  the  Proteus  of  Rosel,  it  might  refer 
to  other  large  Ama-ba)  than  A.  pr'mceps,  as  for  instance  the  A.  villosa  of 
Wallich,  or  the  Pclomyxa  pahistris  of  Greeff;  but  the  changes  of  form  and 
the  extension  and  shape  of  the  pseudopods  rather  approximate  it  to  the 
former. 

Miiller's  description  and  figures  of  Proteus  diffluens,  Avhich  that  author 
regarded  to  bo  the  same  as  Rosel's  Proteus,  appear  to  apply  to  the  same 
animal  as  Ehrenberg's  Amoeba  princeps,  rather  than  to  the  Amoeba  diffluens 
of  the  latter. 

From  the  review  thus  presented,  I  think  it  will  be  admitted  that  the 
little  Proteus  of  Rosel,  the  Proteus  diffluens  of  Midler,  the  Atnoeba  princeps 
of  Ehrenberg,  and  our  large  familiar  Amoeba,  ai'e  to  be  regarded  as  one 
and  the  same  animal. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  all  forms  of  Amoeba  may  eventually  be 
found  to  be  transitory  phases  of  the  same  species ;  but  even  this  view  does 
not  render  the  determinations  of  Ehrenberg  and  those  who  follow  him  in 
relation  to  Amoeba  princeps  and  Amoeba  diffluens  any  the  less  incorrect. 

Having  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  our  common  large  Amoeba, 
usually  called  Amoeba  princeps,  is  the  same  as  Rosel's  Proteus,  the  question 
arises  as  to  its  appropriate  name. 

Ehrenberg  changed  the  name  of  Amiba  of  Bory  into  Amoeba ;  and 
had  it  not  been  that  the  latter  mode  of  spelling  the  word  had  come  into 
such  common  iisie,  I  would  have  dropped  the  ugly  diphthong,  and  resumed 
the  word  Amiba,  as  employed  by  Bory  and  Dujardin. 

Of  the  specific  names  employed  for  the  little  Proteus,  that  of  chaos  in 
Volvox  Chaos  of  Linnaeus  is  oldest ;  but  that  of  proteus  in  Volvox  Proteus  of 
Pallas  appears  more  appropriate,  and  would  at  the  same  time  serve  to 


.— *y 


OKNIIS  AMa<}HA— AMCKJtA  PROTEUS. 


86 


perpetuate  the  name  jjiven  to  the  animal  by  its  discoverer.  I  therefore 
suggest  tliat  the  name  of  Amcehu  protcus  shouhl  be  employed  for  the 
common  large  Amoeba,  recognizable  as  the  Proteus  of  Rosel  and  the 
Amaba  princeps  of  Ehrenberg ;  otherwise,  according  to  the  strict  rules  of 
scientific  nomenclature,  it  should  be  Amoeba  chaos. 


Amoeba  proteus  (pis.  I,  II)  is  one  of  the  largest  forms  of  the  genus, 
and  is  the  one  which  is  perhaps  the  most  familiar  to  those  who  are  accustomed 
to  the  examination  of  the  microscopic  life  abounding  in  fresh  waters.  It  is 
commonly  found  in  the  superficial  ooze  of  clear  and  comparatively  quiet 
waters,  such  as  ponds,  lakes,  and  ditches.  It  also  occurs  among  Duck-meat 
and  on  the  under  surfiico  of  leaves  of  aquatic  plants  floating  on  the  surface  of 
water.  In  some  instances,  in  certain  localities,  it  may  be  found  in  profusion; 
but  frequently  in  similar  places,  or  even  at  other  seasons  in  the  same 
place,  I  have  failed  to  obtain  it  after  the  most  diligent  search.  Specimens 
often  vary,  especiall)-  in  different  localities,  to  such  a  degree  that  it  is 
difficult  to  decide  whether  to  regard  them  as  really  pertaining  to  this  or 
some  other  described  species. 

The  habitual  appearance  of  characteristic  forms  as  they  have  come 
within  my  notice  may  be  described  as  follows : 

The  Amoeba,  if  observed  immediately  after  having  been  transferred 
from  the  material  in  which  it  lived  to  the  object-glass  of  the  microscope, 
appears  as  a  globular  or  ovoidal,  granular  ball,  translucent  and  of  a  blackish 
hue  by  transmitted  light,  or  faintly  yellowish  white  by  reflected  light. 
Often,  however,  from  the  first  moment  of  observation,  the  animal  appears  of 
irregular  shape,  with  projected  pseudopods  already  in  movement,  apparently 
as  if  it  had  been  little  affected  by  disturbance. 

The  globular  or  ovoidal  quiescent  Amoeba  after  a  little  while  puts 
forth  from  every  part  of  the  body  a  multitude  of  clear,  rounded  extensions 
of  the  ectosarc,  which  give  one  the  impression  that  the  creature  had  sud- 
denly exuded,  or,  if  I  may  use  the  terra,  sweated,  numerous  drops  of  liquid. 
These  quickly  elongate,  and  assume  the  form  of  digitate  pseudopods,  in 
which  condition  the  animal  may  present  the  appearance  seen  in  fig.  1,  pi. 
I.  A  number  of  the  pseudopods  continue  to  elongate  and  become  thicker, 
not  only  from  an  extension  of  the  ectosarc,  but  by  the  attendant  influx  of 
the  endosarc.     The  greater  number  of  the  pseudopods  originally  seen  are 


36 


l>'RKSn  WATKU  imiZOF'ODH  OF  NORTH  AMEllIOA. 


withdrawn  and  altogether  disappear.  The  growing  psoudopods  are  cylin- 
drical or  digitate,  with  blunt  extremities.  They  extend  in  all  directions, 
are  usually  more  or  less  curved,  and  frequently  branch.  In  this  condition, 
the  Amoeba  may  jjresent  the  appearance  represented  in  fig.  2. 

Occasionally  iho  rounded  or  ovoidal  mass  composing  the  body  of  the 
Amoeba,  after  ])utting  forth  ntunerous  processes  in  the  manner  above 
described,  withdraws  the  most  of  these,  while  a  few  others  rapidly  elongate, 
and  diverge  on  each  side,  and  the  animal  may  assume  a  shape  reminding 
one  of  a  great  spider.  A  specimen  in  this  condition  is  represented  in  <ig.  1, 
pi.  II. 

Conmionly,  while  one  or  two,  and  occasionally  more,  of  the  pseudo- 
pods,  continue  to  extend  and  branch,  others  shorten  and  disappear,  and  the 
principal  mass  of  the  body  is  diminished  at  the  expense  of  the  growth  of 
the  advancing  pseudopods,  and  it  may  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  merge  into 
them.  As  the  Amoeba  advances  through  the  extension  of  one  or  more  pi-in- 
cipal  pseudopods  in  a  particular  direction,  the  whole  together  becomes  more 
or  less  difterentiated  into  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  region.  The  posterior 
extremity  of  the  body,  in  its  contraction  through  the  flow  of  its  endosarc 
into  the  advancing  pseudopods,  frequently  assumes  a  more  or  less  mammil- 
lary  appearance.  In  this  condition,  the  Amouba,  in  its  form  and  branching, 
may  remind  one  of  tlie  antler  of  an  elk,  and  such  specimens  are  represented 
in  figs.  3,  4,  pi.  I. 

In  the  continued  extension  and  branching  of  one  or  more  of  the  chief 
pseudopods,  the  Amoeba  progresses  more  or  less  rapidly,  the  body  appear- 
ing incessantly  to  exhaust  itself  in  the  continued  growth  or  elongation  of 
the  pseudopods  and  in  the  production  of  new  ones,  while  it  is  as  incessantly 
replenished  by  the  contraction  and  melting-away  of  pro-existing  pseudo- 
pods. While  the  animal  moves  along,  its  direction  may  change  at  any 
moment  by  the  more  active  prolongation  of  any  one  of  the  pseudopods. 

The  changes  of  form  produced  by  the  extension  and  branching  of  cer- 
tain of  the  pseudopods,  with  the  recession,  melting-away,  and  total  disap- 
pearance of  others,  is  endless.  Sometimes  the  animal  creeps  onward  in  a 
flowing  manner  with  comparatively  simple  cylindroid  form,  occasionally 
emitting  a  single  pseudopod,  on  one  side  or  the  other.  More  commonly 
in  movement  it  assumes  a  dendroid  or  palmate  form,  or  sometimes,  diver- 
ging from  the  directly  onward  course,  it  becomes  more  radiate  in  appearance. 


i 

f 
* 


'M 


OENUS  AMCEIJA— AM(EIIA  I'liOTElJS. 


87 


Not  infrequontly  it  assumes  more  or  less  grotesque  sluipes,  in  wliifli  ulinost 
every  conceivsiblo  likeness  may  be  imaginecl. 

Usually  Amwha  proteus  creeps  along  surfaces,  mainly  extending  its 
psoudoijods,  and  advancing  in  the  same  general  direction.  The  pseudopods 
may,  however,  be  extended  or  jn'oduced  in  any  direction,  and  in  iheir  pro- 
duction the  direction  of  motion  of  the  animal  may  be  completely  reversed, 
or  it  maj'  occur  in  the  direction  of  extension  or  production  of  any  pseudo- 
pod.  There  is  no  fixed  distinction  or  differentiation  of  parts  or  regions, 
and  any  point  of  the  animal  may  becon)e  central  or  peripheral,  forward  or 
backward,  or  lateral. 

In  the  movements  of  Amwha  protons,  as  certain  of  the  pseudopods 
are  extended,  and  the  mass  of  the  body  is  proportionately  reduced,  other 
pseudopods  may  more  or  less  gradually  recede  and  merge  into  the  advan- 
cing ones,  or  they  may  become  shriveled  and  manunillary  in  appearance,  as 
is  frequently  the  case  with  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body  itself,  and 
as  represented  in  figs.  3-7,  i)l.  I. 

The  mannnillary  appearance  assumed  by  the  j)osterior  extremity  of 
the  animal  may  persist  for  a  considerable  time,  though  luidergoing  con- 
tinued variation.  Any  of  its  processes  may  become  the  source  of  new 
pseudopods,  and  the  whole  may,  at  any  moment,  contract  and  merge  into 
the  general  mass  of  the  body. 

•  When  Amoeba  proteus  is  free  and  floating  or  suspended  in  water,  it 
often  assumes  a  more  or  less  radiate  or  stellate  appearance,  with  the 
pseudopods  more  or  less  tapering,  and  it  then  looks  like  a  giant  foi-m  of 
Atnoeba  radiosa,  as  represented  in  fig.  2,  pi.  II. 

When  creeping  on  flat  surftxces,  the  body  and  pseudopods  of  iho 
Amoeba  are  more  or  less  depressed;  but  when  the  animal  is  floating,  they 
are  more  rounded. 

The  ordinary  shape  of  the  pseudopods  is  digitate  or  finger-like,  or 
depressed  cylindroid,  with  blunt  rounded  ends.  They  may  be  straight  or 
more  or  less  curved,  even  or  crimped,  and  simple  or  branched.  Sometimes 
they  are  more  or  less  tapering  and  bluntly  pointed,  or  they  may  be  clavate, 
or  thicken  in  approaching  the  end. 

The  projection  of  the  pseudopods  is  always  preceded  by  a  flow  of  the 
more  hyaline  portion  of  the  protoplasm  of  the  body,  or  of  the  ectosarc, 
followed  closely  and  incessantly  by  an  influx  of  the  endosarc.     The  flow 


38 


I'HKHII  WATKU  RUIZOI'ODS  OF  NOUTll  AMICHICA. 


?!? 


of  tho  orulosarc  procoods  from  tho  interior  of  the  body,  and  iH  continuous 
tlnonfrh  tho  axis  of  tho  latter,  back  of  tho  Koiirco  of  tho  psoudopod ;  and  if 
this  forms  the  foro  part  of  tho  body,  tho  current  may  bo  continuous  its  entire 
length.  If  a  growing  pseudopod  proceeds  from  an  intermediate  position, 
currents  of  endosaro  may  flow  from  opposite  directions  to  promote  its 
extension. 

The  flow  in  the  cuiTent  of  endosarc  is  always  most  active  axially,  both 
within  the  body  and  tho  pseudopods.  As  it  apjiroaches  the  end  of  a 
psoudopod,  formed  by  the  advancing  ectosarc,  it  usually  enters  to  one  side 
and  turns  upon  itself,  as  represented  in  tig.  11,  j)l.  II. 

New  pseudopods  start  more  or  less  al)ruj)tly,  and  give  one  the  impres- 
sion as  if  they  proceeded  from  a  sudden  escape  of  a  portion  of  tho  contents 
of  tho  body,  through  an  accidental  rupture  of  its  surface.  In  their  extension 
they  appear  to  flow  onward  like  a  liquid  stream,  as  previously  intimated, 
always  preceded  by  a  portion  of  the  clear  ectosarc,  followed  by  an  inces- 
sant influx  of  the  endosarc.  In  the  precedence  of  the  ectosarc,  it  looks 
as  if  it  were  a  clear  liquid,  incessantly  drained  from  the  endosarc,  and 
flowing  ofl"  in  a  stream;  but  appurently  before  the  ectosarc  has  a  chance  of 
accunuilating  to  any  considerable  extent,  it  is  constantly  followed  by 
granular  endosarc,  as  if  this  was  forced  into  it  from  behind  by  contraction 
of  the  body. 

The  progress  of  the  animal  may  continue  steadily  for  a  time,  induced 
by  the  equally  steady  extension  and  advance  of  one  or  more  pseudopods, 
accompanied  with  a  more  ov  less  brisk  flow  of  the  endosarc  of  the  body, 
continuii.g  in  one  stream,  or  dividing  into  several,  according  to  the  number 
of  the  advancing  pseudopods. 

While  there  is  no  absolute  distinction  between  the  ectosarc  and  endo- 
sarc, the  two  being  continuations  of  the  same  protoplasmic  mass,  in  the 
movements  of  the  anmifil  the  endosarc  appears  to  flow  within  walls,  more 
or  less  thick,  formed  by  the  ectosarc.  With  the  exhaustion  of  the  endosarc 
from  behind,  the  including  ectosarc  contracts,  and  melts  away  into  the 
advancing  portion  of  the  body. 

Amoeba  proteus,  while  steadily  pursuing  its  course,  may  slacken  its 
speed  and  altog  3tlier  cease  its  onward  movement ;  and  after  a  brief  interval, 
a  new  pseudopi  d  may  .start  forth,  and  with  its  extension  in  tho  same  direc- 
tion tlie  course  of  the  animal  may  be  entirely  changed  from  the  former  one. 


OENUM  AMtKliA— AM(KUA  I'KOTKUS. 


39 


Not  uiitVequently  dining  tlio  extension  of  one  or  more  pHCudopoils 
in  advance,  another  may  originate,  and  extend  in  a  widely  divergent  or 
oven  oppoHite  direction  from  the  former.  In  snch  instances,  after  a  little 
while,  the  previonsly  advancing  pseudopods  become  retarded  in  their  course, 
then  recede,  and  go  to  contribute  to  supply  the  new  pseudopod  moving  in 
another  direction. 

Occasionally  clearer  and  wider  expanoions  than  usual  of  the  ectosarc 
appear  at  the  root  of  a  jjseudopod,  or  like  a  web  in  the  crotch  of  a  pair  of 
jweudopods,  as  seen  in  figs.  3,  f),  7,  pi.  I.  Similar  expansions  at  times 
extend  as  longitudinal  folds  along  the  body  and  jjrincipal  pseudopods,  as 
rei)resented  in  fig.  7. 

Sometimes  u  pair  of  pseudopoda  start  together  from  near  the  same 
point,  extend  side  by  side,  and,  as  they  advance,  become  confluent  from 
tlieir  root  onward.  Very  rarely  do  contiguous  jjseudopods,  approaching 
one  another  and  coming  into  contact  at  the  ends,  become  connate,  or 
fused  together,  though  1  have  observed  thie  to  occur  in  the  capture  of  an 
animalcule,  as  represented  in  fig.  5  c,  j)l.  I. 

The  fundamental  structure  of  Amoeba  jiroteus  consists  of  a  thin,  color- 
less, jelly-like,  pale,  and  finely  graindar  protoplasm,  or  sarcode,  endowed 
with  extensile,  contractile,  and  other  less  well  defined  attributes,  in  which, 
however,  a  chemical  or  digestive  power  may  be  included.  The  exterior 
dearer  portion  of  the  pintoplasmic  mass  constitutes  the  ectosarc,  while  the 
interior  portion,  mingled  with  various  elements,  intrinsic  and  extrinsic,  con- 
stitutes the  endosarc. 

The  clear  ectosarc,  examined  by  the  higher  powers  of  the  microscope 
under  favorable  conditions  of  light,  appears  never  to  be  perfectly  structure- 
less, but  exhibits  an  infinitely  fine  granular  constitution. 

The  endosarc,  with  its  mingled  coarser  elements  in  its  relationship  with 
the  ectosarc,  may  be  compared  with  the  circulating  blood  in  the  capillaries 
of  the  higher  animals.  The  endosarc  is  comparable  to  the  rapidly  flowing 
current  of  blood,  mingled  with  its  corpuscles,  in  tlio  axes  of  the  vessels, 
while  the  ectosarc  is  comparable  to  the  slower  moving  blood-liquor  next 
the  walls  of  the  vessels. 

The  ordinarily  distinguishable  elements  of  the  endosarc  of  Amoeba 
protctis  have  aj)peared  to  me  to  be  as  follows : 

1.  Granules,  from  those  of  the  finest,  most  dififuse,  and  scarcely  pei"- 


i 


r 


■a 

'^1 


40 


FEESU  WATER  EHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMEiriOA. 


^i 


!      S 


ceptible  kind,  such  as  are  commonly  to  be  detected  in  a  favorable  light  and 
with  the  highest  microscopic  powers,  in  the  clear  limiting  ectosarc,  to  such 
as  are  distinct,  darkly  detined,  and  resemble  the  finest  molecules  of  oil. 

2.  Variable  quantities  of  rather  large,  spherical,  homogeneous,  or  indis- 
tinctly granular  corpuscles,  usually  colorless  or  faimly  yellowish,  apparently 
liquid  or  senii-li(piid. 

3.  Ditferont  i)roportions  of  round,  oval,  or  irregularly  oval  bodies  of 
various  sizes,  cloar,  colorless,  and  highly  refractive,  apparently  of  the  nature 
of  starch-granules,  and  resembling  them  in  their  chemical  reaction. 

4.  Variaule  quantities  of  roiuul  or  oval  globules  darkly  dehned  and 
highly  refractive,  clear  and  colorless,  or  of  diiferent  shades  of  yellow, 
passing  at  times  into  browi ,  ujjparently  oleaginous  in  character.  These  are 
often  altogether  absent. 

5  Widely  different  proportions  of  food-balls,  mostly  spherical  and  of 
pretty  uniform  size,  aiul  very  variable  in  composition  and  color,  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  food  and  the  changes  it  lias  undergone  through  diges- 
tion, The  colored  balls  are  commonly  pale  yellow,  })assing  to  darker 
yell  iw  and  different  shades  of  brown,  oven  sometimes  approaching  to  black- 
ness. Often  sinue  of  the  balls  appear  bright  green  or  yellowish  green, 
and  are  frequently  recognizable  as  being  composed  of  round  single-celled 
algaj. 

Generally  the  food-balls  appear  surrounded  with  a  clear  halo  indicating 
the  presence  of  liquid  enclosing  the  more  solid  matter,  and  consisting  of 
water  swallowed  with  the  food.  Often  the  balls  exhibit  no  vestige  of  such 
a  halo,  in  which  cases  we  may  infer  that  the  water  which  may  have  been 
swallowed  with  the  food  and  had  surrounded  the  ball,  in  an  altered  condi- 
tion, has  been  imbibed  by  the  including  endosarc. 

Besides  the  more  solid  food-balls,  there  are  frequently  to  be  observed 
globules  of  colored  or  colorless  liquid  oi  semi-li(piid  matters,  which  may 
consist  of  water-drops  swallowed  as  such,  and  of  dissolved  food  resulting 
from  digestion. 

Sometimes  large  numbers  of  clear  water-diops  are  not  only  seen  within 
the  endosarc,  but  are  actually  observed  to  be  de\(doi)ed  as  if  from  a  con- 
centration of  the  more  liquid  part  of  the  i)rotoplasm,  luul  these  are  again 
often  seen  slowly  to  disappear  as  if  gradually  absorbed  by  the  contiguous 
protoplasm. 


^Mi 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AMCEBA  rilOTEUS. 


41 


Iiidepemlently  of  the  food-balls,  which  ordinarily  are  formed  from  soft 
and  readily  yielding  materials,  the  endosarc  is  often  observed  to  contain 
other  food  of  a  more  consistent  character,  greatly  differing  in  the  size 
of  the  morsels  and  frequently  more  or  less  readily  recognizable  from  their 
form.  Such  materials  commonly  consist  of  the  various  diatoms,  desmids, 
green  unicellular  algte,  and  zoospores  of  the  filamentous  alg86.  Consid- 
erable fragments  of  the  latter,  such  as  Oscillaria,  Zygnema,  etc.,  jxre  s'lso 
often  seen  among  the  food  contents.  Occasionally  Jiiiimal  forms  may 
be  detected  in  the  food  materials  of  the  endosarc,  among  the  most  com- 
mon of  which  are  the  Eotifers,  and  in  sevei'al  instances  I  have  observed 
with  them  an  unfortunate  Arcella,  a  Ditflugia,  or  a  Trinemci. 

These  more  consistent  and  persistent  food  materials,  like  the  food-balls, 
are  often  observed  included  in  water-drops  swallowed  with  the  food,  but 
they  also  frequently  appear  without  any  such  liquid  invesiment. 

Other  materials  related  with  the  food,  and  frequently  forming  part  of 
the  endosarc-jumble,  consist  of  fragments  of  various  vegetal  tissues,  such 
as  portions  of  cellular  tissue  of  macerated  leaves,  vessels,  ligneous  fibres, 
and  hairs.  In  some  fine  large  vigorous  specimens  of  Amoeba  lyrotcus  col- 
lected from  a  pond  in  the  vicinity  of  a  saw-mill,  the  endosarc  contained 
multitiules  of  jjarticles  of  sawdust. 

In  addition  to  the  food  materials  and  other  elements  of  the  endosarc 
of  Aniwha  jtrotcus,  it  frequently  contains  variable  proportions  of  quartz- 
sand  in  irregular  angular  particles. 

6.  A  remarkable  and  pretty  constant  element  of  the  endosarc,  appa- 
rently of  an  intrinsic  character,  consists  of  minute  crystals,  as  seen  in  fig. 
11,  pi.  II.  They  have  been  observed  in  this  and  other  Ehizopods  by  many 
investigators.  Though  very  evident,  I  have  generally  failed  to  determine 
their  exact  form  or  the  system  to  which  they  belong. 

7.  An  important  element  of  the  endosarc  is  the  nucleus,  seen  in  most 
of  the  figures  of  pis.  I  and  II.  It  usually  occupies  a  position  posterior 
to  the  middle  of  the  body,  but  may  be  shifted  to  almost  any  other  jjosition 
in  the  movements  of  the  animal.  Mostly  it  ajipears  as  a  rather  conspicuous 
compressed  spheroidal,  or  thick  discoid  body,  with  the  broad  surfaces  some- 
what convex,  fiat,  or  slightly  depressed,  and  the  border  rounded.  It  is  often 
surrounded  by  a  clear  halo,  apparently  consisting  of  a  globular  envelope  of 
clear   protoplasm.     In  different  Amccb.'e  of  various  sizes,  and   from  dif- 


fuf 


■      ' 


42 


FKESll-WATEK  IJHIZOPODS  OF  NOliTIl  AMERICA. 


ferent  localities,  the  nucleus  presents  considerable  range  in  size.  In  a  num- 
ber of  charactenstic  individuals  it  measured  about  ith  of  an  inch  in  width 
and  from  ont  half  to  two  thirds  the  thickness  of  the  width.  In  others  it 
ranged  from  half  the  size  indicated  to  one  fifth  greater  diameter. 

The  nucleus  is  colorless,  homogeneous,  indistinctly  and  finely  granu- 
lar, or  more  coarsely,  uniforndy,  and  distinctly  granular.  I  did  not  at  any 
time  distinguish  a  distinct  membranous  wall  to  the  nucleus ;  and  a  distinct 
nucleolus,  if  present,  escaped  my  notice. 

In  several  instances  I  have  seen  two  nuclei  in  the  same  individual,  as 
represented  in  fig.  2,  pi.  I.  More  frequently  I  have  failed  to  detect  a  single 
one,  though  it  is  probable  that  in  most  cases,  if  not  in  all,  it  was  hidden  from 
viewbyotherelementsof  the  endosarc.  Occasionall}'^,  however,  even  in  large 
specimens  of  unusual  transparency  and  unobscured  by  the  presence  of  food 
and  other  materials,  as  in  the  individual  represented  in  fig.  7,  pi.  II,  I  was 
unable  to  discover  a  nucleus. 

8.  Almost  invariably  there  may  be  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  the  nucleus, 
and  approximating  it  in  size,  the  clear  liquid  globule,  which  constitutes  the 
contractile  or  pulsating  vesicle.  It  usually  occupies  a  position  just  back  of 
the  nucleus,  but  not  unfrequently,  in  the  movements  of  the  endosarc,  is 
shifted  to  a  position  in  advance.  The  contractile  vesicle  is  ordinarily 
observed  very  gradually  to  eidarge,  and  then  rather  abruptly  to  collapse, 
so  as  to  disappear  altogether  from  view.  After  a  brief  interval  it  again  re- 
appears in  the  same  or  nearly  the  same  j)osition.  Starting  as  a  minute 
spherule,  the  vesicle  gr.aduall}'  increases  as  before,  until  it  reaches  its  former 
size,  when  it  once  more  abruptly  collapses.  The  increase,  collapse,  dis- 
ajipearance,  and  reappearance  of  the  contractile  vesicle  occur  successively 
and  incessantly  in  a  rhythmical  manner,  reminding  one  of  the  regular  action 
of  the  heart  in  higher  aninnils. 

The  gradual  expansion  of  the  contractile  vesicle  is  slow  and  more  or 
less  variable  in  the  time  it  takes  to  reach  the  full  size ;  the  collapse  ordi- 
narily occupies  about  a  second  of  time. 

The  contractile  vesicle  ai)pears  to  be  due  to  tho  accumulation  or  concen- 
tration of  water  front  the  surrounding  endosarc,  which  water  aj)pears  then  to 
be  expelled  from  tho  body  in  the  collapse  of  the  vesicle.  It  is  perfectly 
clear,  ami  of  a  pale,  though  decided  roseate  hue,  *vhich  becomes  more  pro- 
nounced with  the  expansion  of  the  vesicle.     The  same  hue  is  to  be  observed 


"I 

,1 
.1^ 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AM(EBA  PROTEUS. 


43 


f;1 


e^ 


in  the  contractile  vesicle,  and  all  clear  water-vacuoles  of  the  endosarc,  in 
other  Rhizopods  and  Protozoa  in  which  these  constituents  occur. 

Sometimes  iwo  contractile  vesicles  are  seen  in  Amaha  protcm,  as  rep- 
resented in  fig.  6,  pi.  II.  They  occupy  the  usual  position  back  of  the 
nucleus,  or  may  be  temporarily  separated  by  one  shifting  in  advance  of  the 
latter,  or  indeed  both  may  be  -ansferred  to  any  other  position.  Rarely  a 
greater  number  of  contractile  vesicles  occur,  usually  in  such  cases  smaller 
and  often  more  or  less  scattered. 

Sometimes  after  the  disappearance  of  the  contractile  vesicle,  two  or 
three  minute  ones  appear  simultaneously  in  its  pluco,  and,  as  they  gradually 
augment  in  size,  break  into  one  another  until  all  become  one. 

In  the  progressive  movements  of  Amoeha  proteus,  and  the  extension  of 
its  pseudopods,  the  flow  of  the  endosarc  is  accompanied  with  a  more  or 
less  thorough  mingling  of  all  its  constituents.  The  smallest  elements  are 
hurried  along  most  briskly,  while  the  largest  exhibit  more  or  less  inertia ; 
the  nucleus  and  contractile  vesicle  almost  always  being  hindmost  in  the  race. 
Occasionally,  a  more  than  ordinary  impulse  drives  the  nucleus  in  advance 
of  its  habitual  position,  and  even  carries  the  contractile  vesicle  beyond  it, 
but  in  a  little  while  they  again  assume  their  usual  place. 

A  remarkable  fact  in  the  streaming  of  the  endosarc,  with  all  its  varied 
constituents  rolling  among  and  jostling  one  another,  is  the  circumstance 
that  the  food-balls  with  their  liquid  envelope,  the  water-vacuoles,  the  con- 
tractile vesicle,  and  all  else,  retain  their  integrity,  as  if  they  were  solid,  or 
contained  each  within  a  membranous  sac.  Never  are  the  materials  observed 
to  break  and  run  together,  as  a  result  of  the  continued  jar  to  which  they 
are  subjected. 

As  previously  intimated,  Dr.  Wallich  expresses  the  opinion  that  the 
endosarc  and  ectosarc  c  the  Rhizopods  are  mutually  convertible  into  one 
another.  When  endosarc  comes  into  contact  with  water,  it  undergoes  a  sort 
of  temporary  coagulation,  or  conversion  into  ectosarc,  and  when  the  latter  is 
transferred  into  the  interior  after  a  time  it  again  undergoes  resolution  into 
the  more  liquid  endosarc.  In  the  taking  of  food  he  supposes  that  each  por- 
tion when  swallowed  becomes  enveloped  with  a  film  of  ectosarc,  which  forms 
a  vesicle  enclosing  the  food  and  water-drop  in  the  interior  of  the  endosarc. 
As  the  food  undergoes  digestion,  and  the  water,  altered  in  condition,  is  im- 


44 


FEESU-WATEK  ItHIZOrOUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i      !.| 


:ii!! 


J    ; 

! 

' 

1    1 
■    i 

i 
i 
1 
i 

!    1 

3 

i 

bibed  from  the  vacuoles  into  the  contiguous  endosarc,  the  vesicles  of  ecto- 
sarc  which  contained  the  food  and  water  undergo  resolutioa  into  endosarc. 

As  the  soft  structure  of  Amaba  proteus  is  totally  unprotected,  even  by 
the  thinnest  membrane,  one  would  expect  to  find  the  animal  exceedingly 
irritable,  though  such  appears  not  to  be  the  case  in  a  marked  degree.  In 
its  wanderings  it  frequently  comes  into  contact  with  more  actively  moving 
Infusorians  and  mailed  Rotifers  without  in  the  least  being  aflfected  by  their 
rude  shocks.  On  one  occasion  I  happened  to  have  beneath  the  micro- 
scope a  large  individual  of  Aniwha  proteus,  together  with  a  multitude  of 
the  active  ciliated  Infusorian,  the  Coleps  hirtus.  The  Amasba  moved  about, 
entirely  indifferent  to  the  frequent  buffets  of  the  Coleps.  In  attemjiting 
to  readjust  the  cover  of  the  object-glass,  a  jjortion  of  the  Amoeba  was 
crushed  off;  but  notwithstanding  the  accident,  the  larger  portion  of  the 
creature,  still  retaining  its  nucleus  and  contractile  vesicle,  moved  away, 
apparently  unmindful  of  its  injury.  The  smaller  portion  of  the  Amoeba 
was  attacked  by  half  a  dozen  Coleps,  and  the  escaping  granules  of  the 
endosarc,  exhibiting  lively  molecular  movement,  were  greedily  swallowed 
by  the  Infusorian.  One  would  further  suppose  from  the  structure  and 
semi-fluid  character  of  the  Amooba  that  it  must  be  sticky  and  that  materials 
would  adhere  as  they  came  into  contact  with  it.  This  is,  however,  so  far 
from  being  the  case,  that  Amoeba  proteus  is  frequently  observed  traversing 
mud  with  algoe  and  other  materials,  without  anything  adhering  to  its 
surface  even  for  a  moment.  Not  unfrequently,  however,  various  matters 
are  observed  attached  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body,  and  dragged 
after  the  animal  in  its  movements. 

Amoeba  2)rotcus,  like  most  others  of  the  genus  and  its  allies,  is  essentially 
herbivorous,  though  its  choice  of  vegetal  food  is  perhaps  largely  due  to 
the  fact  that  it  is  more  readily  attainable  than  animal  food.  Judging  from 
the  materials  usually  observed  among  the  constituents  of  the  endosarc,  the 
favorite  food  consists  chiefly  of  the  one-celled  alga?,  diatoms,  desmids, 
zoospores,  and  portions  of  filamentous  alga;,  besides  fragments  of  the 
tissues  of  higher  plants.  The  Amoeba  evidently  possesses  a  power  of 
discrimination  and  selection  in  its  food,  for  although  it  appropriates  with 
tlui  latter  many  particles  of  dead  vegetal  tissues,  and  even  abundance  of 
sand-grains,  it  conunonly  rejects  dead  diatom  shells  and  the  empty  cells  of 
other  alga). 


i 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AMCEBA  PROTEUS. 


45 


I  have  rarely  had  the  opportunity  of  directly  observing  Amccha  proteus 
swallow  food,  mainly  from  the  circumstance  that  I  did  not  sufficiently  often 
watch  the  animal  a  proper  length  of  time  for  the  purpose. 

Mr.  Duncan,  in  a  recent  publication,*  intimates  that  the  usual  position 
in  Avhich  the  Amoeba)  take  their  food  is  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
body,  which  I  am  inclined  to  think,  from  some  later  observations  I  have 
made  on  the  allied  genus  Dinamoiba,  is  correct. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  have  repeatedly  observed  Amwha  proteus  dis- 
charge the  remains  of  its  food;  the  usual  position  being  at  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  body,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  nucleus,  as  represented  in  tigs. 
3,  4,  pi.  I.  The  excrementitious  matters  commonly  consist  of  brownish  or 
colorless  balls  and  granules,  empty  cells  of  alga%  or  others  with  the  brown- 
ish, shriveled  remains  of  their  contents,  diatom  shells,  etc.  The  discharge 
is  rjither  sudden,  and  is  often  accompanied  with  the  escape  of  some  viscid 
liquid.  The  temporary  orifice  abruptly  closes,  leaving  no  trace  of  its  pre- 
vious existence. 

From  the  concurrent  testimony  of  observers,  it  would  appear  that  the 
Amojbae  may  take  food  at  any  point  of  the  surfixce  of  the  body;  and  the 
discharge  of  matters  may  likewise  occur  in  any  position. 

I  have  had  but  few  opportunities  of  seeing  Amwha  proteus  capture 
living  animals.  In  one  instance  I  saw  an  individual,  as  represented  in  fig. 
5,  pi.  I,  containing,  within  a  large  vacuole,  an  active  Infusorian,  a  Urocen- 
trum,  and  having  a  second  victim  of  the  same  kind  included  in  the  fork  of 
a  pair  of  pseudopods,  the  ends  of  which  were  brought  into  contact,  so  as 
to  imprison  the  animalcule  within  a  circle.  The  latter  moved  restlessly 
about  within  its  pi'ison,  but  after  a  time  became  motionless,  and  shortly 
after  the  ends  of  the  pseudopods  which  enclosed  it  fused  together,  as  seen 
at  c  in  the  figure  just  indicated.  Films  of  ectosarc  extended  from  the  body 
of  the  Amoeba  towards  the  fused  ends  of  the  pseudopods,  and  finally  the 
Urocentrum  was  enclosed  in  a  vacuole  like  that  in  he  interior  of  the  body 
of  the  Amccba.  Having  carefully  watched  the  latter  for  some  time,  the 
two  vacuoles  containing  the  captured  Urocentrnms  were  seen  gradually 
to  diminish  in  size,  the  contents  were  reduced  to  the  usual  size  of  ordinary 
food-balls  of  the  endosarc,  and  all  trace  of  the  previous  character  of  the 
victims  was  completely  lost. 

■  *  Popular  Soiouco  Koviow,  1W7,  217. 


!  ^^1 


1         : 

1 

i     •■ 

! 

;  ■ 
. 

.  1 

if 

i     .:'li 


46 


FEESH-WATER  RHIZOPOD8  OF  NORTH  AMEFJCA, 


The  food  of  Aniaha  villosa  and  other  Rhizopods  appears  always  to  bo 
swallowed  together  with  some  water,  which  subsequently  is  commonly 
observed  as  a  clear  area  surrounding  the  food  within  the  endosarc.  Soft 
food,  vegetal  and  animal,  assumes  the  form  of  splierical  balls;  but  more 
consistent  food,  such  as  diatoms,  retains  the  original  foi-m  according  to  its 
degree  of  resistance.  The  distinctive  character  of  soft  articles  of  food 
rapidly  disappears  after  being  swallowed.  The  different  food  materials 
undergo  chemical  changes  as  a  result  of  digestion  in  the  endosarc,  and 
colors  become  changed  in  a  striking  manner.  The  bright-green  chlorophyl 
of  alga?  becomes  brown  or  yellow  and  shriveled  within  the  colorless  cells, 
and  the  endochrome  of  diatoms  becomes  browner  in  hue  and  shriveled  into 
two  narrow  strings  within  each  shell. 

Some  ooze  gathered  in  the  month  of  September  from  a  mill-pond,  in 
which  grows  a  profusion  of  the  magnificent  Nelumbo,  Nelumbimn  htteum, 
near  Woodstown,  New  Jersey,  contained  many  large  specimens  of  Amceba 
jyroteiis,  like  the  one  represented  in  fig.  7,  pi.  I.  This  individual  occupied 
a  space  of  about  one  fourth  of  a  line  in  length  by  one  sixth  of  a  line  wide 
in  front,  where  three  large  finger-like  pseudopods  diverged.  The  nucleus, 
if  present,  escaped  my  notice.  The  contractile  vesicle  usually  occupied 
a  position  at  the  posterior  extremity.  The  endosarc  contained  numerous 
large,  round  or  oval,  yellowish,  granular  balls,  supposed  to  consist  of  food, 
but  not  visibly  included  in  water-drops.  Many  of  these  were  darkly  out- 
lined, and  appeared  to  have  an  oil-like  consistence.  With  them  were  also 
mingled  many  clear  colorless  globules,  granules,  and  crystals.  AVhen  the 
specimen  was  first  noticed,  it  contained,  just  in  advance  of  the  position  of 
the  contractile  vesicle,  a  Brachionus,  which  finally  assumed  the  appear- 
ance of  an  ordinary  food-ball,  resembling  the  abundance  of  yellowish  balls 
with  which  it  was  associated. 

In  movement,  the  main  trunk  and  larger  pseudopods  of  the  same 
Amoeba  assumed  more  or  less  the  appearance  of  being  longitudinally  folded. 
The  endosarc  axially  flowed  as  if  in  the  interior  of  thick  walled  canals,  of 
which  the  walls  appeared  to  be  composed  of  finer  granular  matter  with 
scattered  imbedded  crystals.  In  the  flow,  all  the  contents  did  not  move 
with  the  same  rapidity,  and  usually  the  smaller  j)articles  were  swept  quickly 
by  the  larger  ones.  Other  matters,  including  some  of  the  largest  elements, 
appeared  to  stick  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  extemporaneous  tubes,  but 


GENUS  AMCERA— AMCEBA  PROTEUS. 


47 


successively  became  detached  to  be  carried  along  with  the  rest  of  the  con- 
tents. As  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  became  exhausted  of  its  axial 
contents,  it  contracted,  shriveled,  and  kept  up  continuously  the  niulbeny- 
like  aspect  of  this  region,  as  seen  in  the  figure. 

Mostly  in  the  contraction  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  of  Amoeba, 
or  of  its  pseudopods,  as  they  exhaust  themselves  through  the  flux  of  their 
endosarc,  the  ectosarc  closes  up  more  or  less  evenly  with  the  latter.  In  the 
Amoeba  under  consideration,  in  similar  contraction  of  parts,  the  ectosarc 
appeared  to  be  slower  in  its  closing-up,  so  that  they  became  more  or  less 
shriveled  processes  in  their  shrinkage. 

Another  large  individual,  in  general  form  like  the  letter  Y,  measured 
0.64  mm.  long,  with  cne  of  the  divergent  arms  0.4  mm.  long  by  0.04 
mm.  thick.  The  two  arms  continued  to  diverge  until  they  divided  the 
main  stalk  of  the  body,  and  became  extended  together,  in  nearly  the 
same  line,  so  as  to  measure  two  millimetres  in  length.  I  supposed  the  two 
limbs  were  about  to  divide,  but  subsequently  one  reversed  the  direction 
of  its  motion  and  flowed  into  the  other,  and  the  animal  then  assumed  a 
palmate  appearance.  • 

Another  specimen,  when  first  observed,  covered  a  space  in  both  direc- 
tions measuring  about  0.6  mm.  It  appeared  to  be  in  the  act  of  division, 
consisting  of  two  portions  connected  by  an  isthmus;  but  subsequently  one 
portion  flowed  into  the  other,  while  this  extended  three  divergent  pseudo- 
pods.  The  contracted  pseudopods  of  the  former  portion  shriveled  into 
beaded  cords,  and  then  melted-away  in  the  progressing  body-mass. 

This  specimen,  retained  under  obstxvation  during  two  days,  with 
the  idea  that  it  was  about  to  divide,  finally  appeared  as  a  quiescent  oval 
ball  0.46  by  0.38  mm.,  closely  covered  with  small  round  pseudopods  of 
clear  ectosarc,  looking  like  dew-drops,  measuring  0.012  to  0.016  mm.,  and 
occasionally  containing  a  few  granules  or  a  minute  crystal. 

The  lai'gest  individual  observed  among  the  Amoeba?,  from  Woodstown 
pon'\  -xtonied  into  two  arms  from  a  posterior  mulberry-like  mass,  which 
measured  0.2  by  0.16  mm.,  with  one  arm  0.8  mm.  long  by  0.08  mm.  thick, 
and  the  other  arm  0.6  mm.  long  by  0  OG  mm.  thick.  The  contractile  vesicle 
occupying  the  interior  of  the  mulberry-like  end  of  the  body  was  0.06  mm. 
diameter.  The  crystals  of  the  endosarc,  apparently  octahedral  in  form, 
appeared  to  reach  0.075  mm  by  0.0375  mm. 


48 


FRESH  WATEll  RHIZOPODS  OF  NOKTII  AMEKFOA. 


N: 


^ill 


I 


Certain  specimens  met  with  from  time  to  time,  and  regarded  as  pertain- 
ing to  Amaha  protvus,  but  presenting  either  more  or  less  peculiarity,  or 
some  point  of  special  interest  connected  with  the  history  of  the  animal, 
may  here  be  described. 

A  specimen  obtained  in  the  spring  of  the  year  from  the  ooze  of  a  ditch 
when  first  seen  had  the  appearance  represented  in  fig.  25,  pi.  IV.  It  was 
globular,  about  0.2  mm.  in  diameter,  and  projected  a  number  of  digitate  pseu- 
dopods  in  different  directions.  Besides  the  usual  contents,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  large  contractile  vescicle,  there  were  observed  half  a  dozen  granular 
balls  from  0.0 IG  to  0.024  mm.  in  diameter.  The  granules  within  the  balls 
exhibited  an  active  swarming  motion,  reminding  one  of  the  rapid  movements 
of  spermatozoids  in  higher  animals.  The  nature  of  these  granular  balls  I 
failed  to  determine,  but  suspected  they  might  really  constitute  male  elements 
of  the  Amoeba.  The  individual  after  a  little  while  moved  oft"  in  the  maimer 
usual  with  Amccha  proteus,  assuming  a  dendritic  form.  The  nucleus  was 
distinctly,  coarsely,  and  uniformly  graiudar.  The  contractile  vesicle  ex- 
panded to  the  e  tent  of  (\th  of  a  millimetre  in  dianip^or,  and  would  col- 
lapse in  two  seconds  of  time.  Sometimes  it  wou'd  r  .'appear  as  two,  which, 
after  expanding  to  a  certain  extent,  would  luiite  into  a  single  one.  After 
keeping  the  specimen  the  greater  part  of  a  day,  it  was  finally  lost  without 
my  having  learned  anything  further  in  regard  to  the  granular  balls  con- 
tiguous to  the  contractile  vesicle. 

I  have  repeatedly  met  with  Ama?ba',  which  I  have  supposed  to  pertain 
to  the  species  under  consideration,  though  they  presented  sufficient  pecu- 
liarity to  make  the  reference  uncertain. 

A  not  unfrequent  foim  is  such  as  are  represent  jd  in  figs.  22,  23,  and 
24,  pi.  IV.  Comparatively  active,  in  creeping  or  ilat  surfaces,  the  animal 
commonly  presents  a  j.volonged,  somewhat  triangular  outline ;  straight  or 
curved,  with  the  broader  extremity  in  advance,  and  spreading  into  a  variable 
number  of  conical-pointed  pseudopods.  These  undergo  frequent,  but  slow 
change,  and  in  their  extension  do  not  receive  so  much  of  the  coarser  con- 
stituents of  the  endosarc  as  usual  in  more  characteristic  forms  of  Aviwha 
2)roteus.  The  posterior  end  of  the  body  is  narrow  and  blunt,  simple  or 
papillose,  and  sometimes  is  produced  into  a  brush  or  fringe  of  nither  long 
villous  processes.  The  animal  is  greedy  in  habit,  and  usually  contains 
nmch   food,  consisting  of  alga;,  minj^ied  with  other  constituents  of  the 


■^ 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AM(E1JA  PROTEUS. 


49 


endosarc.  The  nucleus  and  contractile  vesicle  exhibit  the  usual  charac- 
ters and  relative  position,  as  in  more  conniion  forms  of  Amaiha  protcus. 

An  individual  of  the  kind  just  described  I  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing 
swallow  and  digest  one  of  another  species,  the  Amwba  verrucosa.  The  steps 
of  the  process  T  have  attempted  to  represent  in  figs.  13-19,  pi.  VII,  and 
they  occuiTed  as  follows: 

In  a  drop  of  water  squeezed  from  mud  adhering  to  the  roots  of  the 
plant  Ludwigia,  collected  in  a  half-dried  marsh,  in  the  month  of  August,  I 
noticed  an  active  Amoeba,  as  seen  in  fig.  13.  It  was  of  elongated  triangu- 
lar, snail-like  fonn,  with  the  anterior  broader  extremity  extended  into  a 
number  of  conical  antenna-like  pseudopods.  The  posterior  end  was  some- 
what coarsely  papillose,  and  from  the  left  side  projected  two  conical  pseudo- 
pods  like  those  in  front.  Observing  an  Amoeba  verrucosa,  fig.  12,  in  its  usual 
sluggish  condition,  lying  almost  motionless,  directly  in  the  path  of  the 
former,  I  was  led  to  Avatch  whether  the  two  would  come  into  contact  and 
what  would  be  the  result. 

The  A.  proteus  contained  a  number  of  largo  food-  and  water-  vacuoles, 
together  with  a  single  diatom.  The  contractile  vesicle  occupied  the  usual 
position  and  exhibited  the  usual  changes.  The  A.  verrncosa,  besides  the 
granular  protoplasm,  .appeared  to  contain  nothing  but  a  conspicuous  con- 
tractile vesicle,  and  this  remained  unchanged. 

The  snail-like  Amceba  reached  the  A.  verrucosa,  and  turning  with  tail 
end  towards  the  right,  the  body  shortened,  and  a  pair  of  digitate  pseudo])ods 
extended  from  the  head  and  embraced  the  latter  in  the  manner  represented 
in  fig.  14.  The  conjoined  ends  of  the  pseudopods  fused  together,  and  the 
animal  reversed  its  direction  of  movement,  while  the  A.  verrucosa  gradually 
sank  deeply  within  its  body,  and  assumed  the  appearance  of  a  large 
sphere,  still  retaining  its  contractile  vesicle  unchanged,  as  represented  in  fig. 
15.  The  siiail-like  A.  protcus  assuming  nearly  the  original  shape,  as  first 
noticed,  then  moved  about  after  a  while  and  presented  the  appearance 
seen  in  fig.  16.  The  tail  end  of  the  body  was  elongated  and  papillose,  and 
the  swallowed  Amoeba,  reduced  in  size,  had  lost  its  contractile  vesicle 
and  become  oval  in  shape.  I.ater,  the  A.  proteus  appeared  more  slug- 
like,  while  its  victim  had  become  pyriform  and  striate,  and  was  then 
included  within  a  large  water-vacuolo>  as  represented  in  fig.  17.  Subse- 
quently, the  A.  proteus  was  observed  to  discharge  the  diatom,  |)reviously 

4   RUIZ 


m-i 


1; 


r '{: 


50 


njESlI  WATEll  KllIZOPODS  OF  NOIITH  AMEUICA. 


noticed  in  tlio  endosarc,  from  tlio  side  of  tlio  posterior  narrow  end ;  nnd 
the  A.  verrucosa,  within  its  now  globuhir  wiiter-viicuole,  hud  become  bent 
upon  itself,  as  seen  in  iig.  18.  Still  later,  the  body  of  the  A.  verrucosa 
appeared  to  have  become  broken  up  into  live  spherical,  granular  balls,  as 
seen  in  fig.  19,  which  rolled  about  among  the  other  constituents  of  the 
endosarc  of  the  A.  proteus.  These  observations  were  conducted  through 
aljout  seven  hours.  What  finally  became  of  the  five  balls  resulting 
from  the  destruction  of  the  A.  verrucosa  I  did  not  ascertain,  but  sup- 
posed that  they  were  digested,  to  contribute  to  the  nutrition  of  the  Amwha 
proteus. 

In  my  studies  of  Amoeba  proteus  I  have  not  been  so  fortunate  as  to 
trace  its  history  from  an  early  period,  nor  to  discover  its  modes  of  repro- 
duction. In  association  with  the  more  characteristic  forms,  I  have  seen 
many  which  I  have  suspected  to  be  the  young ;  but  it  is  quite  as  probable 
that  they  may  have  pertained  to  other  described  species. 

Comparatively  small  Amcoba;  are  fi-equently  to  bo  met  with,  which, 
though  exhibiting  considerable  variety,  are  yet  commonly  and  habitually 
davate,  or  more  or  less  slug-like  in  shape.  Similar  Amoebae  have  been 
described  under  the  names  of  Amwba  Glcichenii,  A.  Umax,  A.guttula,  etc. 

Some  of  these  I  have  suspected  to  be  the  young  of  Amaiba  proteus, 
though  with  equal  probability  the)'  inJ^y  be  considered  to  belong  to  some 
other  species.  Thej'  are  usually  quite  active,  and  glide  along  with  the 
thicker  extremity  in  advance,  with  comparatively  little  change  of  form. 
The  posterior  extremity  is  more  or  less  tapering,  and  terminates  blnntly, 
and  mostly  without  any  process,  though  the  end  is  ajiparently  in  some 
degree  prehensile,  as  it  is  occasionally  observed  with  rdherent  materials 
dragged  after  the  animal  in  its  movements. 

Progression  commonly  is  due  to  an  incessant,  more  or  less  even,  or 
interrupted,  flow  or  roll  of  the  ectosarc  of  the  head  end  forward,  followed 
closely  by  an  influx  of  the  endosarc  and  a  concurrent  contraction  of  the 
body  behind.  The  precession  of  the  ectosarc  at  the  head  end  a})pears  as 
a  clear  watch-crvstal-like  extension  of  variable  thickness,  into  which  the 
endosarc  flows  from  one  side  and  spreads  towards  the  other.  Frequently 
the  onward  movement  of  the  animal  is  promoted  by  the  projection  of 
hemispherical  pseudopodal  lobes,  alternately  and  in  succession,  at  the  sides 
of  the  head  end,  which  are  produced  in  the  same  manner  as  the  latter  itself. 


'^. 


GENUS  AMCEDA— AMU'MJA  I'llOTEUS. 


51 


Tlio  endosarc  of  tho  small  Aniocbre  presents  a  basis  of  palo,  indistinct, 
gnuiulur  matter,  merging  into  tho  almost  vanishing  granular  constitution 
of  tho  hyaline  ectosarc.  Scattered  through  it  are  coarser  granules  with 
variable  proportions  of  fine  oil-like  molecules  and  darkly  defined  particles, 
which  in  many  instances  appear  to  be  crystalline  in  form.  A  conspicuous 
contractile  vesicle  commonly  occupies  a  position  posterior  to  the  middle  of 
the  body,  and  not  unfrequently  two  or  more  of  such  vesicles  occur.  With 
tho  more  characteristic  contractile  vesicle,  variable  numbers  of  water-vacu- 
oles  fre(piently  occur,  undistinguishable  from  the  former  in  appearance, 
but  with  less  regular  or  no  evident  rhythmical  movements.  A  round 
nucleus,  of  homogeneous  gramilar  structure,  and  surrounded  by  a  clear 
halo,  is  a  common  constituent. 

In  the  smallest  or  youngest  Amccba>;  food  in  balls  or  other  conspicu- 
ous form  is  commordy  absent,  though  occasionally  an  individual  may  bo 
seen  containing  a  single  small  diatom. 

pjxamples  of  Amccba!,  viewed  as  probably  pertaining  to  tho  young  of 
Amaha  proteus,  are  subjects  of  the  following  notices. 

Some  water  scooped  from  a  cow-track  in  a  marshy  place,  in  tlie 
month  of  March,  contained  an  abundance  of  Amoeba?,  together  with  dia- 
toms. The  smallest  Amoebae,  as  represented  in  figs.  21-23,  pi.  VIII, 
were  ovoid,  and  ranged  from  0.036  to  0.048  mm.  in  length.  They  moved 
actively  by  repeated  hemispherical  bulgings,  first  on  one  and  then  the  other 
side  of  the  broader  end,  though  at  times  the  bulgings  occurred  elsewhere. 

In  structure,  they  consisted  of  delicate  granular  endosarc  invested 
with  clear  ectosarc.  The  endosarc  contained  coarser  granules,  among 
which  some  appeared  to  be  of  crystalline  form.  There  were  also  present  a 
nucleus  surrounded  with  a  faint  halo,  and  a  contractile  vesicle.  Often 
there  were  two  of  the  latter,  and  sometimes  a  greater  number.  None  of 
the  specimens  contained  distinct  food-balls. 

The  larger  Amoebie  ranged  in  size  from  the  former  up  to  0.125imm. 
in  length.  These  were  active  and  slug-like  in  shape,  as  seen  in  fig.  29. 
They  moved  with  the  thicker  end  forward  through  the  agency  of  hemi- 
spherical pseudopodal  lobes,  bulging  alternately  at  the  sides  of  the  head  end. 
They  proceeded  straight  forward  or  often  curved  to  one  aide  or  the  other. 
The  endosarc  contained  many  scattered,  darkly  outlined  granules,  which 
appeared   indistinctly   to    be    crystalline.      It  also    contained  many  clear 


52 


rUE8lI  WATKU  IMIIZOI'OJKS  OF  NOIITII  AMKHICA. 


globuluHwliicli  appoiiivd  to  ho  Wiitcr-viunioloH.  These  larger  Aiiui'ha'  gen- 
erally coiitaiiietl  a  ('((iisidorablo  (luantity  of  l"oo<l,  mainly  eonsiating  of 
diutonis  of  the  kind  whieli  Jibiindaiitly  occurred  in  the  water  with  tho 
animals.  In  Hoveral  instancuH  I  observed  individuals  in  the  act  of  dis 
(charging  dead  shells  of  diatoms,  as  represented  in  the  figure  just  indicated. 
Tho  expulsion  occiuTed  at  tho  posterior  end  of  the  body ;  nothing  escaped 
excei)t  the  I'omains  (»f  the  food,  and  subsequently  all  trace  of  tho  tempo- 
rary vent  disappeared. 

None  of  these  Amci^bjc  exhibited  anything  like  a  jjosterior  villous 
process,  though  tho  end  of  the  body  appeared  in  some  degree  prehensile, 
as  several  individuals  were  observed  with  adherent  diatoms  trailing  after 
them. 

Some  water  with  gnnving  Nitella  gathered  in  tho  autunm  was  pre- 
served during  tho  winter  In  January,  the  surface  of  the  sediment  contained 
multitudes  of  minute  Ain<x;ba',  such  as  are  represented  in  figs.  17-20,  pi. 
VIII.  In  their  movements  they  exhibited  (!onsideraljle  variety  of  form,  bxit 
were  commonly  more  or  less  ovoid  or  clavate,  and  moved  with  the  broader 
extremity  forward.  They  were  composed  of  pale  delicate  endosarc,  jjre- 
ceded  by  thick  watch-crystal-like  extensions  of  clear  ectosarc.  Tho  endo- 
sarc contained  a  round  or  oval  nuchius,  two  or  three  contractile  vesicles, 
and  a  taw  scattered,  darkly  outlined  granules,  but  no  conspicuous  food. 
They  ranged  from  0.03  to  0.04  mm.  in  length,  llio  posterior  extremity 
was  prehensile,  but  exhibited  no  clear  trace  of  a  villous  process. 

Some  ditch-water,  with  ooze  and  portions  of  the  root  of  the  Arrow 
Arum  {relfandra  viryhiica),  collected  in  autumn  and  examined  the  follow- 
ing April,  contained  many  small  Amcebie  in  association  with  large  and 
characteristic  ones  of  Amwba  proleus.  Tho  small  Amoeba^  were  habitually 
ovate,  more  or  less  pyriform  or  clavate  in  shape,  figs.  24-2o,  and  ranged  from 
tho  jjth  to  tho  ilth  of  a  millimetre  in  length.  They  moved  actively  onward 
in  a  sort  of  rolling  manner,  with  tho  broader  extremity  forward ;  and  the 
posterior  tapering  end  was  devoid  of  any  appearance  of  a  villous  process. 
The  endosarc  contained  many  fine,  irregular  granules,  which  appeared  to  be 
starch-particles ;  and  among  them  were  others  which  appeared  indistinctly 
to  bo  crystalline.  A  small  nucleus  and  a  contractile  vesicle  were  constantly 
present  Among  the  little  Ama-ba;  a  number  were  observed,  apparentlj'  of 
the  same  kind,  but  containing  a  large  spherical,  granular  nucleus,  reaching 


GENUS  AMGiKA— AMQCBA  VKllllUCOSA. 


53 


^Jh  of  a  inilHmetro  in  diiuneter.  The  gnimiles  of  tlio  nucleus  were  coarse 
and  nnifonn.  In  Honie  specimens,  the  nucleus  was  simple,  but  in  others 
presented  a  tripartite  division,  as  represented  in  ii<fn  27,  28.  I  failed  to 
trace  the  further  history  of  these  Annuba?. 

Rarely  have  I  had  the  opportunity  of  seeinj^  Amwba  proteus,  or  any 
other  species,  nudtiplyiug  by  division.  On  .one  occasion,  in  the  month  of 
February,  while  examining  some  material  collected  the  previous  autumn,  I 
observed  a  pair  of  small  Amtuba;  connected  by  a  narrow  isthmus  in  the 
manner  represented  in  fig.  30.  Each  individual  was  of  oval  form,  and 
measured  about  i^^i\\  of  a  millimetre  long  by  ^-th  of  a  millimetre  wide.  Each 
contained  a  contractile  vesicle  and  two  largo  globules  looking  like  oil,  but 
apparently  no  nucleus.  The  eiidosarc  presented  the  usual  character  of 
that  of  Amaha  proteiis,  and  contained,  besides  minute  crystals,  a  number  of 
aigjp,  some  of  which  were  green,  and  others,  changed  by  digestion,  were 
brown.  After  about  ten  minutes  from  the  time  the  Araocbaj  were  first  seen 
they  separated  by  rupture  of  the  isthmus.  Subsequently,  one  individual 
became  constricted  transversely  across  its  middle,  and  in  the  mean  time, 
while  watching  it,  the  other  individual  moved  away  and  was  lost  to 
view.  The  individual  under  observation  became  gradually  more  con- 
stricted, and  finally  divided,  as  in  the  former  case,  into  two.  One  division, 
larger  than  the  other,  retained  the  contractile  vesicle  and  both  oil-like 
globules.  The  smaller  division,  of  rounded  form,  measured  i^th  of  a  milli- 
metre ;  but  after  a  short  interval  a  contractile  vesicle  appeared  within  it, 
and  the  little  creature  assumed  a  clavate  shape  and  moved  out  of  the  field 
of  vision.  The  larger  division  likewise  assumed  a  clavate  shape,  and  as  it 
moved  away  it  measured  ilth  of  a  millimetre  long. 

AMCEBA  VERRUCOSA. 

I'LATE   III. 

Amaiba  rerrucoM.  Khrouberg:  InfHsionstliiorclien,  1838,  120,  Tnf.  viii.  Fig.  xi. — Diijanliii :  lufusoiros, 
ISll,  aaC).— rcrty :  Kimiit.  IdoiiiHf.  LpliiMisfDnnoii,  1652, 188.— Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nut.  llist. 
18,')-,  XX,  37,  1)1.  i,  tigs.  12,  13.— Leidy :  I'r.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  187(i,  198;  1878,  158. 

Amabit  mtlann.    Forty:  Koiiiit.  klciiiHt.  LeljiMisfoniiPii,  lrf.')2, 188,  Taf.  viii,  Fig.  14. 

Ainaba  qiiadriliiieaUi.  Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  18r)(),  xviii,  243,  pi.  v,  fig.  3;  248,  pi.  \ii,  flg.  81.— 
Barker:  Quart.  Jonr.  Mic.  Sc.  ix,  1809,  94.— Leiily:  I'r.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  1874,  l(i7. 

Tlwcanucba  qiiadriparlila.    Fronieutel:  fitnilcs  Micrazoaires,  340,  pi.  xxviii,  tig.  3. 

Animal  in  the  maturer  stages,  as  ordinarily  observed,  more  or  less 
sluggish,  and  often  nearly  motionless,  commonly  appearing  of  an  irregularly 
oval,  round,  or  quadrately  rounded  form,  with  wart-like  expansions  and  a 


i\ 


fM' 


1;! 


:!il 


54 


FHEsn  WATKH  iinizoroDs  of  noktii  amkhk^a. 


more  or  less  wrinklocl  coinlition  of  tho  suifaco;  pseiulopoils  short,  broail, 
bluut  lobiito  exttMisions  of  tho  octos.irc;  outlines  of  tho  body,  wrinkles  of 
the  surface,  sind  pseudopodal  extensions  more  or  less  sharply  defined,  and 
often  appearing  with  double  lines.  Kndosarc  pale  graiudar,  and  mostly, 
oxce,  ting  food  materials,  with  few  or  no  coarse  granules.  Ectosaro 
copious,  very  hyaline,  and  broadly  extended.  Contractile  vesicle  large  and 
conspicuous.  Nucleus  mostly  distinct.  Size  ordinarily  ranging  from  0.08 
by  0.072  nun.  to  0.18  by  0. 1  (J  nnn.,  or  from  about  ,',,th  to  '^th  of  a  millimetre. 

Animal  in  tho  younger  stages  active  and  incessantly  in  motion;  body 
oval  or  pyriform,  usually  moving  with  the  broader  \w]o  in  advance;  surface 
comparatively  smooth,  but  marked  with  four  longitudinal  lines  or  delicate 
folds,  sometimes  with  a  greater  or  less  number  or  none.  ^Foro  part  of  llio 
body  appearing  as  a  broad,  (dear  pseudopodal  expansion  thinning  away 
laterally  and  [)ostoviorly.  Contractile  vesicle  posterior;  nucleus  in  advance 
of  the  latter.     Size  ranging  from  0.04  by  0.02  mm  to  0.12  by  0.09  nnn. 

LocalUii—  Ver}'  counnon,  and  found  almost  everywhere  with  moisture 
and  algic.  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Maine, 
Nova  Scotia,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

Ehrenberg  de.scrib*  d,  in  the  'Infusionsthierchen,'  a  species  of  Ama-ba 
w  ith  the  above  name  as  follows :  "  In  the  extended  condition  small,  not 
exceeding  ^'^^th  of  a  line,  hyaline,  sluggish,  with  variable  processes  which 
are  ver}-  small,  obtuse,  and  wart-liko  "  He  remarks  that  he  never  saw  tho 
processes  reach  oven  half  the  extent  of  tho  body.  The  aninud  remained  a 
long  time  motioidoss,  but  appea:  ed  voracious,  as  it  invariably  contained 
(IscillariiK  oi  Navicuhe  mostly  half  digested.  It  also  contained  a  nuclear 
body  and  a  contractih;  vesicle.  The  short,  wart-like  pror  .^sses  were  always 
blunt. 

Dujardin  refers  a  small  Ama'ba  to  the  same  species,  and  describes  it 
as  globular  or  ovoid,  with  short,  cylindrical,  obtuye,  divergent  expansions 
f'rotpiently  appearing  like  warts,  with  very  slov,-  motion,  and  measuring 
from  0.014  to  0  055  nnn 

Perty  indicates  Amwba  vcrnicosn,  and  describes  a  small  Ama'ba  with 
the  name  of  yI/H«7>rt  nutans,  which  is  probably  the  same,  for  he  says  this 
is  like  the  former,  \n\{  smaller,  being  only  the  ,?.th  of  a  line. 

An  Anui'ba  agreeing  with  the  description  oiAmwha  vcrrncosn  of  Eln en- 
berg  I  have  frequently  obtained   fro.u   various  localities.     I  hi  ve  foimd 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AMCETJA  VERRUCOSA. 


55 


it  ill  the  ooze  of  ponds,  ditches,  and  river  shores,  in  the  mud  of  marshes,  in 
wet  sphagnum,  among  the  conferva;  of  fountains  and  dripping  rocks,  and 
in  company  with  Rotifers,  about  the  roots  of  mosses,  in  the  yaid  attached 
to  my  house. 

Aintrba  vcrriirosa  is  exceedingly  shiggish,  and  often,  during  the 
time  of  its  observation,  remains  stationary,  or  nearly  so.  In  this  condition 
it  usually  appears  as  an  irregular  quadrately  round  or  oval  antl  more 
or  less  wrinkled  mass,  with  short  lobate  psou(lo])ods  or  wave-like  expan- 
sions of  the  snrfiice.  The  pseudopods  are  slowly  projected,  apparently  in 
a  hesitating  manner,  and  the  wave-like  expansions  slowly  but  iiu'essantly 
change.  In  motion,  the  Amoeba  glides  along  with  extreme  slowness, 
advancing  by  wave-like  exjiansions,  while  short  lobate  pseudopods  project 
in  any  direction,  apparently  without  object.  The  whole  surface  of  the 
Amoeba  often  appears  delicately  wrinkled.     See  figs.  ."i-T,  28-3G,  pi.  III. 

A  striking  iieculiarity  of  Aniaba  vrrnicosa  is  that  the  outlines  of  the 
body,  the  pseudopodal  ex})ansions,  and  the  wrinkles  of  the  surface  often 
appear  defined  with  partial  or  interrupted  double  lines,  as  if  the  animal  were 
invested  with  a  delicate  membrane.     See  tigs.  1,  2,  7,  28,  2!). 

Aviceba  verrucosa  is  highly  transparent  and  colorless,  and  it  commonly 
exhibits  an  unusual  degree  of  extension  or  dilVerentiation  of  the  ectosarc 
from  the  endosarc  The  former  appears  homogeneous,  but  inuler  high 
jiowers  of  the  microscope  is  seen  to  be  exti-emely  finely  granular. 

The  endosarc  j)resents  a  diffused  -pale  granular  appearance  gradually 
merging  into  the  ectosarc.  It  often  contains  but  a  scant}-  supply  of  food 
materials,  and  sometimes  these  ajjpear  to  be  absent,  or  at  least  they  are  not 
recognizable,  as  exemplified  in  figs,  fi,  il-ll,  35.  Conunonly,  more  or  less 
food  is  visilde  as  pale  granular,  colorless  or  j-elhnvish  balls  scattered 
through  the  endosarc,  as  seen  in  figs.  (I,  7,  28-34.  Not  uiiiVeipienMy  alga; 
are  j)resent,  sucli  as  protococci,  oscillarias,  diatoms,  and  desuiids,  as  seen 
in  figs.  1-3,  12-14,  30-;{2.  In  several  instances  I  observed  specimens  of 
the  Ama^ba  containing  a  Trinema,  or  a  Diillugia,  or  both,  as  .scvmi  in  fig.  38. 

Geru'rally,  a  nucleus  is  included  in  the  endosarc,  l)iit  frequently  1  have 
been  unable  to  detect  one. 

A  contractile  vesicle  is  nearly  always  present  and  sometimes  two  or 
three.     In  several  instances  I  was  able  to  satisfy  myself  that  tiie  Ania'ba 


56 


niKSII  WATER  ItlllZOrODS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


I: 


under  observation  was  alive  only  by  seeing  the  usual  changes  of  the  con- 
tractile vesicle.  Otherwise  the  animal  appeared  motionless,  although  close 
watching  would  lead  to  the  detection  of  an  exceedingly  slow  change  in  the 
wrinkling  of  the  surface. 

From  the  inactive  character  of  Amooba  verrucosa,  and  the  frequent 
comparative  deficiency  of  food  in  the  endosarc,  I  hiive  suspected  that  the 
animal  might  express  an  exhausted  state  of  Ammha  proteus. 

One  of  the  most  common  and  well  m.uked  ama^boid  forms,  represented 
in  figs.  12-18,  pi.  Ill,  was  originall}^  described  by  Mr.  Carter  under  the 
name  of  Amwhn  quadrU'mcata.  Of  all  the  varieties  or  species  of  the  genua 
it  is  that  which  at  any  time  I  have  been  able  to  find  with  most  certainty. 
I  have  frequently  observed  it  in  association  with  other  named  forms,  espe- 
cially Amaiba  radiosa  and  A.  verrucosa.  I  have  also  repeatedly  noticed 
intermediate  forms,  which  have  led  me  to  view  A.  quadrU'mcata  as  the 
young  of  A.  verrucosa.  It  was  not  until  after  this  determination,  in 
examining  the  literature  of  the  subject,  that  I  learned  Mr.  Carter  had 
arrived  at  the  same  conclusion  from  a  difi^erent  point  of  view.  In  an  article 
"On  the  Freshwater  Infusoria  of  13ombay"  (An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1857,  xx, 
page  37),  he  remarks:  "I  have  also  met  with  another  sjjecies  of  AmoL'ba 
undergoing  ovular  develojmient,  viz.  A.  verrucosa,  Fhr.,  precisely  like  that 
which  I  have  already  described ;  the  Ama'ba  perishing  as  the  ovules  are 
developed  and  ending  in  becoming  a  mere  ovisac."  He  adds:  "This  Amoeba 
appears  to  me — for  I  have  watched  the  development  of  a  group  for  many 
months  together — to  be  the  adult  of  my  A.  quadr'dineata,  and  therefore  the 
latter  is  not  a  new  species.  The  formation  and  development  of  the  ovules 
took  place  in  Ai)ril,  and  the  organism  appears  to  require  at  least  nine 
months  to  come  to  maturity." 

The  young  of  Aniaha  verrucosa,  figs.  12-27,  as  ordinaril}'  seen,  apjjcars 
as  a  small  liyaliue  pyriform  body,  usually  actively  moving,  with  the  broader 
extremity  in  advance  The  clear  ectosarc  forms  a  thick  or  broad  expanse 
in  front,  gradually  thinning  away  jjosteriorly  to  a  narrow  border.  It  is 
remarkable  for  retaining  persistently  fixed,  in  nearly  the  same  relative 
position,  four  equidistant  narrow  longitudinal  folds  or  doubly  contoured 
lines.  These  extend  from  the  back  end  of  the  animal,  but  do  not  re  u-h  its 
front,  ceasing  shortly  in  advance  of  the  visible  mass  of  endosarc.  The 
latter  is  pale  gramilai',  and  it  extends  from  the  posterior  extremity  ordinarily 
about  thr(H!-fourths  to  four-fifths  the  extent  of  the  animal. 


GENUS  AMCEBA— AMOEBA  VERRUCOSA. 


67 


The  creature  does  not  put  forth  distinct  pseudopods;  but  in  progression 
the  ectosarc  rolls  forward,  appearing  at  the  moment  as  if  it  were  being 
drained  off  from  the  endosarc,  while  this  as  incessantly  streams  on  and 
maintains  the  same  relative  position. 

The  contractile  vesicle  habitually  occupies  a  position  at  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  endosarc,  but  is  sometinies  propelled  forward,  even  to  the 
middle  of  the  latter.  It  exhibits  its  peculiar  movements  more  frequently 
and  expands  to  a  jjroportionately  greater  degree  than  in  the  adult.  In 
collapsing  it  usually  closes  from  within  outwardly  so  as  to  assume  at  first 
a  reniform  and  then  a  crescentoid  ajipearance;  but  in  other  instances  it 
closes  so  as  to  appear  like  a  decreasing  lens.  It  is  very  mobile,  and,  in  the 
irregular  contractions  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  animal,  often  assumes 
an  irregular  outline  of  form.  It  frequently  reappears  in  a  group  of  from 
two  to  half  a  dozen  vesicles  of  different  sizes,  and  these,  as  they  expi.id, 
become  irregularly  confluent  until  finally  they  form  together  a  single  largo 
sphere.     See  fig.s.  9,  16,  IG. 

The  nucleus  appears  as  a  spherical  or  oval,  faintly  granidar  bod)% 
often  surrounded  by  a  hyaline  envelope.  Occasionally  two  such  bodies 
are  present.  Besides  the  nucleus  and  the  contractile  vesicle,  the  endosarc 
frequently  exhibits  nothing,  except  some  minute  oil-liky  molecules. 

The  food  constituents  of  the  endosarc  conmionly  consist  of  a  few 
Naviculic  or  Protococci;  but  often  a  greater  number  of  the  same  are 
present,  and  sometimes  considerable  portions  of  Oscillaria.  In  addition, 
brownish  and  colorless  food-balls  and  a  few  oil-like  drops  may  be  present. 

Of  the  )'oung  of  Amaiba  verrucosa  I  have  observed  individuals  range 
from  the  }J\\  of  a  line  in  length  by  the  ji^tli  of  a  line  in  breath,  up  to  the 
size  of  mature  forms. 

The  four  longitudinal  lines,  originally  supposed  to  be  a  distinctive 
character  of  Amwba  quadrUineata,  though  the  usual  number,  are  by  no 
me.ins  constant,  for  I  have  observed  them  to  vary  in  different  individuals 
from  a  singl  one  to  half  a  dozen.  As  the  animal  grows  they  appear  to 
become  less  evident,  and  ultimately  become  obsolete  or  undistinguishaljJo 
from  the  njaiiy  temporary  wrinkles  of  the  surface.  See  figs.  1-4,  8,  H, 
12-27,30-32,^7. 

Individuals  of  the  Amccba  tcrrkola  of  Dr.  Greeff*  bear  a  near  resem- 

"Arcli.  iiiik.  Aunt.  ISCfi,  ii,  g9!>,  Tiif.  xviil,  V\g.  1-11. 


"t 


i  1 


58 


FRESn- WATER  lUITZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


bianco  to  Amoeba  verrucosa ;  but  others,  in  their  larger  size,  ranging  from 
0.35  to  0.4  mm.,  and  in  the  possession  of  a  terminal  villous  process,  remind 
one  more  of  Amaiba  villosa.  With  the  cxcejjtion  of  the  latter  forms,  A. 
tcrricola  and  A.  verrucosa  agree  closely  in  fharacters:  the  exceedingly 
sluggish  habit,  the  indisposition  to  move,  the  great  porportionate  extent 
and  membrane-like  appearance  of  the  ectosarc,  the  wrinkled  condition  of 
the  surface,  and  the  short  pseiidoj)odal  extensions,  are  the  same  in  both. 

The  Protamwha  simplex  of  Prof  Ilaeckel*  likewise  bears  a  close  i  esem- 
blance  to  Amochn  verrucosa;  but,  according  to  the  character  assigned  to  the 
former,  a  contractile  vesicle  and  nucleus  are  absent,  while  they  are  present 
and  more  or  less  conspicuous  in  the  latter. 

AMOEBA  RADIOSA. 

ri,ATK   IV,  figs.    1-18. 

Amoeba  ratUosa.  Ehrenberg:  Abli.  Ak.  Wis.  l!ciliii,  18:50,39;  1831,80;  Infiwionsthicrchon,  1838, 128, Taf. 
viii.Fig.  xiii. — DiijarUiu  :  Infnsoiros,  1841,  230,  pi.  iv,  figs.  2,  3.— Porty:  Keunt.  Iclcinst.  Lo- 
bonsformcn,  1852, 188.— Carter :  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  Ift^iti,  243,  pi.  v,  figs.  10-18. 

Anucha  bracUiala.  Diijardiii :  lufusoircs,  1841,  238,  pi.  iv,  fig.  4. — Fionicntel :  I^tuiles  MicrozoaircH,  347, 
1)1.  xxix.fig.  4. 

Amccba  ramom.     Diijardiu:  Infnsoiros,  1641, 2o9,  pi.  iv,  fig.  r>. 

Comparatively  small,  colorless,  transparent,  inactive.  As  usually  ob- 
served floating,  habitually  stellate,  with  a  spheroidal  or  oval  central  mass 
or  body,  and  from  two  or  three  to  a  dozen  or  more  pseudopods  of  variable 
length  and  form,  mostly  conical  and  acute  or  attenuated  and  thread-like, 
commonly  simple,  straight,  curved  or  flexuose,  rarely  furcate.  In  creep- 
ing, of  a  less  radiate  character,  but  with  the  pseudopods  mainly  divergent 
from  one  extremity,  and  that  in  the  direction  of  motion  of  the  animal. 
Usually  one  conspicuous  contractile  vesicle  or  several  smaller  ones.  Nu- 
cleus usually  distinct.  Endosarc  with  a  few  oil-like  molecules,  sometimes 
more  or  less  replete  with  water-vacuoles.     Food  commonly  scanty. 

Size. — Body  0.012  mm.  to  0  045  mm.  diameter  or  rarely  to  O.OG  mm.; 
pseudopods  to  0.08  mm.  long. 

Localitij. — In  the  ooze  and  among  aquatic  pliints  of  most  ponds,  ditches, 
and  springs.  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Khode  Island,  Connecticut, 
Maine,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Fort  Bridger  and  Uinta  Mountains,  AVyoming. 

Ehrenberg  described  a  small  form  of  Amoeba  under  the  above  name, 

•S:n(Ucn  nober  Stoncrcu  ii.  n.  Protiston,  1870,  172,  Taf.  vi,  Fig.  12. 


■^„ 


GENUS  AMOSBA— AMCEBA  RADIOSA. 


59 


wliicli,  ho  says,  approximates  j^tli  mm.,  and  has  many  variable  processes  in 
the  form  of  long,  narrow,  acute  rays.  Dujardin  has  described  apparently 
the  same  creature  as  pertaining  to  three  species  with  the  names  of  A.  radi- 
osa,  A.  hrachiata,  and  A.  ramosa. 

A  small  Amoeba,  of  habitually  radiate  appearance,  as  usually  seen,  is 
common  in  many  situations.  The  radiate  form,  however,  in  a  great  meas- 
ure', appears  to  bo  incidental  to  the  animal  being  free  and  floating,  for  when 
it  is  creeping  upon  surfaces  it  loses  much  of  this  specific  character. 

Amceba  radiosa  is  a  comparatively  small  inactive  species,  and 
oi'dinarily  is  observed  suspended  in  watei*  almost  motionless  and  with  its 
ray-like  pseudopods  apparently  fixed  as  if  they  were  rigid.  It  possesses 
comparatively  little  irritability,  and  at  times,  when  it  conies  into  the  vicinity 
of  a  Stentor,  a  Voi'ticella,  or  a  Rotifer,  it  may  be  seen  whirling  about  in  the 
ciuTonts  produced  by  these  animals,  with  its  fonn  unchfvnged  and  its  pseu- 
dopods extended,  as  if  it. had  no  inherent  power  of  motion.  On  closely 
watching  the  Amoeba,  as  it  remains  quietly  suspended  in  watei',  it  is  ob- 
served very  slowly  to  undergo  more  or  less  change  of  shape,  and  the 
pseudopods  are  noticed  gradually  to  contract  or  elongate,  to  bend  from 
side  to  side  in  a  gentle  oscill.iting  manner,  or  to  become  twisted  or  bent  in 
an  angular  direction.  Sometimes  more  quickly  than  usual,  a  pseudopod 
will  be  withdrawn  in  a  tortuous  course.  While  one  or  two  pseudopods 
are  almost  imperceptibly  shortened  or  lengthened  or  entirely  withdrawn, 
new  ones  will  as  slowly  appear  and  elongate. 

In  floating  or  swimming.  Amoeba  radiosa  glides  along  almost  imper- 
ceptibly, and  )T".ach  in  the  same  manner  as  the  common  Sun-animalcule. 
Perty  speaks  of  its  locomotion  as  being  very  feeble.  Dujardin  says  of 
certain  specimens,  they  lived  particularly  in  the  flocculent  pellicle  on  the 
surface  of  the  water,  and  when  detached  they  floated  and  were  drawn  into 
the  eddies  produced  by  Vorticellas.  Of  others,  described  by  the  same 
author  under  the  name  of  Amoeba  hrachiata,  ho  says  they  float  in  the  water 
when  agitated;  but  when  after  a  certain  time  they  become  fixed  on  a 
surface,  they  apply  themselves  to  it  in  extension  more  or  less  like  other 
Amttibjc. 

Characteristic  specimens  of  Amoeba  radiosa  arc  to  be  found  almost 
everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  where  other  Fresh-water  Rhizopods  occur. 


60 


FRESn  WATER  RniZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


' 


!      1 

5 


■'  'I' 


I  have  observed  tlieni  in  the  proper  material,  collected  from  pools,  ponds, 
ditches,  springs,  bogs,  and  other  situations  in  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
excepting  when  that  material  has  been  exposed  to  the  cold  of  winter;  and 
I  have  found  them  from  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  J^'undy  to  Florida,  and  from 
near  the  ocean  level  at  Cape  May,  N.  J.,  to  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet  in 
the  Uinta  Mountains  of  Wj'oming  Territory. 

Amccha  railiosa,  figs.  1-18,  pi.  IV,  as  commonly  observed  floating 'or 
swimming,  has  more  or  less  of  a  stellate  form,  with  pointed  conical  rays 
emanating  from  a  common  centre,  or  it  appears  as  a  spheroidal  body  with 
a  variable  number  of  more  or  less  tapering  pseudopods.  The  central  sar- 
code  mass  or  body  ranges  from  O.OIS  mm.  to  O.OG  mm.  in  diameter.  The 
pseudopods  A'ary  in  number  from  one  or  two  to  a  dozen  or  more,  and  consist 
of  extensions  mainly  of  clear  ectosarc.  They  vary  greatly  in  length, — less 
than  the  body  to  three  or  four  times  its  diameter.  Sometimes  they  extend 
in  long  filaments,  so  as  to  assume  almost  the  appearance  of  the  rays  of  the 
common  Sun-animalcule.  Usually  they  are  moderately  long,  tapering, 
conical,  sharp-pointed,  straight,  bent,  or  somewhat  tortuous.  Less  fre- 
quently the)'  are  more  cylindroid,  blunt,  or  pointed,  mostly  simple,  and 
i-arely  furcate. 

The  endosarc  of  the  booy  consists  of  a  fine  pale  granular  protoplasm, 
with  variable  proportions,  though  in  comparatively  small  quantity,  of  darker 
molecules.  It  usually  contains  one  or  more  food-balls  enclosed  in  water- 
drops,  colored  or  colorless,  and  conspicuous  for  their  size.  These  may  be 
altogether  absent,  or  may  be  replaced  by  simple  drops  of  water  or  other 
liquid,  the  result  of  digestion  of  food.  Sometimes  many  w.ater-drops  or 
water- vacuoles,  are  present,  as  seen  in  fig.  13,  pi.  IV,  and  these  at  times 
appear  to  multiply  or  decrease,  while  the  animal  is  under  observation. 

Among  the  constituents  of  the  endosarc,  a  round  nucleus  is  usually  to 
be  detected,  though  sometimes  it  is  much  obscured  by  surrounding  m.ate- 
rials,  and  occasionally  cannot  be  distinguished  without  the  action  of 
reagents  upon  the  animal. 

The  contractile  vesicle  is  constantly  to  be  observed  exhibiting  all  the 
phenomena  noticed  in  it  in  most  Fresh-water  Rhizopods  ;  but  frequently, 
in  accordance  wilh  the  general  sluggish  nature  of  this  form  of  Amoeba,  its 
movements  are  exceedingly  slow. 

Occasionally  a  diatom  or  other  alga  may  bo  observed  among  the  con- 


GENUS  AMCEliA— AMCEBA  llADIOSA. 


61 


stituonts  of  the  food ;  but  I  li.avo  not  seen  sand  particles  or  crystals  in  the 
endosarc,  as  in  other  species. 

liarge  individuals,  which  I  have  supposed  to  belong  to  Amoeba  radiosa, 
such  as  those  represented  in  figs.  9-12,  pi.  IV,  approach  in  character  A. 
proteus,  bo+h  in  shape  and  in  greater  activity,  especially  when  creeping,  as 
seen  in  fig.  1 1.  Quiescent  individuals  of  large  size  have  at  times  appeared 
to  me  to  bo  iindistinguishable  from  A.  verrucosa. 

In  creeping  on  flat  surfaces.  Amoeba  radiosa  becomes  more  or  less  dif- 
ferentiated so  as  to  appear  to  have  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  extremity, 
from  the  fomier  of  which  radiate  a  variable  number  of  tapering  pseudo- 
pods.  Sometimes  these  appear  to  emanate  from  one  or  two  palmate  exten- 
sions, as  seen  in  figs.  17,  18,  which  gradually  and  incessantly  change  their 
shape  as  the  animal  slowly  glides  along.  The  pseudopods  shorten  and 
lengthen,  disappear  and  reappear  in  the  usual  manner,  and  not  unfrequently 
they  oscillate  from  side  to  side.  Sometimes  I  have  observed  individuals 
drag  after  tliem  adherent  particles  of  sand  or  other  materials,  like  Amoeba 
proteus  and  A.  villosa,  but  I  have  never  detected  anything  like  a  prehensile 
process  or  a  villous  apfjendage.     See  fig.  18. 

There  are  many  organic  bodies  of  very  different  character,  which  so 
closely  resemble  Amwba  radiosa  that  they  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  it. 
Such  are  the  colorless  blood-corpuscles  and  primifive  ova  of  animals. 

Dr.  Perty*  describes  and  figures  bodies  resembling  Amoeba  radiosa 
which  he  found  in  the  mucus  of  the  foot  of  a  fresh-water  snail,  Lymnceus. 
He  remarks  that  a  small  portion  contained  numerous  bodies  which  he  viewed 
as  mucus-corpuscles  until  he  saw  them  exhibit  the  usual  changes  of  form 
of  an  Amooba.  He  asks  whether  these  bodies  are  really  young  Amcebaj, 
or  whether  the  mucus-corpuscles  of  snaiis  have  the  power  of  contracting 
and  of  putting  forth  processes.  The  bodies,  judging  from  the  description 
and  accompanying  figures,  were  evidently  nmcus-corpuscles  which  exhib- 
ited the  curious  phenomenon  now  so  well  known  as  amoeboid  movement. 
Thirty  years  ago  I  observed  similar  movements  and  changes  of  form 
in  the  blood-corpuscles  of  Helix  albolabris  and  other  land-snaite,  but  I  was 
utterly  at  a  loss  to  account  for  the  phenomenon,  and  concluded  that  the 
movements  were  due  to  endosmosis  and  decomposition. 

In  our  fresh-water  sponges,  especially  the  yellow  one  which  I  formerly 

'Kcuut.  kluiust.  LoboiiHfoiiiii'ii,  185-i,  p.  188,  Taf.  viii,  Fig.  16. 


I' 


f    ■: 


ill 


\l 


i 


62 


ritESU-WATEU  KUIZOI'UDS  OF  NOllTU  AMEUK  \. 


described  under  the  name  of  Spongllla  fragilis*  I  have  repeatedly  obiio  •  -ed 
nmceboid  corpuscles  wlucli  I  suii|)08cd  to  bo  parasitic,  but  which  are  now 
regarded  to  bo  ova  of  the  Spongilla.  These  corpuscles  bear  so  close  a 
resemblance  to  Amwha  raiUosa  that  it  is  not  improbable  isolated  ova  of 
Spongilla  have  at  times  been  mistaken  for  it. 

The  Spongilla  amou))oida,  as  represented  in  ligs.  19,  20,  pi.  IV,  from 
si)ecimens  taken  from  the  scrapings  of  a  Spoun'iUa  frayilis  obtained  from 
the  Schuylkill  River,  in  July,  ordinarily  resemble  Ainnba  radiosa  in  the 
swimming  condition.  They  have  a  stellate  appearance  with  a  spheroidal 
body  and  a  variable  number  of  pseudopods  radiating  in  all  directions. 
They  remain  suspended,  almost  motionless,  in  the  water,  but  feebly  var}'  the 
shape  of  the  body,  and  slowly  project  or  withdraw  a  pseudopod,  or  change 
its  form  or  direction.  The  body  consists  of  a  mass  of  p.alo  granular  i)ro- 
toplasm  with  variable  proportions  of  yellowish  granular  balls  looking  like 
food.  It  contains  a  imcleus,  which  is  often  obscured  by  surrounding  mate- 
rials. It  has  also  a  contractile  vesicle,  which  exhibits  the  characteristic 
movements,  though  comparatively  with  exceeding  slowness.  Not  unfre- 
quently  several  contractile  vesicles  occur.  The  pseudopods  are  long, 
tapering,  and  pointed,  and  are  composed  of  ectosarc  with  only  the  finer 
protoplasm  of  the  endosarc.  Associated  with  the  amoeboids  resembling 
Amccba  radiosa,  are  others,  as  represented  in  fig.  21,  which  in  their  appear- 
ance and  slow  movements  resemble  A.  verrucosa,  though  they  are  no  doubt 
of  the  same  character  as  the  former. 

AMCEBA  VILLOSA. 

I'LATV.  I,  Jigs.  >.),  10;  II,  figs.  14-16;  VIU,  ligs.  1-lG. 

.liiKrhii.     Wiillicli:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  lS6i,  xi,  287,  pi.  viii. 

Jmmbarillosa.    WallicU:  Ibidem,  IMij,  \t\.  ix,  434,  pi.  x,  figs.  5-9. — Duiicau:  Pop.  Sc.  Kuv,  1877,217, 

pi.  vi,  ligs.  38-40. 
AiiKiba  jirimrpH.    Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Ilist.  18G;!,  xii,  30,  44,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1-3. 
Triiltamaba  liirta.     Fnmiontol:  Eludi's  Microzoaires  {no  date),  345,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  4. 

Animal  in  motion  differentiated  into  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  region, 
ordinarily  more  or  less  sausage-shape  or  irregularly  clavate,  or  palmate  in 
shape,  and  commonly  with  few  lobate,  or  short  thick  digitate,  or  conical 
pseudopods,  consisting  of  extensions  of  the  sarcode  preceded  by  more  or 
less  thick  portions  of  clear  ectosarc,  and  mostly  directed  forward;  posterior 
extremity  commonly  somewhat  narrower,  and  terminating  in  a  villous  area 

•I'roc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sf.  1851,  278;  1874,  145. 


GENUS  AMOiDA— AMCEBA  VILLOSA. 


63 


or  process  of  variable  form,  but  mostly  rounded,  knob-like,  or  discoid. 
Endosarc  as  in  Amwha  protcus,  and  containing  usually  nearly  centrally  a 
single  large  conspicuous  nucleus,  and  liabituaMy  posterior  to  this  a  single 
large  .and  conspicuous  contractile  vesicle. 

Size.—'Yo  li\i  of  an  inch  (Wallicli). 

Locality. — England,  France. 


Aiiifleba  villoma,  a  large  and  remarkable  species,  described  by  Dr. 
Wallich,  was  discovered  by  him  in  England.  It  is  chiefly  distinguished  by 
its  habitual  more  or  less  clavato  or  palmate  form,  differentiated  into  an 
anterior  broader,  and  a  posterior  region  terminating  in  a  villous  area  or  in  a 
villous  knob.  It  connuonly  projects  comparatively  few  short  thick  digitate 
pseudopods,  which  are  directed  forward  and  little  disposed  to  branch.  Like 
Amoeba  proteus,  it  ordinarily  possesses  a  single  large  nucleus  more  or  less 
central  in  position,  and  behind  this  an  equally  large  contractile  vesicle. 
Besides  these,  the  granular  endosarc  contjiins  crystals,  vacuoles,  oil-like 
corpuscles  called  by  Dr.  Wallich  '  sarcoblasts,'  and  other  bodies  called 
'  nucleated  corpuscles.'  The  food  materials  commonly  observed  are  like 
those  of  Amccha  protcus.  Some  of  the  specimens,  according  to  Dr.  Wallicli, 
attain  a  diameter  of  i.th  of  an  inch. 

I  have  not  been  so  fortunate  as  to  meet  with  positively  characteristic 
specimens  of  Amaibu  vitlosa,  though  a  similar  form  is  frequent  in  many  of 
our  ponds,  which  appears  to  be  a  different  animal,  and  is  the  subject  of  a 
later  chapter,  under  the  name  of  Felomyxa  villosa. 

Small  Amoeba}  are  frequently  to  be  met,  in  many  positions  or  different 
kinds  of  localities,  which  I  have  suspected  to  be  the  young  of  Amwha 
villosa,  but  of  this  view  I  have  no  certain  evidence.  They  have  the  same 
general  form,  constitution,  and  habits  as  the  little  Amoebae  supposed  to 
pertain  to  Amocha  pmteus,  and  differ  only  in  the  habitual  possession  of  a 
terminal  villous  process. 

Some  water,  with  ooze  and  conferva;,  collected  from  a  brick-pond,  near 
Swarthmore  College,  in  the  autumn,  was  preserved  during  the  winter.  In 
February,  a  yellowish  green  dust-like  film  covered  the  surface,  consisting 
of  imicellular  algie.  With  these,  and  feeding  on  them,  there  were  numer- 
ous small  active  AmoebiE,  such  as  are  represented  in  figs.  4-10,  pi.  VIII. 
1'hey  commonly  exhibited  a  clavate  shaj)e,  often  modified  by  lateral  pseu- 


(I 


i! 


!  ,;■ 


.1 


64 


FUE8II-WATEK  UHIZOPUDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


(lopoiliil  lobes,  aiul  were  provided  with  a  toriniiml  villous  process  of  varia- 
ble form.  They  glided  along  with  the  body  straight  and  slightly  Hiniu)iis, 
or  often  curving  to  one  side  or  the  other.  Frecpiently  they  jjresented  little 
change  of  form,  the  head  alone  Incessantly  rolling  forward  concurrent  with 
contraction  of  the  body  '""hind;  but  often  they  projected  j)seudopodal  lobes 
on  each  side  nearly  or  (juito  as  thick  as  the  head  end  itself.  Though 
habitually  of  the  shape  described,  these  little  Ania-bic  would  at  tinies 
assume  a  variety  of  forn;s  When  at  rest,  they  were  more  or  less  depressed 
globidar  or  oval. 

The  villous  process  terminating  the  body  had  the  appearance  of  a 
protruding  portion  of  the  endosarc.  It  was  often  observed  with  adherent 
alg.T,  fig.  4,  dragged  about  in  the  movements  of  the  animal. 

The  ectosarc  was  always  thickest  at  the  head  end,  or  in  advance  of  the 
pseudopodal  lobes,  and  thinned  away  to  nothing  at  the  villous  process. 

The  endosarc  was  composed  of  the  usual  pale  granular  matter,  with 
variable  proportions  of  coarser igranules  and  sometimes  small  clear  globules. 
Distinct  crystals,  likewise  in  variable  proi)ortions,  and  some  of  them 
comparatively  large,  were  always  present.  A  large  contractile  vesicle  was 
another  conspicuous  constituent,  and  occasionally  a  second  occurred.  The 
nucleus  was  globular,  homogeneous,  and  faintly  granular,  and  was  defined 
by  a  thin  halo. 

The  Ama'ba;  connnonly  contained  as  food  a  numl       if  the  green  algtu  ' 
among  which  they  lived.     Frequently  some  of  these  algjv  within  the  endo- 
sarc had  become  bright  reddish  brown  as  a  result  of  digestion. 

Occasionally  individuals  were  observed  to  assume  a  globular  shajje, 
and  then  spread  out  and  remain  quiescent,  as  seen  in  fig.  11.  In  this  con- 
dition, the  body  was  undefined  by  any  trace  of  clear  ectosarc  at  the  border, 
and  the  contents  were  rendered  unusually  distinct.  The  contractile  vesicle 
remained  unchanged 

Among  these  Ama-ba;,  I  observed  several  of  especial  interest.  While 
having  the  same  general  features  as  the  others,  they  contained  from  one 
to  half  a  dozen  large  nuclei,  which  were  coarsely  and  uniformly  granular, 
as  seen  in  figs.  12-16.  When  these  were  in  greatest  number,  together 
with  the  pulsating  vesicle,  which  approximated  them  in  size,  they  occupied 
the  greater  part  of  the  body  of  the  animal.  In  Its  movements,  both  the 
nuclei  and  the  pulsating  vesicle  would  at  times  exhibit  the  effects  of  mutual 


III' 


GENUS  AM(EBA— AMCECA  VILLOSA. 


66 


pressure  by  olmuffo  of  form  (fi<j^.  14),  and  also  cxliil»it  elasticity  in  the 
return  to  the  jjlohular  shape  when  the  ])rcsHur('  was  relimod. 

The  indiviihials  with  the  large  granular  nuelei  usually  contained  little 
food,  though  they  were  quite  as  active  as  the  others. 

On  one  occasion,  while  observing  an  individual  of  the  kind,  in  an  ani- 
nialcula-cage,  but  not  submitted  to  pressure,  as  it  moved  along  in  the  usual 
manner  it  suddenly  assumed  a  spheroidal  form.  It  contained  two  largo 
granular  nuclei  together  with  a  large  contractile  vesicle  and  other  ordinary 
contents.  After  a  brief  interval,  the  contractile  vesicle  began  to  collapse, 
when  at  the  same  moment  one  of  the  large  nuclei  burst,  and  in  an  instant 
its  coarse  gramdar  contents  were  expelled  from  the  animal  apparently 
together  with  the  li(piid  contents  of  the  pulsating  vesicle,  as  seen  in  tig.  IT). 
The  scattered  granules  were  minute  globules,  exhibiting  only  molecular 
motion,  and  measuring  about  0.002  nun.  They  were  probably  germs  or 
spores,  but  their  destiny  I  failed  to  trace.  The  little  Anurbiv  above  de- 
scribed, in  the  usual  davate  form,  measured  from  0.08  mm.  long  by  0.024 
mm.  wide  at  the  anterior  or  thicker  end,  to  0.14  nun.  long  by  0.04  mm.  wide. 

An  individual  containing  three  large  granular  nuclei  was  0.1  mm.  long 
by  0.04  mm.  wide ;  the  nuclei,  of  uniform  size,  were  0.028  mm.  in  diameter. 
An  individual  with  six  large  granular  nuclei  was  of  the  same  length  as 
the  preceding,  by  0.028  nmi.  wide ;  the  nuclei  were  0.02  mm.  in  diameter. 
The  granules  of  the  nuclei  were  about  0.002  nun.  in  diameter. 

Forms  closely  similar  to  the  above,  and  containing  the  same  kind  of 
large  gi*anular  nuclei,  are  described  and  figured  by  Dr,  Wallich  in  his 
account  of  Amwhn  rillosa* 

Several  weeks  subsequently  to  making  the  above  observations,  some 
Ama'ba;  from  the  same  water  and  ai)parently  of  the  same  kind,  instead  of 
the  ordinary  minute  crystals,  contained  minute  concretionary  bodies  of 
varied  shape,  as  seen  in  figs.  34,  a-l.  These  bodies  measured  from  0.001 
to  0.004  mm.  Under  the  action  of  acetic  acid  they  slowly  dissolved,  but 
without  any  visible  evolution  of  gas. 

In  some  ooze,  collected  from  a  pond  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  month  of  March,  there  were  a  nimiber  of  Amccbaj 
of  the  same  character  as  the  preceding,  as  seen  in  figs.  0,  10,  pi.  I.  'J'hey 
were  usually  clavato  in  form,  reaching  a  length  of  about  0.1  mm.     They 


■Au.  Mag.  Mat.  Hist.  1863,  xi,  3C5,  pi.  ix. 


5  RHi:'; 


66 


FUESn-WATRR  HIIIZOPODS  OV  XORTR  AMERICA. 


If 


i  :i  f 


terminatod  behind  in  u  conspicuous  villous  bull,  which  often  exhibited  in 
its  interior  one  or  several  cctntractilo  vcisicles.  The  endosarc  contained 
many  crystals  and  but  little  food,  thou<rh  it  was  abundant  with  the  ani- 
mals. Tlu!  luideus  appeared  unusually  small,  and  such  likewise  apjjcared 
to  be  the  case  with  the  contractile  vesicles,  of  which  there  were  commonly 
several. 

Some  moist  moss,  from  crevices  of  the  pavement  in  the  yard  attached 
to  my  house,  collected  in  June,  was  placed  in  a  dish  with  clear  water. 
After  a  few  days  a  drop  of  water  a(jueezed  from  the  moss  was  found  to  con- 
tain some  small  Amoeba^,  in  association  with  the  conunon  Wheel-animalcule 
{Itotifcr  vulgaris),  etc.  The  Ama-ba^,  figs.  14,  15,  IG,  pi,  II,  were  usually 
clavate  in  shape,  though  modified  incessantly  by  broad  pseudopodal  lobes 
projecting  laterally,  and  they  mostly  terminated  in  a  minutely  villous  ball. 
The  endosarc  contained  the  usual  constituents.  They  moved  actively,  and 
measured  about  0.06  mm.  long. 

Some  water  with  .abundance  of  diatoms,  desmids,  etc,  collected  in 
an  extensive  sphagnous  swamp  on  Broad  Mountain,  Schuylkill  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  September,  contained  numy  Amcebai,  such  as  are  repre- 
sented in  figs.  1-3,  pi.  VIII,  Commonly  they  exhibited  a  sausage-liko 
shape,  or  an  elongated  clavate  form,  and  reached  the  length  of  0.25  nmi. 
They  glided  along  with  little  change,  or  they  often  projected  one  or  two, 
and  occasionally  more,  digitate  pseudopods  from  the  sides.  Frequently 
also  smaller  and  narrower  pseudopods  were  projected  in  a  divergent  manner 
at  the  sides  of  the  back  end  of  the  body,  which  terminated  in  a  villous 
pi'oco««  of  variable  form.  The  pseudopods  contiguous  to  the  latter  would 
assume  in  contraction  the  form  of  cylindroid  villous  processes.  A  con- 
spicuous ruicleus  and  one  or  more   contractile   vesicles   were   constantly 

present. 

OUllAMCEBA. 

Greek, oura,  tail;  amceba. 

Animal  possessing  the  same  essential  characters  as  the  genus  Amoeba, 
but  in  addition  jjrovided  with  fixed  filamentous  appendages  habitually 
trailing  from  the  jjosterior  extremity  of  the  body.  Filaments  flexible, 
cylindrical,  tubular,  inarticulate  or  articulate,  resembling  the  mycelial 
threads  of  fungi,  perfectly  passive,  and  neither  retractile  nor  extensile. 


GENUS  OUKAMCEHA— OUHAMCEBA  VOKAX. 


67 


OURAMCEHA  VOIIAX. 

1'I.ATl:  IX,  llgB.  l-Vi. 

Jmaba  villoiia  (Walliili).    Arilior:  Jour.  Ih-uc.  Uiililin  MkrtiB.  Club,  1HC4I, fiO, (m ;  Quart.  Juur.  Mie.  Sc. 

vi,  m>»\,  l'J(»,  ','(!7  ;  X,  1H70,  :i(C.. 
Amaba  with  riinarkuhhi  jmnlirUir  liniar  jiroienmn.    Arclirr :  Jour.  I'ruv.  Dublin  Miur.  Club,  1873,  814 ; 

Quart.  Jour.  Mir.  8c.  xiv,  lH74,2la. 
Uuramaba  rorax.     Lcidy:  I'r.  Ac.  Nut.  He.  I'liilii.  1H74,  78  j  1875, 137,414. 
Ouriimnbalapta.     I.fidj- :  lliidciii,  1K74,7H. 

i'roiiomd  ijinua  Ouramaba  (Liidy).     Arc-licr  :  (juart.  Jour.  Mic.  8c.  xv,  IH?."),  20i. 
Amaba  form,  jilui  a  tlunlcrof  fitiyer-Uke  jwHlirior  uppcndaijii.    Archer:  Quart.  Jour.  Mic.  8c.  1W6,  xvl,.'Kn'. 

Animal  in  all  respectw  resembling  the  ordinary  forms  of  Amoeba  protcus, 
but  in  addition  provided  with  a  variable  number  of  perm.inently  fixed  fas- 
cicles of  long  filaments,  appended  to  the  habitually  ])osterior  end  of  the 
body.  Filaments  permanent  cylindrical  tubes,  in  each  fascicle  emanating 
from  a  common  stalk,  8inn)le,  or  dividing  only  from  near  the  root,  inarticu- 
lafo,  mostly  blunt  at  the  ends ;  fascicles  from  ono  to  half  a  dozen  or  more, 
often  more  or  less  separated,  but  mostly  trailing  in  a  single  bunch. 

Size. — Small  individual  in  motion  0.14  mm.  long  by  0.028  nun.  v»rhere 
widest,  with  caudal  filaments  from  0.04  to  0.18  mm.  long.  Individual  of 
spheroidal  form  0.14  mm.  in  diameter;  in  motion,  elongated  to  0.33  mm., 
with  caudal  filaments  to  0.2  mm.  long.  Individual  in  movement,  of  palmate 
form,  0.3  mnt.  long,  with  spread  of  0.2  mm  ,  with  rays  to  0  22  mm.  of  length. 
Dendroid  individuals  to  0.33  mm.  long,  with  spread  of  0.14  mm. 

Locality. — Rare.  Found  only  in  two  localities,  spring  and  pond,  on 
Darby  Creek,  Delaware  County,  Peimsylvania, 

The  singular  amoeboid  animal  to  which  I  gave  the  name  of  Oiiramffiba 

vorax  I  first  noticed  in  May,  1874.  It  was  obtained  from  the  sediment  of  a 
spring,  in  which  grows  wsiter-cress,  near  Lansdowno  station,  on  the  West- 
chester railroad.  I  found  the  creature  the  following  year  in  the  same 
spring,  and  also  in  a  pond,  a  mile  distant,  near  Kelly  ville,  which  dried  up 
the  succeeding  summer.  I  have  likewise  observed  specimens  of  what  I 
suppose  to  be  a  second  species,  first  noticed  in  January,  1875,  in  material 
collected  from  the  same  spring,  and  preserved  since  the  preceding  autumn. 
Elsewhere  I  have  not  found  Ouramcoba. 

Wiien  first  seen  I  regarded  the  animal  as  an  Amaha  proteus  dragging 
after  it  a  bundle  of  mycelial  threads.  The  recurrence  of  several  individuals 
led  me  to  examine  the  animal  more  attentively,  when  I  came  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  threads  were  part  of  its  structure.     Sec  figures  of  pi,  IX. 


(  ' 


68 


FRESH  WATEK  KHIZOPODS  OF  NOKTII  AjMEBICA. 


Al'tor  publishing  a  brief  notice  of  Ouramoubci  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadeli)hia  for  1874,  Mr.  Archer,  of 
Dublin,  hiul  the  kindness  to  direct  my  attention  to  a  descri[)tion  of  the  same 
aninii)],  by  liimself,  in  the  Journal  of  Proceedings  of  the  Dublin  Micros- 
coplcid  Clu?>  for  18GG,  page  Sfi,  ar.d  1873,  page  314.  This  I  was  delighted 
to  see,  as  I  felt  that  it  confirmed  my  observation  of  the  existence  of  this 
curious  nnd  enigmatic  variety,  or  species 

There  can  be  no  question  but  that  Ouramoiba  is  the  same  creature  as 
theoneAvlnchbad  been  previously  discovered  and  described  by  Mr.  Archer. 
This  able  authority,  however,  regarded  the  animal  only  as  a  I'emarkable 
variation  from  the  Amaba  vUlosa  of  Dr.  Wallich,  and  in  this  light  still  con- 
tinues to  view  it,  as  we  learn  from  the  following  report  of  the  Proceedings 
of  tiie  Dublin  Microscopical  Club,  published  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Microscopical  Science  for  1876,  page  337:  "Mr.  Archer  further  presented 
a  preparation  in  Beale's  caraiine  Huid  of  the  curious  Amteba  form,  plus  a 
cluster  of  finger-like  posterior  appendages  —  Omamccha,  Leidy,  which, 
howeve/,  did  not  cause  any  contraction  of  the  processes,  a  fact,  so  far 
capable  of  being  urged  by  Prof.  Leidy  in  favor  of  his  views ;  but  on  the 
other  hand  the  gathering  abounds  with  specimens  of  the  ordinary  character, 
that  is,  without  the  faintest  evidence  of  any  linear  processes — sim})le  Amwha 
viUosa  {pyiuceps),—  but,  .  hu  appendages  apart,  quite  identical  with  the 
so-called  Ourama-ba  " 

Though  none  of  the  individuals  of  Ouramceha  vorax  which  I  have  ob- 
served equaltJ  in  size  the  largest  ones  of  Aiiiaha  proteus,  in  all  other 
respects — the  jjossession  of  the  caiulal  filamentous  appendages  alone  ex- 
cepted— I  remarked  no  difference. 

Mr.  Archer  speaks  of  the  animal  observed  by  him  as  a  form  of  Am  aha 
viUosa  of  Dr.  Wall"  .i,  and  refers  to  "  the  i)resence  of  a  large  and  numerous 
tuft  of  very  long  prolongations  conimordy  issuing  from  just  lieside  the 
villous  jiatcti " 

In  Ouro))i'iha  vorax  I  liave  at  no  time  observed  a  villous  patch,  though 
in  several  instances  I  have  seen  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  in  its  con- 
traction a.'siune  a  nndbeny-like  appearance  which  sinadated  such  a  patch, 
as  sei^n  in  fig.  9,  pi.  iX. 

The  filamentary  caudal  appendages  of  Ouramaha  vorax  consist  of  from, 
one  to  hajf  i  dozen  distinct  tufts,  usually  collected  into  a  single  bundle 


GENUS  OURAMCE13A— OURAM(ElJA  VOllAX. 


69 


tniiling  longitudinally  behind  the  body,  as  seen  in  figs.  1-9,  pi.  IX.  Each 
tuft  is  composed  of  Iron)  a  pair  to  six  or  more  filaments  en)anating  from  a 
common  point  or  stem,  from  which  th.3y  divide  and  more  or  less  diverge. 
The  filaments  are  of  variable  length,  not  only  in  the  same  individual,  but 
also  proportionately  with  the  body  in  different  individuals.  Sometimes 
they  are  few  and  short  or  long;  more  frequently  they  are  numerous  and 
as  long  as  the  body  or  longer.  They  are  straight,  curved,  and  often  irrog- 
ularly  bent ;  cylindrical  and  blunt,  or  sometimes  acute  or  swollen  at  tho 
end.  They  are  mostly  simple  from  their  ])oint  of  origii^^  but  sometimes 
branch  off  from  near  the  latter,  and  rarely  elsewhere.  Sometimes  an  indi- 
vidual is  seen  in  which  the  lilaments  appear  iri'egularly  contracted  at  ono 
or  more  points,  and  bent  or  twisted,  as  if  in  these  positions  they  had  beon 
injured  and  become  atrophied,  as  represented  in  fig.  5. 

In  structure,  the  caiulal  filaments  of  Ouramctha  vorax  consist  of  a  color- 
less membranous  tu'a-  with  pale  granular  contents,  mingled  with  a  variable 
])roportion  of  oil-like  molecules.  The  latter  sonu'times  increase  to  consid- 
erable drops  elongated  in  the  course  of  the  enclosing  tube.     (Fig.  12.) 

The  mode  of  fixation  of  the  caudal  filaments  is  difficult  to  comprehend. 
In  a  detached  tuft,  the  root  appeared  to  be  continuous  with  a  ball  of  homo- 
geneous protoplasm,  as  seen  in  fig.  11. 

In  the  movements  of  Ourama*ba,  the  caudal  filaments  are  I'Utirely 
))assive,  and  are  usually  dragged  along  Lvhiiul  it.  Souyetiiues  in  varied 
movements  of  the  animal,  the  tufts  of  filaments  become  mom  oi  less  sepa- 
rated at  their  root  to  a  greater  distance  than  usual,  and  wide!)  dlve|'j(it 
from  one  another,  as  represented  in  figs  2,  3. 

The  caudal  lilaments  present  so  much  resemblance  to  the  mjcelial 
threads  of  fungi,  that  I  have  suspected  thoy  may  bo  of  this  natuiti,  and 
parasitic  in  character,  dae  to  tho  germination  of  spores  which  hud  been 
swallowed  as  food.  I  have  repeatedly  recognized,  anumg  the  food  of  various 
Amoeba',  different  kinds  of  fungus-spores,  alul  It  Is  not  unlikely  that  these 
lowly  creatures  may  be  infested  with  I'uugus-parasites,  just  as  we  frequently 
find  to  be  the  case  with  insects.  11\  en  the  constancy  in  the  extension  of  tho 
filaments  from  a  particular  i)art  of  the  body  is  no  objection  to  the  conjecture, 
for  in  insects  we  observe  certain  si)ecies  of  Sphuria  growing  as  constantly 
from  the  head.  There  is,  however,  perlia[is  an  important  objcH'tion  to  this 
view,  and  that  is,  the  caudal  filaments  do  not  grow  from  a  mycelium  within 
the  protojjlasmic  mass  of  the  body  of  the  animal. 


fi'ii 


^i-: 


i! 


il 


il 


I? 


il 


70 


T'^UESIT-WATER  imiZOrOPS  OV  NORTH  AMERICA. 


According'  to  Mr.  Archer,  Ouranuvba,  witli  its  appendiigcs,  wliicli  lio 
.ipth"  likens  to  "n  bundle  of  dipt-candles,"  may  bo  only  a  varieti',1  form  of 
wliivt  I  have  considered  to  be  Amivha  j)roteus,  but  the  solution  of  the  <iut'a- 
tion  remains  for  future*  invesli^^ation. 

One  o{  the  specimens  of  OHramirha  vorax  ■vvlncli  earliest  attracted  my 
attention  did  so  (<n  account  of  tlu^  unusual  (piantity  imd  variety  of  diatoms 
and  other  al<i;e  which  it  contained,  rather  than  on  account  of  its  linear 
caudal  appendages.  It  was  indeed  this  specimen,  fairly  represented  in  tig. 
1,  that  led  mo  to  adopt  the  specifu'  name  of  the  animal.  Tho  individual 
was  nearly  a  third  of  a  niiljiinetre  in  length,  with  tho  caudal  5ipj)endages 
one-sixth  of  a  millimetre  longer.  It  moved  along  in  a  flowing  manner, 
tongue-like  in  outli(M<,  with  the  inirt  ver  end  forward,  and  without  project- 
ing any  digit-like  pseudopods.  '»..  t  ciiiidal  fdaments  at  times  trailed 
behind;  at  others,  more  or  less  diverged  to  the  right  and  left.  There  were 
h1\  tufts,  which  would  bec(»ino  distinctly  separated,  then  would  collect  into 
two  bundles,  and  again  w(ndd  combine  into  a  single  one.  Among  the  food 
contents  of  tho  endosarc  tliere  were  four  large  specimens  of  Navkiiln  major, 
besides  several  of  OonifiUituomn,  Star/^Z/peis,  and  other  diatoms,  a  Oosma- 
rium,  fragments  of  ft  bluish  green  Oscilhiria,  etc. 

Another  individual  of  Ourama'ba,  when  fin't  seen,  formed  a  mulberry- 
like mass,  as  represented  in  fig.  3.  It  measured  about  0.1 4  mm.  in  diameter, 
and  presented  five  tufts  of  filamentous  appendag*;'  projecting  from  one  half 
the  mass.  After  a  little  while  it  elongated,  lost  its  i/iulberry-like  appear- 
ance, and  projected  from  the  sides  long  digitifojni  j)seudop<idf',  /  >!  seen  ill 
fig.  2.  The  animal  in  this  condition  measured  about  0  3  mm.  long,  and  rf/' 
five  tuffs  of  /'«»//|iil  filaments  were  widely  separated  and  divergent  poste- 
riorly. The  discoid  nucleus  and  contrnctilo  vesicle  were  distinctly  visible, 
and  agreed  closely  in  appearance  and  liabidnil  felativo  posititm  with  those 
of  Amo'ha  protcus.     Food-fjalls  ajid  water-vaciioles  v/utti  tfoyft. 

Another  specimen,  represented  in  fig.  4,  had  a  branched  a/fjrftarance, 
ami  afterward  assumed  a  stellate  fatlh  extending  over  a  space  of  about 
0.25  mm.     It  possessed  but  two  tufts  of  .short  caudal  filaments, 

A  si)ecimen  from  a  collection  of  the  following  season,  represented  in 
fig.  5,  had  a  palmate  appearance,  which,  as  usual  v/ith  the  animal,  changed  at 
every  movement.  It  measured  0.3  mm.  in  length,  and  had  a  large  bundhf  of 
filaments  trailing  behind,  which  measured  up  to  0  2  wax.  in  length      h  large 


GENUS  OUllAMCEBA— OUKAMCEJJA  BOTULICAUDA. 


71 


Nuvicula  major  at  times  extendou  across  tho  buck  j)!U't  of  the  body,  and 
then  ufrain  was  draj^ged  along  behind  in  a  pouch  like  extension  of  the  same. 

Another  fine  active  specimen,  observed  on  tho  same  occasion,  is  repre- 
sented in  fig.  G.  It  was  much  branched,  and  was  0.2  mm.  long.  '^I'he 
candid  fdaments  formed  three  tufts  and  ranged  from  0.05  to  O.UJ  mm.  in 
length.  The  animal  dragged  after  it  a  considerable  amount  of  dirt,  which 
adhered  at  tho  point  of  origin  of  tho  caudal  filaments. 

Another  specimen,  with  the  body  ramose,  and  0.22  mm.  long  by 
0.2  unn.  in  expanse,  had  but  a  single  pair  of  caudal  filaments.  It  con- 
tained two  huge  speci/tiens  of  Navictila  major,  which  at  one  time  extended 
in  separate  pouches  of  tho  body  posteriorly  like  the  single  one  o{'  fig.  h. 
A  Navicula  was  discharged,  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body,  to  one 
side  of  tho  insertion  of  tho  caudal  filaments  and  tho  contractile  vesicle. 
Tho  latter  measured  0.028  mm,  in  diameter.  Tho  nucleus  in  advance  was 
0.02  nmi.  diameter. 

Another  specimen,  with  the  body  occupying  a  space  of  0.2()  nun.  in 
length  by  0.2  mm.  in  width,  had  also  but  two  caudal  appendages  These, 
when  tho  animal  was  first  seen,  trailed  backward  from  the  side  (>f  a 
nudberry-liko  mass  formed  of  tho  posterior  extremity  of  the  body.  The 
measurements  of  the  contractilo  vesicle  and  nucleus  were  tho  same  as  in 
the  former  specimen. 

Fig.  K  represents  a  smaller  specimen,  resembling  the  former  in  tho 
iJpssession  of  a  pair  of  short  caudal  filaments  which  project  in  a  widely 
divorgoiil  inninior  laterally  from  the  posterior  mulberry-like  termination  of 

\y  \m  }'• 

l'1  fH  T|  H,  l||<)  two  vj(!ws  of  an  individual,  a  small  specimen,  with  a 
shigle  liuil'  <»t  loilK  C{Hl4'>i  Hjuincnts.  Tho  contractilo  vesicle  was  distinct, 
Uiii  i|lt^i'0  ilpneared  io  po  ijd  nucleus  present,  and  the  animal  uaa  also 

tJii)|4j||(|i|j|A  IJOTLJLICAUDA. 

Olllltllllllill  >iii/llllr(inil(l.     I.ilily:  Vim:  Awill.  Uai  Bi'.  j>|iilii.  ^^St^,,  liiT. 

Species  conijiaratively  bihuII,  (^oloHcms,  trailHparent,  irregularly  angular 
in  outline.  pHeitdojwds  short,  conical,  jn!Ute,  rarely  digitate.  Caudal 
appendages  in  one  or  two  tufts,  cacji  conihoseij  of  fro'u  two  or  three  up  to 


HmnmMM 


72 


FRESHWATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


nine  acutely  divergent,  segmented  filaments  of  variable  length.  A  con- 
tractile vesicle  and  a  nucleus  present. 

She. — Ranging  from  0.04  mm.  long  by  0  032  mm.  broad  to  0.07G  mm. 
long  by  0.02  mm.  broad;  the  caudal  appendages  from  0.012  mm.  to 
0.045  mm.  long. 

Locality. — In  the  ooze  of  a  broad  spring,  near  Lansdowne  station,  on 
the  Westchester  railroad,  about  five  miles  from  Philadelphia. 

In  association  with  Ouramaha  rorax,  at  Lansdowne  station  spring,  three 
years  in  succession,  I  found  what  I  have  supposed  to  be  a  difierent  and 
smaller  species,  for  which  I  have  proposed  the  name  heading  the  present 
chapter.  If  Ouramouba  be  really  a  distinct  genus  from  Amoeba,  it  is  proba- 
ble that  the  smaller  form  under  consideration  may  be  the  young  of  Ouru- 
mcuha  rorax. 

Ouramceba  botiilicauda  (figs.  13-17,  pi.  IX)  ordinarily  exhibits 
an  ii'regularly  angidated  outline,  and  often  assumes  a  palmate  shape  with 
short  angular  digit-like  pseudopods.  The  ends  of  the  latter  present 
variable  proportions  of  clear  ectosarc,  and  they  move  and  retract  more  or 
less  in  succession  as  the  animal  moves  .ilong.  The  posterior  end  of  the 
body  is  somewhat  tapering  and  obtuse,  and  gives  attachment  to  a  variable 
number  of  appendages.  These  form  a  single  tuft  divergent  from  a  single 
point;  but  occasionally  there  are  two  tufts.  The  appendages  are  commonly 
three,  but  range  up  to  nine.  They  are  of  variable  length,  straight,  and 
consist  of  series  of  elongated  elliptical  bodies,  from  one  to  four,  also  of 
variable  length.  They  resemble  strings  of  sausages,  whence  the  specific 
name  given  to  the  animal. 

The  endosarc  of  Ouramwha  hnfulicauda  is  pale  granular,  nnngled  with 
a  few  oil-like  molecules.  Generally  the  specimens  observed  of  the  animal 
contained  but  little  food  in  the  form  of  balls.  One  individual  contained  a 
single  diatom.  One  or  two  contractile  vesicles  are  usualh'  present,  as 
seen  in  the  figures.     A  distinct  nucleus  was  also  commonly  present. 

PELOMYXA. 

Grook,  j)(7o»,  mud ;  jiikjii,  mucus. 
I'dobiiis:  Greeff,  lc<70.     I'domyxa:  Grcefl',  1874. 

Animal  with  the  general  character  of  Amoeba,  naked,  of  variable  and 
inconstant  form,  in  the  quiescent  condition  spheroidal  or  ovoidal,  in  motion 


GENUS  PELOMYXA— PELOMYXA  VILLOSA. 


73 


commonly  more  or  less  leech  like  or  slug-like  in  shape,  and  differentiated 
into  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  region,  habitually  with  the  broader 
extremity  in  advance,  and  progressing  through  the  projection  of  a  wave- 
like or  hemispherical  expansion  of  clear  ectosarc,  in  front  or  successively 
upon  either  side,  or  from  other  parts  of  the  bod}' ;  posteriorly  frequently 
ending  in  a  conspicuous  process  of  clear  sarcode,  which  is  prehensile,  and 
often  finely  villous.  Body  composed  of  a  clear  ectosarc  with  a  finely 
granular  endosarc  containing  variable  jn'oportions  of  clear  vacuoles  and 
other  more  consistent  colorless  globules.  Nuclei  numerous,  scattei'ed 
through  the  endosarc.  Contractile  vesicles  small  and  inconspicuous,  except 
in  the  young.  Animal  voracious  and  usually  more  or  less  gorged  with 
vegetal  and  animal  materials,  together  with  considerable  mud  and  sand. 

PELOMYXA  VILLOSA. 

Platk  V,  with  tlio  naiuo  Amaba  rillosa;  VIII,  iigs.  31-U3. 
Amaba  sabuloaa.    Leidy  :  I'loc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sf.  1674,  87. 

Animal  nearly  opaque,  except  when  young,  appearing,  by  transmitted 
light,  brown  or  black  with  hyaline  border;  by  reflected  light,  yellowish 
white  and  maculated  with  other  colors  dependent  on  the  contained  food; 
spheroidal  or  ovoidal  and  somewhat  depressed  in  the  resting  condition; 
habitually  clavate  or  botuliform  when  in  motion;  straight,  curved,  or 
sigmoid;  moving  with  the  thicker  extremity  in  advance;  with  a  terminal 
circular  villous  patch,  which  may  be  projected  into  a  mammillary  or  ball- 
like process;  villi  numerous,  minute,  papillary  or  filiform,  simple  or  ramose. 
Pseudoj)ods  usually  as  one  or  two  broad  lobar  projections  of  the  fore  part 
of  the  body,  preceded  by  a  thick  seam  of  clear  ectosarc,  rarely  prolonged  or 
branching,  sometimes  accompanied  with  a  few  narrow  conical  processes  of 
clear  ectosarc  projecting  from  any  part  of  the  body.  Nuclei  many, 
scattered  through  the  endosarc.  Contractile  vesicles  manj',  small  and 
inconspicuous,  usually  occupying  a  po.sition  in  the  .icinity  of  the  villous 
area.  Animal  exceedingly  gluttonous,  usually  gorged  with  alj^ous  and 
other  food,  dirt,  and  sand,  which  more  or  less  obscure  from  view  the 
iatrinsic  elements  of  structure ;  motion  sluggish,  flowing,  and  more  or  less 
intermittent;  villous  extremity  prehensile,  often  seen  clinging  to  fixed 
objects  or  dragging  after  it  adherent  dirt  or  food  materials. 

Size. — In  the  tirdinary  resting  or  spheroidal  condition  from  0.12  to 
1.25  mm.,  but  commonly  from  0.25  to  0.5  mm.     In  the  elongated  or  clavate 


74 


FKESH-WATEK  KHIZOrODS  OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


M 


form,  as  wlien  in  motion,  from  0.12  by  0.06  mm.,  to  O.fi  by  0.22  mm.,  or 
rarely  np  to  1.75  by  1  mm.  Frequently  about  0.33  mm.  long  by  0.15 
mm.  at  the  anterior  or  broader  end. 

Locality. — The  ooze  of  ponds,  especially  those  of  sphagnous  swamps, 
or  of  damp  mossy  forests.  In  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia;  Delaware 
County ;  mountains  of  Schuylkill  and  Monroe  Counties,  Pennsylvania ; 
vicinity  of  Camden ;  Hammonton,  Franklinville  and  Absecom  ponds ;  and 
Budd's  Lake,  Moms  County,  and  vicinity  of  Cape  May,  New  Jersey;  China 
Lake,  Mount  Gilbert,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Ten-itory. 

Under  the  name  of  Pdomyxa  palustris,  Prof.  Greeff  has  described  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  remarkable  of  amcfboid  animals,  in  certain  respects 
like  Amwba  villosa,  but  in  others  of  more  or  less  peculiar  character.  In  its 
habitual  shape,  movements,  and  gluttonous  nature,  it  resembles  the  latter; 
but  ordinarily  it  exhibits  no  posterior  process,  and  this,  when  existing, 
appears  to  be  villous  only  in  young  individuals.  Instead  of  one,  it  pos- 
sesses many  nuclei  scattered  through  the  endosarc ;  and  rarely  is  there  a 
conspicuous  contractile  vesicle  present,  but  in  its  place  a  variable  number 
of  small  ones.  The  gi-anular  endosarc,  besides  the  food  materials  and  an 
abundance  of  sand,  contains  ordinary  vacuoles,  and  clear  globules  called 
by  the  author  'Glauzkorper'  or  shining  corpuscles.  The  size  of  the  animal 
commonly  is  about  one  millimetre,  but  reaches  to  two  millimetres  or  even 
more. 

An  amoeboid  form,  represented  in  pi.  V,  and  closely  related  to  the 
two  forms  above  indicated,  is  rather  frequent  in  the  ooze  of  our  ponds, 
especially  those  of  forest  swamps.  Until  recently  I  ascribed  it  to  Amaha 
viUosa,  but  the  weight  of  evidence  appears  to  me  to  make  it  a  nearer  asso- 
ciate of  Pdomyxa  jialnstris.  I  am,  however,  uncertain  whether  some  of  the 
specimens,  especially  what  appear  to  be  young  individuals,  which  I  have 
viewed  as  of  the  same  kind  or  species,  do  not  really  belong  to  the  former, 
while  others  may  pertain  to  Pelomyxa. 

In  most  respects,  the  animal  under  consideration  accords  with  the 
characters  assigned  to  Pdomyxa  palustris ;  but  in  the  frequent  and  almost 
constant  possession  of  a  posterior  villous  process,  it  best  agrees  with  AmoEla 
villosa.  Under  the  circumstances  I  have  named  it  Pdomyxa  villosa,  and 
have  the  impression  that  all  the  forms  may,  through  later  investigations, 
be  proved  to  be  but  different  stages  of  the  same  species. 


GENUS  PELOMYXA— PELOMYXA  VILLOSA. 


75 


Peloniyxa  villosa  ordinarily  ranges  in  its  more  matured  forms  from 
0.166  to  0.33  mm,  though  rarely  I  have  seen  individuals  i-eaching  1.25 
mm.  in  diameter,  or  1.75  mm.  in  length  by  1  mm.  in  breadth,  so  that  the 
largest  specimens  are  intermediate  in  size  to  the  largest  of  those  of  Amoeba 
villosa  and  Pelomyxa  palustris. 

Pelomi/xa  villosa  viewed  by  reflected  light,  as  seen  in  figs.  1,  11,  13, 
14,  usually  appears  cream-colored,  yellowish  white,  or  brownish  Avhite, 
often  more  or  less  spotted  with  various  colors,  green,  yellow,  and  brown, 
due  to  particles  of  the  food  contents  shining  through.  It  is  mostly  opaque 
or  nearly  so,  and  viewed  by  transmitted  light,  as  seen  in  figs.  2-4,  6,  10,  12, 
17,  appears  dark  brown  or  black,  with  a  thin  hyaline  border,  which  widens 
to  a  more  or  less  prominent  meniscus-like  thickening  in  advance  of  any 
pseudopodal  projection.  Small  or  young  individuals  are  proportionately 
more  and  more  translucent,  as  seen  in  figs.  5,  7-9,  15,  IG. 

When  at  rest  the  animal  is  somewhat  depressed  globular  or  oval,  and 
ordinarily  when  starting  to  move  it  assumes  an  ovoid,  oblong,  or  clavate 
shape.  In  progression  it  is  commonly  sausage-like  in  fomi,  straight,  more 
or  less  curved  or  sigmoid,  and  habitually  moves  with  the  thicker  end  in 
advance.  The  posterior — usually  narrower — end  mostly  is  more  or  less 
finely  villous ;  and  this  portion  frequently  projects  as  a  depressed  ball  or 
disk,  or  as  a  process  of  variable  form  and  extent. 

The  animal  may  move  along  in  a  slow  steady  roll  or  flow,  with  little 
change  of  shape,  preceded  at  the  fore  end  by  a  continued  or  more  or  less 
interrupted  advance  of  a  meniscus-like  extension  of  clear  ectosarc,  pursued 
closely  by  an  incessant  influx  of  the  endosarc.  Mostly  the  progressive 
movement  occurs  through  the  alternate  projection  on  each  side  of  the  head 
of  a  hemispherical  portion  of  the  ectosarc  followed  by  a  rather  abrupt  and 
quick  ru.sh  of  the  endosarc  into  the  pseudopodal  projections. 

Dr.  Wullich's  remarks  concerning  the  movements  of  Amoeba  villosa 
apply  equally  well  to  those  of  the  form  under  consideration.  He  says  that 
"the  rush  of  granules  of  the  sarcode  does  not  follow  upon  a  previous  con- 
tractile effort  exercised  at  the  posterior  portion.  As  the  animal  progresses, 
occasionally  altering  its  course,  there  are  periods  during  which  perfect 
quiescence  is  maintained  by  the  granules;  and  the  rush  or  flow  of  these 
seems  to  take  place,  as  it  were,  to  fill  up  the  vacuum  engendered  by  the 
sudden  projection  of  a  portion  of  the  ectosarc."  * 


! 


*  Annuls  and  Magazine"  of  Xatnral  lliHtiny,  IfHill,  xi,  :160. 


i^i 


76 


FUKSIl  WATER  RHIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i 


In  refemng  to  the  mutual  convertibility  of  tho  endosarc  and  ectosarc, 
Dr.  Wallich  exemplifies  the  process  as  it  appears  to  occur  in  the  movements 
of  Amaba  villosa,  and  the  same  occurs  in  a  manner  exactly  similar  in  Pclo- 
nii/xa  villosa.  He  observes  that  "in  tho  projection  of  the  ectosarc  from 
some  area  of  the  general  surface,  in  the  fomi  of  a  hemisj)herical  mass  with 
a  broad  base,  only  a  very  small  portion  of  tho  original  contour  line  seems 
to  give  way  at  first,  so  as  to  admit  tho  passage  of  the  endosaio  and  other 
granular  contents  into  the  newly  projected  part,  but  its  entire  floor  appears 
to  be  gradually  dissolved,  as  it  were,  and  free  communication  between  the 
main  body  and  the  new  pseudopodal  cavity  is  not  established  initil  the  com- 
pletion of  this  process.  Whilst  it  is  progressing  the  endosarc-granules  seem 
to  rush  round  a  corner  into  the  cavity,  the  corner  gradually  receding,  so  to 
speak,  and  ultimately  becoming  altogether  obliterated."* 

Sometimes  in  the  projection  of  a  })seudopodal  lobe,  from  the  side  of  the 
head  end  of  the  body,  it  will  continue  to  bo  {jrojected,  and  will  gradually 
receive  the  endosarc,  and  with  it,  as  it  were,  tho  entire  body,  when,  of 
course,  the  aninud  changes  the  direction  of  its  movement  into  that  of  the 
pseudopod.  Ihis  mode  of  movement  is  represented  in  the  accompanying 
woodcut  outlines  l-f). 


I'llomijxa  rillosa  ;  iiioilo  of  inutioii. 

At  times,  rciomyxa  villosa  will  appear  stationary,  or  nearly  so,  and 
comparatively  quiescent,  and  will  project  from  any  part  of  its  surface, 
slowly  or  nwre  or  loss  rapidly,  a  variable  number  of  narrow,  conical,  or 
somewhat  spindle-shaped,  pointed  t)seudopods  of  dear  ectosarc,  as  seen  in 
figs.  3,  5,  10.  These  receive  none  of  tho  endosarc,  and  are  not  used  as 
locomotive  organs,  but  perhaps  serve  a  tactile  function. 

I  have  not  observed  Pclonii/xa  villosa  assume  the  branching  condition 
oi  Amwha  proteus,  but  under  undue  pressiu'e  I  have  seen  it  jiroject  one  or 
more  long  digitate  pseudopods,  as  in  tho  latter. 

The  villous  area  or  appendage  of  the  Pelomyxa  under  consideration 
resembles  that  ascribed  to  Amaba  villosa  ]yy  ]>r.  Wallich.     In  the  resting 


"Annals  and  Magiizinc  ol'  Xatural  History,  lfMj.1,  xi,  1570. 


GENUS  PELOMYXA— PELOMYXA  VILL08A. 


77 


condition  or  splicn^dal  form  of  the  animal  it  is  not  obvious,  and  it  appears 
to  be  capable  of  complete  retraction  and  obliteration,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  ordinary  ]iseudo])odal  extensions.  It  is  variable  in  appearance,  thongh 
as  ordinarily  seen  it  forms  a  discoid  or  sucker-like  process  defined  from  the 
rest  of  the  body  by  a  constriction.  When  not  projected,  it  is  sometimes 
visible  as  a  circular  patch  tenninating  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body, 
as  represented  in  figs.  1,  13.  Sometimes  the  process  appears  as  a  conical 
or  irregularly  papillary  ])rojection.  The  villi  are  very  variable;  sometimes 
numerous,  minute  and  crowded;  sometimes  fewer,  thicker  and  widely 
separated;  at  times  short  and  papillary,  at  others  more  or  less  long  and  hair- 
like, and  occasionally  branched.     See  figs.  1-10,  12,  13,  15-17. 

The  villous  i)ortion  or  process  of  the  body  is  highly  prehensile,  and 
serves  the  animal  to  fix  its  position  in  like  manner  with  the  sucker  of  a 
leech.  At  times  when  I  have  poured  off  the  liquid  from  the  glass  on  which 
I  was  examining  a  specimen  of  the  Peloniyxa  to  put  on  it  clearer  water,  it 
would  maintain  its  place  by  means  of  the  villous  end  of  the  body.  As  a 
temporary  organ  of  prehension  it  is  no  doubi  of  importance  in  obtaining 
food.  AlgiR  and  other  materials  are  often  seen  adherent  to  and  dragged 
along  after  it  in  the  progressive  movements  of  the  animal,  as  represented 
in  fig  14.  In  structure,  the  villous  process  appears  as  an  extension  of  finely 
granular  homogeneous  endosarc  without  the  sliglitc«t  differentiation  of 
enclosing  ectosarc,  and  when  it  is  of  irregular  or  jjapillary  form  it  looks  as 
if  it  were  a  sort  of  hernial  protrusion  of  the  endosarc  through  an  accidental 
rupture  of  the  ectosarc. 

Sometimes  the  villous  area  of  Pelomyxa  villosa  appears  only  as  a  villous 
fringe  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body.  Occasionally  I  have  observed 
an  individual  emit  a  midtitude  of  minute  villi  near  or  in  conjunction  with 
the  usual  villous  ai'ea,  or  in  other  positions  of  the  body.  These  addi- 
tional or  supplemental  villi  appeared  to  be  less  permanent  than  the  others, 
or  at  least  after  a  time  they  were  withdrawn  and  were  no  longer  visible  in 
the  same  individual. 

Pelomyxa  villosa  I  have  usually  found  to  be  so  opaque,  except  in  young 
specimens,  that  the  different  elements  of  its  interior  structure  are  undis- 
tinguishable  without  the  animal  is  submitted  to  considerable  pressure,  or  it 
is  actually  crushed.  In  habit,  like  the  Pelomyxa  palustris,  it  is  exceedingly 
gluttonous,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  manner  in  which  it  gorges  itself  with 


:  I 


Ii 


78 


FRESn-WATER  ROIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


food  and  other  materials  of  different  kinds.  Usually  the  quantity  of  the 
iiigesta  is  so  great  as  totally  to  obscure  from  view  all  the  intrinsic  consti- 
tuents of  the  ondosarc  except  when  they  rush  into  pseudopodal  proj(jctions 
of  the  ectosarc. 

The  food  is  mainly  of  vegetal  character,  consisting  of  all  sorts  of  alga;, 
especially  diatoms,  desmids,  and  other  unicellular  forms,  oscillarias  and 
other  filamentous  forms,  fragments  of  higher  plants,  fibres  and  particles  of 
wood  and  leaves,  etc.,  besides  flocculent,  apparently  decaying,  vegetal  matter. 
The  food  in  the  interior  of  the  animal,  as  in  other  amoeboid  forms,  when  of 
soft  or  yielding  character,  ajipears  as  variously  colored  balls,  mostly 
yellowish,  brownish,  or  green,  often  enclosed  in  water-drops,  but  often  also 
free  from  the  latter,  as  indicated  by  the  absence  of  the  clear  zone,  which 
usually  indicates  the  presence  of  sun-ounding  liquid.  Much  of  the  food 
apparently  is  diffused,  as  fine  yellowish  matter,  among  the  intrinsic  granu- 
lar constituents  of  the  endosarc. 

In  the  ordinary  process  of  digestion  in  Pclomyxa  villosa,  as  in  other 
amoeboid  forms,  green  vegetal  substances  gradually  assume  a  yellowish  or 
brownish  hue.  The  insoluble  residue  of  the  food  of  all  kinds  is  from  time 
to  time  discharged  in  the  usual  manner  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
body,  but  whether  through  or  to  one  side  of  the  villous  process  I  did  not 
ascertain. 

Quartz-sand  is  a  frequent  and  abundant  material  mingled  with  the  food 
and  other  constituents  of  the  endosarc.  Not  only  fine  but  coarse  particles 
are  swallowed,  but  they  appear  always  to  be  directly  in  contact  with  the 
granular  and  other  matters  of  the  endosarc,  and  not  contained  in  vacuoles 
or  water-drops,  as  ordinarily  is  the  case  with  most  solid  food.  In  many 
individuals,  the  quartz-sand  has  appeared  to  predominate  over  everything 
else  in  the  endosarc,  and  such  specimens,  which  were  literally  bags  of  sand, 
I  formerly  described  as  a  species,  with  the  name  of  Amoeba  sahulosa. 

Pclomyxa  palustris,  as  described  by  Prof  Greeff,  also  swallows  a  nota- 
ble quantity  of  sand ;  but  this  appears  not  to  be  the  case,  at  least  to  any 
remarkable  extent,  with  Amosba  villosa,  as  described  by  Dr.  Wallich  and 
Dr.  Duncan. 

Dr.  Wallich  describes  crystals  of  rhombohedral  form  as  a  constituent 
of  the  endosarc  of  Ammha  villosa;  but  these  bodies,  ordinarily  so  conspicu- 
ous and  common  in  Amaiba  protetis,  either  do  not  exist,  or  they  escaped  my 


I 


GENUS  PELOMYXA— PELOMYXA  VILLOSA. 


79 


notice,  in  the  more  characteristic  or  matured  Hpocimens  of  Pehniyxn  villosa. 
In  some  young  ania-boid  forms,  wliich  I  Huspocted  to  pertain  to  the  latter, 
crystals  imdoubtodiy  existed,  and  jjerhaps  they  are  likewise  abundant 
enou<rh  in  mature  forms,  but  ordinarily  are  obscured  from  view  by  the 
presence  of  the  large  proportion  of  sand  particles.  Prof  Greeff  does  not 
mention  them  as  an  element  of  Pelomyxa  palustris. 

The  basis  of  the  endosarc  of  Pelomyxa  villosa,  as  in  the  latter,  consists 
of  a  pale  and  finely  granular  protoplasm,  mingled  with  more  distinct  fine 
oil-like  molecules.  Besides  the  food  materials  and  other  ingesta,  the  endo- 
sarc contains  a  variety  of  other  elements.  Among  these  there  are  variable 
proportions  of  clear  vacuoles,  sometimes  numerous,  sometimes  few,  of  dif- 
ferent sizes. 

Another  element  consists  of  clear  or  indistinctly  granular  corpuscles 
of  albuminoid  or  oleaginous  appearance,  mostly  colorless,  but  sometimes 
more  or  less  feebly  yellowish.  They  range  from  a  small  size  up  to  0.006 
mm.,  though  the  prevailing  size  was  about  one-half  this  dimension.  Under 
the  action  of  acetic  acid  they  mostly  remained  unchanged,  though  many 
became  more  distinctly  granular,  and  less  distinctly  outlined.  These 
corpuscles  probably  correspond  with  the  'sarcoblasts'  of  Amoeba  villosa  of 
Dr.  Wallich,  and  the  'Glanzkiirper'  or  shining  corpuscles  of  Pelomyxa  j)aliis- 
tris  of  Prof  Greeff. 

Mingled  with  the  clearer  coi-puscles  just  indicated,  there  were  others, 
comparatively  fewer,  and  measuring  about  0.004  mm.  These  were  more 
or  less  homogeneous,  with  scattered  granules  superficially  situated.  Still 
other  corpuscles,  '^^out  the  same  size  as  the  preceding,  were  finely  granular, 
and  contained  a  darker  granular  nucleolus.  I  am  uncertain  whether  these 
corpuscles  correspond  Avith  the  nuclei  oi  Pelomyxa  palmtris  as  described  by 
Prof  Greeff. 

In  some  crushed  specimens  of  the  variety  of  Pelomyxa  villosa,  origi- 
nally noticed  by  me  under  the  name  of  Amoeba  sabulosa,  I  further  noticed 
a  few  comparatively  large  granular  spheres  reaching  about  0.016  mm.,  and 
containing  each  several  scattered  nucleoli,  some  of  which  appeared  clear 
and  homogeneous,  while  others  were  granular. 

In  several  instances,  in  crushed  specimens  of  Pelomyxa  villosa,  I  also 
observed,  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  endosarc,  numerous  minute  rods, 
from  0.001  to  0.005  mm.  in  length,  and  resembling  vibrios,  but  motionless 


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80 


FllESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Under  the  j^th  inch  objective  power  of  the  microscope,  many  appeared 
to  bo  transversely  striated.  Similar  bodies  are  described  by  Prof.  Greeff  as 
a  constituent  of  the  endosarc  of  Pchmyxa  paliistris. 

Dr.  Wallich  describes  a  conspicuous  nucleus  and  an  equally  conspicu- 
ous contractile  vesicle  as  present  in  Amonha  villosa,  having  the  same  essential 
characters  and  holding  the  same  habitual  position  as  in  Amoeba  proteus. 
In  the  figures  accompanying  Dr.  Wallich's  memoir,  the  single  large  nucleus, 
and  the  large  contractile  vesicle,  or  in  its  place  several  smaller  ones,  are 
among  the  most  striking  features  of  tlie  creature. 

In  Peloi.:yxa  viUosa,  except  in  those  specimens  I  have  regarded  as 
young  individuals,  I  have  at  no  time  been  able  to  detect  a  single  large 
nucleus  like  that  represented  in  Amoeba  villosa,  or  such  as  exists  in  A.  proteus. 
I  have,  also,  at  no  time  observed  a  single  large  and  conspicuous  contractile 
vesicle  in  the  more  characteristic  forms  of  the  animal;  but  in  its  place  there 
are  usually  from  one  to  half  a  dozen  small  ones,  commonly  occupying  a 
position  in  the  vicinity  of  the  villous  area  of  the  body,  or  even  partly 
within  this  area  when  it  is  produced  as  a  process.  Frequently  the  small 
contractile  vesicles  are  more  or  less  obscured  from  view  by  other  surround- 
m^  elements.  Thtsy  commonly  remain  separate  and  independant  of  one 
another,  and  while  one  appears  and  undergoes  enlargement  another  collapses 
and  disappears. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  ti'ace  a  continuation  of  the  history  of /*e/o/M?/a:a 
villosa. 

In  one  instance  I  observed  a  large  individual  replete  with  quartz-sand, 
apparently  burst  and  scf.cter  its  softer  granular  constituents  until  reduced 
to  about  one-half  the  oijginal  si-^e.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  body 
appeared  unhurt,  but  what  the  phenomenon  meant  I  did  not  positively 
ascertain,  though  I  suspected  that  it  was  attendant  upon  the  expulsion  of 
germs. 

DINAMCEBA. 

Greek,  rfc'Hos,  teiTible;  aniaba. 

Animal  with  the  same  essential  structure  of  Amoeba ;  when  at  rest, 
spheroidal  or  oval ;  when  in  motion,  habitually  ovoid  or  slug-like,  and  with 
the  broader  extremity  in  advance.  Pseudopods  few  or  many,  mostly  sim- 
ple extensions  of  the  ectosarc,  subulate,  or  long  conicul  and  acute  occasion- 


GENUS  DINAMCBBA— DINAM(EBA  MIRABILIS. 


81 


ally  furcate.  Posterior  extremity  of  tlie  body  papillose;  papilla;  very 
variable,  few  or  many,  simple  or  compbund,  retractile.  Siu-ftico  of  the 
body,  including  the  pseudopods  and  the  papillae,  bristling-  with  minute 
spicules  or  motionless  oils.*  Body  of  the  animal  often  enveloped,  even  in 
the  active  moving  condition,  with  a  thick  layer  of  delicate  hyaline  jelly, 
defined  on  the  surface  by  multitudes  of  minute  spicules.  Spicules  of  the 
surface  of  the  body  and  the  exterior  layer  of  jelly  with  its  spicules  some- 
times absent. 

DINAMCEBA  MIRABILIS. 

Pi-ATi;  VI;  VII,  figH.  1-11. 

Deinamaha  mirahUh.    I  eidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  1874,  l.)2,  IS.-i. 
Amwba  laitaculata.     Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  1874, 107. 
Viiiamaba.    Lcidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1877, 288. 

Body  round,  oval,   ovate   or  limaciform,t   commonly  more  or  less 
depressed  when  moving  on  flat  surfaces;  anterior  part  broad  and  blunt; 
posterior  part  narrower  and  more  or  less  tapering;    sometimes  broader 
behind;    spheroidal  when  floating.      Pseudopods  mostly  numerous,   and 
usually  projecting  from  the  anterior  region  of  the  bod}^  consisting  of 
moderately  long,  conical,  or  somewhat  fusiform,  or  subulate  processes  of 
clear  ectosarc.     Posterior  extremity  of  the  body  commonly  much  papillose, 
with  the  papilL-E  very  variable,  simple  or  compound,  rounded  or  elongated. 
Surface  of  the  body  everywhere,  including  pseudopods  and  papillae,  thickly 
bristling  with  minute  spicules,  which  are,  however,   in  some  conditions 
entirely  absent.     Body  often  enveloped  with  a  thick  layer  of  clear  proto- 
plasm, which  is  defined  by  a  minutely  ciliated  surf\ice,  and  is  penetrated  by 
the  pse'vdopods.     Endosarc  mostly  with  abundance  of  oil-like  molecules, 
large  jlear  globules,  and  multitudes  of  food-balls.     Nucleus  and  contractile 
vesicles  commonly  obscured  from  view  by  the  other  constituents. 

«i^e.— Spheroidal  form  0.064  to  0.16  nun.  diameter.     Creeping  forms 

0  152  mm.  long  by  O.OG  mm.  broad,  to  0.34  mm.  long  by  0.22  mm.  broad. 

LocaUti/.—Vonds  of  the  cedar  and  sphagnous  swamps  of  New  Jersey, 

commonly  among  the  desmids  Dkhjmoprium  and  Bambusina,  which  appear 

to  be  its  fjivorite  £00*^. 

DincnicBba  mirabilis  in  its  quiescent  condition  is  globular  or  oval, 
and  often  appears  indisposed  to  move.    It  is  a  sluggish  animal,  though  much 

*!.„      7T  ?"  '''"!^^  ''■"''"''  '"'8»"'""li"t°  'c<to'-mmnte  linear  appendages,  in  rows  remiudiu^^i^f 
tlio  eyelnsh,  whcnco  the  name.  .  *>   "     . 

t  Sliai>cd  likci  ii  Lininx,  or  slug. 


I 


82 


FRESn- WATER  liniZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


less  so  than  Amtcha  verrucosa.  When  about  to  move,  it  commonly  assumes  an 
oval  and  then  an  ovoid  or  a  pyrifonn  shape.  It  slowly  glides  with  the  thifiker 
end  ill  advance,  usually  projecting  from  the  front  a  conical  eminence  of 
hyaline  ectosarc.  At  the  same  time  it  quickly  projects  from  one  or  both 
sides  of  the  head  a  long  subulate  pseudopod.  Simultaneously,  or  more  or 
less  successively,  a  variable  number  of  similar  pseudopods  may  be  pro- 
jected from  other  portions  of  the  body.  The  pseudopods  are  more  fre- 
quently confined  to  the  fore  part  of  the  body.  There  may  be  but  one  or 
two,  or  they  may  bo  nimierous  and  project  everywhere  except  at  the  pos- 
terior extremity.  The  latter  is  covered  with  papilla;,  differing  from  the 
pseudopods  in  being  short  and  blunt.     See  pi.  VI. 

The  pseudopods  present  considerable  uniformity  both  in  shape  and 
size.  They  are  composed  of  the  ectosarc  alone,  except  that  a  few  mole- 
cules of  the  endosarc  extend  a  little  way  within  their  base.  They  are  elon- 
gated conical,  with  an  expanded  base,  slightly  swollen  near  the  middle,  and 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  Occasionally  one  or  two  are  foi'ked.  They  make 
their  appearance  from  the  ectosarc,  suddenly,  as  shoi-t  conical  projections, 
which  run  outwardly  some  distance  with  a  blunt  extremity,  and  then 
rapidly  extend  in  a  tapering  point,  as  exemplified  in  the  group  of  pseudo- 
pods to  the  right  of  the  head  in  fig.  2,  pi.  VII.  They  are  projected  quickly 
even  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require  special  attention  to  see  them  produced, 
and  they  are  also  as  quickly  retracted. 

Tl'e  papillaj  of  the  back  end  of  the  bodj'  are  variable  in  number  and 
appearance.  Sometimes  they  are  comparatively  few;  at  others,  numerous 
and  thickly  crowded.  Not  unfrequently  they  are  themselves  papillose. 
Their  usual  form  is  mammillary,  often  enlarged  at  the  end,  or  they  may  be 
conical  and  pointed.  They  are  composed  of  the  ectosarc,  but  commonly 
receive  more  of  the  endosarc  than  the  pseudopods.  They  appear  to  be 
retractile,  like  the  latter,  and  often  diminish  or  increase ;  often  and  quickly 
change  their  aspect,  and  frequently  disappear  altogether. 

A  remarkable  feature  of  Dinamceba.  (pi.  VI)  is  seen  in  every  part  of 
the  surface,  including  tho  pseudopods  and  posterior  papillae,  bristling  with 
exceedingly  minute  spicules,  or  rigid  cils,  which  are  directed  perpendicularly 
to  the  surface.  Not  unfrequently  these  minute  cils  are  absent,  figs.  2,  3, 
5-9,  pi.  VII ;  and  in  several  instances  in  which  they  were  abundantly 
present,  after  some  hours,  on  the  same  individuals,  they  had  disappeared. 


GENUS  iJl^AMtElJA— IJlVAMOiJiA  MIKAWLIW. 


83 


In  several  cases  also  I  have  seen  minute  molecules  replace  the  si^icules,  as 
represented  in  fig.  11,  pi.  VII. 

Another  character  of  Dinamoeba,   even   more   remarkable  than  the 
former,  as  represented  in  figs.  2,  7,  pi.  VI,  is  the  occurrence  of  a  thick 
investment  of  hyaline  jelly,  resembling  in  appearance  that  which  envelopes 
certain  algce,  as  commonly  seen  in  the  desmid  Didymoprium  grevillii.     This 
transparent  cloak  is  borne  by  the  active,  moving  animal,  and  is  no  evi- 
dence o.  the  creature  being  ready  to  pass  into  a  quiescent  or  an  encysted 
condition.     The  free  surface  of  the  jelly-lil.e  cloak  is  defined  by  innumer- 
able exceedingly  minute  rods,  standing  perpendicularly,  which  give  to  the 
animal  the  appearance  as  if  it  were  surrounded  by  a  nimbus  of  bacteria. 
Sometimes  through  the  stratum  of  jelly  there  a-e  to  be  observed  variable 
numbers  of  linear  bodies  resembling  the  former;   but  these  have  usually 
appeared  to  me  to  be  endowed  with  motion,  and  to  be  really  true  bacteria. 
In  the  movements  of  Dinamoeba,  its  jelly-like  cloak  appears  to  be  no 
obstacle,  and  the  subulate  pseudopods  shoot  through  and  beyond  it  as  if  it 
did  not  exist. 

Like  the  bristling  spicules  of  the  body  and  appendages  of  Dinamoeba, 
the  jelly-like  envelope  with  the  bacteria-like  cils  may  be  absent;  but,  accord- 
ing to  my  experience,  it  is  present  m  the  greater  proportion  of  cases. 

Dinamoeba  is  commonly  cream-white  or  greenish  white  and  more  or 
less  spotted  \Ax\\  green  and  brown,  or  it  is  yellowish  or  brownish  white 
spotted  with  yellow  and  brown.  The  colors,  with  the  exception  of  the  white, 
are  mainly  dependent  on  the  food-balls  shining  through  from  the  inte- 
rior. The  pseudopods,  papilla?,  and  jelly-like  envelope  are  hyaline  and 
colorless. 

Binamceba  mirabilis,  like  Pelomyxa  villosa,  is  a  gluttonous  feeder,  and  is 
commorly  so  gorged  with  food  that  it  greatly  obscures  the  intrinsic 
elements  of  the  endosarc  and  renders  the  animal  more  or  less  opaque. 
The  food-balls,  mostly  included  in  water-drops,  are  globular,  and  variable 
in  color  according  to  their  original  nature  and  the  changes  they  have 
undergone  in  digestion. 

The  basis  of  the  endosarc  consists  of  hyaline  protoplasm,  with  a  pale, 
faintly  granular  constitution,  as  in  other  amocboids.  It  is  generally  mingled 
with  a  large  quantity  of  line  oil-like  molecules,  which  are  especially  well 
seen  where  the  endosai-c  merges  in  the  ectosarc,  and  also  within  the  roots 
of  the  pseudopods. 


Jl 

'HI  1 


T 

i 


84 


FRESTI-WATEK  imiZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERIOA. 


a 


|i! 


lijl 


Occupyin<^  the  central  portion  of  the  ondosarc,  and  mingled  with  the 
food-l)alls,  in  dillorent  individuals,  there  is  a  variable  quantity  of  other 
globular  elements  of  ditTerent  kinds,  frequently  a  large  proportion  of 
these  globules  consist  of  clear  oil-like  drops  of  homogeneous  liquid  resem- 
bling similar  glol)ules  in  Pehmyxa  villosa.  Others  appear  faintly  granular 
in  structure,  and  may  be  either  nuclei  and  food-balls,  or  ])erhaps  both. 
Many  globules  also  are  simple  water-vacuoles,  varying  greatly  in  number 
and  size. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  detect  in  Dinamoeba,  except  perhaps  in  a  few 
young  individuals,  a  distinct  nucleus,  such  as  is  usually  so  conspicuous  in 
Amwba  proteus.  It  is  not  imjjrobable  that  a  nucleus  like  that  of  the  latter 
may  ordinarily  be  present,  and  be  comj)letely  obscured  by  the  abundant 
food  and  other  constituents  of  the  endosarc. 

A  conspicuovis  contractile  vesicle,  like  that  habitxially  present  in 
Amwhu  j)rQtens  and  other  species,  is  rarely  to  be  seen  in  Dinama-ba.  Mostly 
several  small  clear  globules,  up  to  half  a  dozen,  may  be  seen  from  time  to 
time  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  animal,  which  appear  to  substitute  the 
usual  single  contractile  vesicle  of  other  amoL'boid  fonns.  These  globules 
remain  separate,  slowly  enlarge,  and  collapse  more  or  less  successively,  in 
the  manner  of  the  ordinary  contractile  vesicle.  Perhaps  also  as  a  substitute 
for  the  more  conspicuous  contractile  vesicle,  in  Dinamoeba  we  observe  the 
frequent  displacement,  from  tlie  central  mass  of  the  endosarc,  of  one  or  more 
large  vacuoles,  which  appear  within  the  posterior  extremity,  and  sifter  a 
little  while  discharge  from  the  body  their  mingled  liquid  and  solid  con- 
tents, the  remains  of  the  food. 

Though  indefinite  granular  matter,  apparently  derived  from  decayiuj, 
vegetal  substances,  is  taken  with  other  food,  Dinamojba  appears  not  to 
swallow  sand  or  other  conspicuous  inorganic  particles. 

Crystals  also  appear  not  to  be  present  as  a  constituent  of  the  endosarc 
of  Dinama'ba,  nor  did  I  ever  detect  within  it  minute  rods  or  vibrio-like 
bodies,  such  as  are  frequently  observed  in  some  forms  attributed  to  Pclomyxa 
villosa. 

As  before  intimated,  Dinamoeba  is  a  gluttonous  animal,  and,  when 
found  under  favorable  circimistances,  is  usually  observed  gorged  with  food. 
It  appears  mainly  to  feed  on  alga?,  and  its  favorite  food  consists  of  the 
common  desmids  Didi/mojmum  ffreviUii  and  Banihusina  brebissonii,  especially 


GENUS  DINAMCEBA— DlNAMfEBA  MIRABILIS. 


85 


the  former.  Where  these  two  desniids  thrive  luxuriantly,  in  ponds  of  the 
deep  sphagnous  and  cedar  swamps  of  New  Jersey,  I  have  found  the 
favorite  haunts  of  Dinamoeba.  Less  frequently  among  its  food  contents 
I  have  observed  diatoms,  closteria,  and  the  brownish  flocculent  matter 
common  in  some  of  the  ponds  indicated. 

The  green  spots  so  generally  observed  in  Dinamo-ba  are  mostly  due 
to  the  presence  of  scattered  cells  of  Didynioprium  and  less  frequently  of 
Bambusina,  scattered  as  food  contents  through  the  endosarc.  As  a  result 
of  digestion,  the  green  endochrome  of  the  desmids  loses  its  color,  at  first 
becoming  paler  and  then  yellowish  green,  then  ochreous  yellow.  The 
discharged  cells  of  the  desmids  appear  with  the  yellow  shriveled  remains 
of  the  endochrome  in  the  centre. 

The  figures  of  pi.  VI  represent  individuals  of  Dinamooba,  feeding  on 
Didymoprium,  and  containing  in  their  interior  nmltitudes  of  food-balls 
mainly  consisting  of  joints  of  that  plant,  of  various  shades  of  green,  and 
others  rendered  brown  or  yellow  as  the  result  of  digestion. 

As  is  intimated,  by  Prof  Duncan,  to  be  the  case  in  Amoeba,  I  suspect 
that  Dinamoeba  habitually  takes  its  food  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  body. 
I  have  notr  seen  the  animal  in  the  act  of  seizing  its  food,  so  that  I  am  unable 
to  say  whether  it  does  so  through  the  aid  of  the  terminal  papilla;.  My 
observations,  ho'./ever,  lead  me  to  believe  that  in  swallowing  the  food  it 
first  enters  to  either  side  of  the  papillary  extremity. 

In  one  instance  in  wdiich  I  detected  Dinamoeba  in  the  act  of  swallowing, 
the  animal  presented  the  appearance  represented  in  fig.  1,  pi.  VI,  and  had 
been  but  a  few  minutes  previously  transferred  to  the  animalcula-cage.  It 
was  a  fine  vigorous  specimen,  broadly  oval,  0.18  mm.  long  by  O.IG  broad, 
with  its  characteristic  subulate  pseudopods  projecting  in  every  direction. 
All  parts  bristled  with  spicules,  and  the  body  was  enveloped  in  its  hyaline 
jelly-cloak.  A  long  filament  of  Didymoprium  had  one  end  bent  and 
swallowed  by  the  Dinamoeba,  entering  from  the  front,  on  the  left  side,  in 
advance  of  the  middle.  At  the  position  of  entrance  it  was  enclosed  for 
some  distance  by  a  thick  papillary  protrusion  of  clear  ectosarc,  which 
clasped  it  so  tightly  as  to  constrict  the  jelly-envelope  of  the  Didymoprium 
completely  through  to  the  cellular  axis  of  the  plant. 

A  little  later  the  animal  slowly  expanded  so  as  to  measure  0.24  mm. 
in  length,  and  retaining  the  original  breadth.     At  the  same  time,  the  Didy- 


•w 


86 


FHESIl  WATKli  lilllZOl'OJKS  OF  NOUTII  AMEUICA. 


moprium  was  broken,  the  detached  portion  pushed  off,  and  the  retained 
portion  drawn  in,  and  with  tliis  the  large  papilhi  of  ectosarc.  A  moment 
after,  a  larfje  protrusion  of  the  body  occurred  to  the  left  of  the  posterior 
extremity,  followed  by  an  abru])t  discharge  from  it  of  twenty -four  cells, 
mostly  of  Did}'mopriuni,  with  a  few  of  Bambusina.  The  discharged  cells 
contained  the  yellow  shriveled  remains  of  the  endochrome.  A  view  of  the 
animal  in  the  condition  just  described  is  represented  in  fig.  2. 

Later,  as  the  animal  slowly  glided  along,  it  presented  the  appearance 
seen  in  fig.  3.  The  body  was  depressed  pyritbrm,  with  the  posterior  nar- 
row end  crowded  with  long  ])apilla\  In  this  condition  it  measured  0.28 
mm.  long.  Eight  hours  subseciuently,  the  same  individual  measured  0.24 
mm.  long  by  O.Ki  nnn.  broad. 

In  another  instance  I  observed  an  active,  well-fed  Dinamocba  in  the 
act  of  swallowing  a  filament  of  Bambusina.  The  successive  steps  of  the 
process  are  represented  in  the  woodcuts  1-12. 


Siucosivc  ilinnncs  obsciM'd  in  IHmimuba  mintbUU  wliilii  in  tho  act  of  H\viilli)wiii){  a 
iilaincnt  of  llic  al^'a  Ilaiiibiisiiia.  The  arrows  iiidicati'  tlio  <'oiirne  of  iiiovoinont  in  tlio 
Mwallowiiif;  of  the  alf;a. 

When  first  seen,  the  animal  was  oval,  0.22  nnn.  long  by  O.IG  mm, 
broad.  The  alga  was  1.12  nun.  long,  and  a  portion  of  it  was  immersed  in 
the  Dinanid'ba,  entering  to  the  left  of  the  posterior  extremity,  and  extend- 


GENUS  DINAM(EBA— DINAMCBBA  MIRABILIS. 


87 


ing  along  tlio  left  side,  the  fore  end  cauHing  a  slight  protrusion  of  ectosnrc 
at  the  head  (1).  A  little  later  the  animal  slightly  elongated,  remaining  of 
the  »amo  breadth  (2).  Gradually  moving  with  an  inclination  to  the 
left,  tho  relative  position  of  the  alga  was  changed  so  that  it  crossed  in  a 
slant,  and  the  anterior  end  protruded  to  the  right  of  the  head  (3).  The 
relative  position  of  tho  alga  continued  to  change,  so  that  it  became  trans- 
verse (4),  then  gradually  slanted  in  the  opposite  direction  (5),  and  at  last 
assumed  nearly  its  original  position,  as  seen  in  cut  (j.  It  next  acquired  a 
median  position,  extending  through  the  length  of  the  animal,  as  seen  in  cut 
7.  The  creature  now  extended  in  both  directions  along  the  alga,  as  repre- 
sented in  tho  succeeding  woodcut  (8),  until  it  became  0.36  mm.  long  by 
0.128  broad.  The  movements  up  to  this  moment  had  been  slow  and 
uniform,  but  now  the  animal  rather  suddenly  doubled  upon  itself,  bending 
the  alga  with  it,  as  seen  in  cut  9.  The  two  extremities  of  the  alga  were 
bent  more  closely  togethei  until  they  wore  parallel,  and  their  ends  pro- 
truded together  from  the  same  pole  of  tho  animal,  as  I'epresented  in  cuts 
10,  11.  In  this  condition  tho  animal  measured  nearly  the  same  as  origi- 
nally, that  is,  0.24  mm.  long  by  0.16  mm.  broad.  Subsequently  tho 
right  extremity  of  the  alga  was  drawn  into  the  animal,  leaving  but  ono 
protruded,  as  seen  in  cut  12,  and  after  a  little  while  this  also  disappeared, 
and  the  animal  moved  away,  with  the  lower  part,  as  seen  in  the  woodcut, 
in  advance.  As  the  alga  was  three  times  the  length  of  the  animal  after  it 
was  swallowed,  it  must  have  formed  a  coil;  but  this  was  entirely  obscured 
from  view  by  the  abundance  of  food  and  other  constituents  of  the  endo- 
sarc.  During  tho  process  of  swallowing  the  alga,  as  may  be  noticed  in 
the  outline  figures,  tho  number  and  position  of  tho  pseudopods  incessantly 
varied.  In  the  beginning  they  were  numerous ;  at  one  time  none,  and 
later  but  two  or  three.  From  tho  creature  doubling  upon  itself,  in  tho 
manner  represented,  it  would  seem  as  if  the  head  and  papillary  end  of 
Dinamocba  were  not  permanently  differentiated,  for  both  subsequently 
appeared  together  to  become  the  tail  end,  while  an  intermediate  portion 
of  the  body  assumed  the  relative  position  of  the  head. 

Indeed,  no  portions  of  the  exterior  of  Dinamocba  are  constant, 
although  they  usually  seem  to  be  so.  Head  and  tail  appear  to  be  mutually 
interchangeable,  and  such  also  is  the  case  with  the  processes  I  have  for 
convenience  distinguished  as  pseudopods  and  papill.t. 


11 


88 


FUKSII  WATICU  IMIIZOI'ODS  OF  NORTH  AMKIUCA. 


Some  hours  Inter,  on  exniiiiiiing  the  same  Dinanuebii,  wliich  had  been 
preserved  in  the  auimalcula-cage,  it  presented  the  ajfpearance  represented 
in  ^i<,^  (!,  pi.  \'I.  It  was  oval  in  shape,  0.272  mm.  Umjc  by  O.IG  mm.  broad, 
and  sittinff,  as  it  were,  on  a  I)idynioi)rinni.  From  tlie  head  })rojected  a  mim- 
l)er  of  pseu(U)|)ods.  The  posterior  extremity  chisped  the  alfi^a  by  means  of 
a  transverse  eyhndrical  process  of  greater  lenj^th  tiian  the  breadth  of  the 
bod\'.  The  ends  of  tlie  piocess  on  eaeli  side  were  extensions  of  the  ectosarc 
fringed  with  jiapilla-.  Tlio  cyUnder  end)raced  the  alga  so  tightly  as  to 
contract  its  gelatinoid  sheath  close  to  its  green  cellular  axis 

While  watching  the  Dinanueba,  without  any  suspicion  of  what  was  to 
follow,  and  with  the  impression  that  the  animal  was  holding  a  resting 
position,  !.s  seen  in  the  woodcut  18,  the  Didynioprium  suddenly  broke 
within  its  clasp,  as  represented  in  the  following  woodcut  14. 


SiieocHHtvo  cliiiiiftcH  observed  in  Diitumaba  utirabilia  wkilo  in  tho  act  of  swallowiu);  a  lila- 
inunt  of  the  alga  Didyiuupriuiii. 

The  animal  subsequently  passed  through  the  successive  changes 
seen  in  cuts  15-21.  The  Dinamoeba  gradually  shortened,  tho  jiseudo- 
pods  in  front  diminished  to  two,  the  two  portions  of  the  alga  were 
made  to  approach  each  other,  and  the  right  side  of  the  body  projected 
in  a  nipple-like  i)rominence,  from  which  there  were  suddenly  discharged 
upward  of  twenty  cells  of  Bambusina  (If)).  These  were  probably 
derived  from  tlie  filament  swallowed,  as  previously  described.  'I'he  cells 
were  ne.irly  all  separated,  and  contained  only  the  shriveled  remains  of  the 
endochromc. 

The  Dinamteba  again  became  elongated,  all  pseudopods  disappeared. 


i 


rf 


GENUS  DINAMCEBA— DINAiM(EHA  MIUADILIS. 


89 


: 


and  tlio  two  portions  of  tho  alga  approacliod  so  as  to  project  from  the  ani- 
mal at  an  aouto  anfrle,  while  at  the  same  time  the  right  j)ortion  was  observed 
slowly  to  sink  into  tho  interior  (U!).  The  animal  next  turned  to  the 
left,  the  two  jiortions  of  the  alga  assumed  a  position  at  a  right  angle,  and 
tho  left  jjortion  broke  into  two  (17).  Tho  animal  then  turned  until  the 
head  was  directed  backward,  and  the  two  portions  of  the  alga  remaining 
in  connection  with  tho  animal  .assumed  a  parallel  position  close  together  on 
the  left  of  tho  tail  end  (18).  What  had  been  the  left  portion  of  the  alga 
sunk  gradually  into  tho  body  and  disappeared  (li)).  Subsequently  what 
had  l)een  the  head  of  tho  animal  shrunk  and  became  the  tail  end  furnished 
with  pseudopods,  while  the  previous  tail  end  ])rojected  pseudopods  and 
moved  in  advance  as  tho  head  end  (20).  The  projecting  extremity  of 
what  had  been  the  right  portion  of  tho  alga  broke  off  close  to  tho  animal 
and  was  rejected  (21),  while  tho  retained  portion  sunk  out  of  sight. 

Some  days  later  I  had  the  oppoi'tunity  of  observing  another  Dinamwba 
in  the  condition  represented  in  fig.  4,  pi.  VI.  It  was  a  line,  large  specimen, 
of  ovate  form,  the  third  of  a  millimetre  long  by  the  fifth  of  a  millimetre 
broad.  From  the  left  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  projected  two  divi- 
sions of  a  Didymoprium,  which  no  doubt  had  been  broken  apart,  as  in  tho 
former  instance.  The  two  divisions  of  the  alga  assumed  a  symmetrical 
position  at  the  tail  end,  and  afterward  portions  of  each  were  successively 
broken  off,  and  the  retained  pieces  were  swallowed. 

Habitually  Dinamcoba  rejects  oxcrementitious  matters  at  one  side  of 
the  posterior  papillary  extremity;  but  I  have  repeatedly  observed  the  animal 
discharge  tho  remains  of  food  not  only  from  other  parts  of  the  body,  but  in 
two  or  three  widely  separated  positions  at  once,  as  represented  in  fig.  7. 

Though  Dinainosba  mirabilis  is  a  more  sluggish  animal  than  Amoeba 
protcus,  it  appears" to  bo  more  irritable.  Disturbance  generally  causes  it  to 
withdraw  its  pseudopods  and  contract  its  body,  though  slowly.  A  slight 
shock,  I  have  also  noticed,  will  frequently  cause  it  to  discharge  a  portion  of 
its  food  contents,  and  this  several  times  and  at  several  points  at  once. 

An  active  specimen  of  Dinamceba,  from  Atco,  New  Jersey,  when  first 
noticed,  was  oval,  0.3  mm.  in  length  by  0.2  mm.  in  breadth.  After  a  moment, 
from  disturbance,  it  discharged  a  few  cells  of  Didymoprium,  at  the  same 
time,  from  the  right  of  the  head  and  tho  left  of  tho  tail,  and  in  a  few 
seconds  afterward  upward  of  twenty   cells  of  the   same  alga  from  the 


90 


FRESHAVATER  RDIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


former  position,  nnd  n,  series  of  four  cells,  still  connected  together,  from  flio 
latter  position.  The  animal  then  became  globular  and  quiet,  and  measured 
0.2  mm.  in  diameter. 

On  the  same  occasion,  in  the  same  drop  of  water,  I  observed  another 
fine  Dinamo-'ba,  with  an  oval  body  0.25  mm.  long  by  0.2  mm.  broad,  with 
numerous  subulate  pseudopods  projected  in  all  directions.  It  exhibited  a 
thickly  papillose  tail-like  appendage  0  12  mm.  long  by  O.OG  mm.  broad. 
The  tail  was  filled  with  fine  granular  matter,  a  multitude  of  darkly  defined 
oil-like  molecules,  clear  globules,  { nd  three  cells  of  Didymoprium.  The 
animal  afterward  discharged  a  group  of  cells  of  the  latter  alga  from  the 
body  to  the  left  of  the  tail,  and  subsequently  assumed  a  long  clavate  shape 
0.4  mm.  long  by  0.18  mm.  broad  at  the  thicker  end. 

In  one  instance  I  observed  a  Dinamceba,  which  contained,  with  other 
food,  a  desmid,  the  Closterium  (lidifviotocum,  as  represented  in  fig.  1,  pi.  VII. 
When  first  seen,  the  alga  held  a  transverse  position  causing  a  considerable 
protrusion  of  the  body  on  the  left  side.  The  alga  had  evidently  been 
seized  just  after  it  had  parted  from  another; — for  one-half  of  the  cell  was 
comparatively  tender  and  doubled  upon  the  older  and  more  rigid  half 
With  the  Closterium,  smaller  alga>,  and  other  ord'nary  materials,  there  was 
an  unusually  large  vacuole,  which  discharged  itself  seyeral  hours  after  first 
observing  it.  About  eight  hours  after  seeing  the  Dinamceba,  the  minute 
spicules  of  the  surface  had  di.sappeared,  and  two  hours  later  the  Closterium 
was  discharged,  but  without  my  having  seen  the  act.  The  following  morn- 
ing the  animal  presented  the  appearance  represented  in  fig.  2.  It  was  0.21 
mm.  long  by  0.12  mm.  broad  at  the  fore  part.  The  pseudopods  were  remark- 
ably long,  up  to  0.12  mm.,  and  projected  in  every  direction.  The  posterior 
extremity  ended  in  a  number  of  compound  papilltE.  The  endosarc,  besides 
colored  food-balls,  contained  a  multitude  of  colorless  globules.  Three 
smaller  ones  of  these  appeared  within  the  tail  end  as  contractile  vesicles. 
No  trace  of  the  minute  spicules,  usual  m  Dinamceba,  was  to  be  seen  on 
any  part  of  the  surface  of  the  animal. 

In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  for  1874, 
page  1G7,  I  described  an  amoeboid,  under  the  name  of  Amaba  tentaculata, 
as  follows:  Body  spheroidal,  oval,  or  limaciform,  projecting  a  multitude  of 
long  conical  or  fusifoiTn  pseudopods  of  clear  ectosarc,  into  which  no  gran- 


GENUS  DINAMCEBA— DTKAMfEBA  MIRABILI8. 


91 


ulcs  of  tlio  endosnrc  enter ;  posteriorly  finely  papillate,  or  with  a  discoid 
papillate  Hubdivision.  Exterior  of  the  body  colorless  and  transparent; 
interior  yellowish  and  spotted  brown  or  green  from  the  food  contents. 
When  moving,  the  animal  resembles  a  sea-slug;,  Eolis,  in  its  shape  and  from 
its  many  long  pointed  pseudopods.  At  the  fore  part  of  the  body,  in  pro- 
gression, a  largo  extent  of  perfectly  clear  ectosarc  precedes  the  endosarc, 
equal  to  about  one-sixth  of  the  length  of  'ho  body.  This  is  blunt  in  front, 
and  with  its  divergent  pseudopods  resembles  the  head  of  a  slug.  When 
floating,  the  animal  looks  like  a  largo  Actinophrys  with  thick  conical  rays. 

This  amoeboid,  which  I  now  suspect  to  represent  only  another  condition 
or  stage  of  Dinamoeha  mirahilis,  I  have  repeatedly  found,  in  the  autumn,  in 
the  same  looalities.  It  agrees  in  habitual  shape  and  size,  in  the  kind  of 
pseudopods,  and  the  possession  of  the  posterior  papillary  organ,  with  the 
more  characteristic  form.  We  have  seen  that  both  the  minutely  spiculate 
condition  of  the  surface  and  the  gel.itinoid  coat  of  Dinamoeba  may  bo  dis- 
pensed with,  80  as  to  reduce  it  to  the  condition  of  the  amoeboid  form  under 
considerati  )n. 

This  amoeboid  seems  as  if  it  were  Dinamoeba  which  had  passed  the 
actively  feeding  stage,  as  it  contains  but  comparatively  little  food  and  the 
endosarc  is  much  reduced.  The  large  proportion  of  ectosarc  in  relation 
with  the  endosarc  reminds  one  of  Aiuocha  verrucosa. 

In  motion,  the  creature  advances  slug-like  in  manner  and  general 
appearance.  The  body  is  composed  of  a  central  mass  of  granular  endo- 
sarc enveloped  with  a  thick  layer  of  clear  ectosarc,  of  which  a  still  thicker 
portion  forms  the  head,  as  seen  in  figs.  5,  7,  and  10,  pi.  VII.  The  pseudo- 
pods, usually  numerous,  form  subulate  processes  of  clear  ectosarc  occu- 
pying mostly  the  anterior  region  of  the  body.  The  postoiior  papilla;  are 
variable  in  number  and  size,  and  in  advance  show  more  or  less  disposition 
to  merge  mto  pseudopods. 

Figs.  5-7  represent  three  successive  views  of  the  same  individual  as 
observed  at  intervals  during  thirty-si:,  hours.  As  first  seen,  fig. '5,  it  was 
elongated  elliptical  with  prolonged  blunt  poles,  both  of  which,  as  well  as 
the  exterior  layer  of  the  intermediate  body  portion,  appeared  to  be  com- 
posed of  clear  ectosarc.  The  central  mass  of  granular  endosarc  was 
mingled  with  diffused  brownish  material,  and  contained  a  few  clear  globules 
or  vacuoles,  various  articles  of  food,  and  a  large  pale  granular  nucleus 


j)2 


KHKSU'AATKK  KIIIZOPOIKS  OK  NOTI'll    AMMUH  A. 


sdrnnuMUnl  hy  ii  olonr  halo.  I'ointo-l  rouiDil  i»s»>(\tl(>|MMls  c''  rlour  «<otom»v 
|»roj«M>t»'>l  ovorvwlioiv  fi-oin  tho  \wiu\  and  lunly,  wliilo  tlu>  tail  wan  iuiiuit(>ly 
ami  protiLsrly  pajiilloso. 

WlioM  m>xt  «'\ai\iiin'(l,  tlu  animal  a|t|M'aiv»l  a.s  in  lijj.  (J,  oval  in  outline, 
\\'i\\\  tlu'  antonor  hall' covoitHl  \\'\{\\  pxondopods,  and  the  posterior  half  with 
nnniorons  sliorl  hlinit  |iai>ill!,\     Tho  nurious  was  conooalod  tVoin  viow. 

l,al»'v  'h«>  liody  was  «'loi\}»atod,  with  tho  postorior  part  most  oxpandod, 
as  ii\  ti.o'.  r.  riio  mu'lons  was  tjoarly  oontral  ami  (inito  distinot.  In  tho 
lirst  and  last  viows,  sovoral  small  oontraotih*  vosiolos  woro  ohsorvod  at  tho 
postoiior  oxtivmily  of  tho  animal. 

Anionjf  tlu^  ai  ticlos  ot'  food  thoro  was  a  lonjy  oolorloss  thnvul,  np|mr- 
otuly  a  cotton  or  lijjnoons  tilnv,  ooilod  ainons;'  tho  other  ('(.nstituonis  ot'  tl;o 
ondo.saro.  A  bright  }<'n>»'n  dosn\id,  as  so»>n  in  li^s.  5,  (>,  linallv  assnn\od  a 
hrown  hno,  as  soon  in  tig-.  7. 

Fijj-.  S  r«>prosonts  an  individoal  ot"  ilu>  samo  kind  as  tho  prorodinji',  in 
t!<o  act  of  th>atinjr  or  swimminy.  Tho  hody  of  jflolmlar  form,  and  with 
nnmon>ns  pointed  psoudop«>ds  radiatinjj  in  all  di;votion8,  jyavo  it  tho  j»on'.'ral 
appoaranoo  of  a  lloliozoan.  oxoopt  in  tho  oharaotor  of  tlu>  rayw.  Tho  nsnal 
p«»stoiior  papilhv  did  not  apjH'ar  in  this  c(»nditio\i,  hnt  snhsotpiontly  woi-o 
soon,  whoii  tho  animal  assnnnMl  tho  olon;vatod  o<i>i>pin}j:  position.  Tho  sizo 
»>f  tho  central  hody  was  innch  i-odnced  in  its  proportions,  from  tho  mnlti- 
tudo  of  psondopodal  rays,  and  moasnreil  l>.0(i.'")  mm,  in  tliamotor. 

The  endosarc  «  f  tho  amo'hoid  nndor  consideration  is  nsually  palo  jiran- 
>ilar.  and  apparently  tiiiiifilod  with  bmwnisl.  nn»ttor,  whicn  I  have  susp<>«'tiHl 
to  ho  derived  fron»  the  lm»wn  tloc»M»lent  material  nsnally  si>  alxmdant  in 
tho  hicalitv  in  which  tho  cj-eatnro  is  found.  It  idso  ci»ntains  variahlo  pro- 
portions of  tine  oil  like  nvolocnles,  wator-vacmdes,  l)n)wnish  and  oolorloss 
^Vrannlar  food-'oalls.  diatoms,  and  other  tVuul  n\ateri,\ls,  Imt  rarely  a  particlo 
of  qnart/.-sand.  Mt>stly  tho  i'm>  oil-like  molocnies  are  very  f«>w  or  aro 
iUt»>p>ther  al)st>nt,  and  iVcMpu'iitly  also  water-vncuoles  appeaivd  uc\  to  ho 
pivsent  except  in  the  t\atnro  of  contractile  vesicles.  {)(  these  tlu'iv  aro 
appiuvnt  H  vnriablo  luunher  situated  within  tho  vilhms  oxtromity  (»f  the  hiuly, 
ot'ton  small  and  comparatively  nnn»orons,  at  othi-r  tin>es  few  and  larp'or. 

t\>nunonly  a  nucleus  may  he  ilotoctod  in  the  niovements  of  theaninml, 
as  seoi.  in  tijrs,  .'"t  anil  7.  It  is  of  larf^o  size,  palo  jiranular,  and  surroumlod 
bv  .>  I'h'ar  rlny-.      In   liji'    10,  an   indivit'iial    is  r«'pre.sent(Ml,  in   which  tho 


OKNI'H  1»IN,VM»KMA     IMNAMiKUA   MIKAHII.IS. 


\y.\ 


nurliMjs  ii|)|K>iu'i>(l  lt»  lie  i\  s|>ln'n>  coiilntninj;'  l^u•^'»>  ^:niiniI('M  nt' unirorin  ni/o. 
'riu>  M|»(>riiin<ii  «Ms  (|ui(>(,  roiiiiiiiml  iu>nrly  Nditiounrv,  inul  ofciiHittnnlly 
t'lnitti'd  lu'H'  Mini  llu>n>  ii  Hiimll  ronicnl  |m»'U(lo|»oil.  lii  ii  Himilnr  M|uM'iiiM'n 
tlio  iiuflrir;  j)to;Miilr»l  tlu'  njnn'iiiimco  »l  iiirlmliii^'  (>\(M'(Mliii^ly  drliviito 
ottiU>(l  lilitiumlM,  but  |Ih>  tiim>  <li<t  not  |H>nuit  mo  to  iiivosti^ttto  t'liillior  tlio 
mituiv  of  tlioHo. 

l>inniihr(in  miiohilif),  in  nizo,  luil)itunl  t'onn,  anil  wonio  otlior  I'litinu'lorH, 
'r,t|trotn'lu's  IVIoiiii/.m  viilo,<,;,  iintl  Hl'tcr  rtu'ttjfuizinff  Aninha  Ivnlanihiht  n» 
I'oproHontinjf  nnotlior  stnjjc  of  tlu>  lornior,  I  lioji'ini  to  HnsiuM"!  tlitit  it  tni^;lit 
lik<Mvim<  1m>  tlio  sanio.  Wlion,  liowovor,  wo  tiiko  iittooonNiilointion  tlu>  ununl 
nltundtnu'o  of  psondojuMls  in  l>iniuuo>liii,  tlioir  jmuoity  or  nlwoiioo  in  I'rli)- 
D.jt.Ki  lilliisd,  tlio  iliiVoionco  in  tlio  cliiutirlor  of  tlio  villons  iiiut  |iiniillHi'y 
[tvoroHHOH.  iind  tlio  dilVoroiu^*  in  liiihilN,  witli  otlior  «>('nisional  |MM'nliaritio», 
wo  may   rogard   tlu>iu  aH  iliHtinol   unloHH  t'lirtlior  invoHtigution  Hliall  |irov(> 

OtlUM'AviHO. 

IHmniKviHt  iiiirabilis  lioarH  oonHitlonil»l(>  rosnnltlanoo  to  l\lt.s(ii)tniiiilKi 
asiwra,  doHcrilunl  l»y  IVoi".  8clnil/.v  .*  TliiH  animal  ih  l»r«»atl,  I'uHirorin,  altout 
0.1  nnn.  long,  providod  with  many  pHondopodH  and  a  gom<nd  invoHtmont 
of  minnt«'  l»aot«>ria-liko  i.odioM,  but  is  particularly  dixtinguiHluMl  by  tlio 
posMOHHion  of  a  long  llagoiliuu,  projocting  in  front,  fi-om  an  ovnto  oorpusclo 
onolo«ing  a  nnoloar  Itody,  Wlion  I  (iist  saw  tlio  ligmo  of  Mastiganuolia,  it 
occnrrotl  to  nn*  tliat  Dinamtoha  waH  tlio  minn\  and  tliai  tlH>  llngollnm  in  tlio 
liittor  liiid  inadvortoi'tly  owcapod  my  notico.  1  waitod  ratlior  inipationily 
until  tlio  f(dlowing  H(<aNon,  tliat  I  migiit  again  liavo  tlio  rpporttniity  of  uxatn- 
ining  what  I  had  d(>Ncrilu>d  mh  hinaiiKoha.  1  havo  ninco  M(>on  an  alnindanoo 
of  HpiM'imonM  in  a  varioty  of  conditioiiH ;  but  in  iiono  did  I  ovor  hou  n 
tiagolliini. 

IMnamioba.  fnrtlu>r  dilV(>rs  fn)m  RbottigaiiKoba  in  otlior  ro^piM-tM:  in  tho 
habitual  form  of  tlio  body  ;  in  tlio  pHiMidopodK,  which  aro  digiiifonii  in  tlio 
lattov;  and  in  tlio  rolativi*  ptmitioii  of  the  ininuto  Npicilato  bodloH  iiivoHtiiig 
tin*  animal,  wliicli  in  MaHtigainudia  an*  doHcribod  an  g(>n(<rally  placed 
paralhd  with  tho  ^'^lrfaco.  •     ;  * 

Dinaiiuoba  hooiiih  alMo  quito  diHtinct  from  Ihirtf/liisphivtiiim  vitrnuii  of 
llortwig  and  l40ss«>r,f  which  appoai'H  to  ln»  related  with  Masfiiiamirlin  asfivnt, 

*  Ali'lilv  ('.  iiilkii>«li(>iilm'lir  AMi»liiiiili>,  |H7r.,r.KI,'l'i>r.  vxxv,  J 

:    ,       ^       ,  (  An'lilv  I.  iiilkiiiMkiiiiliK'ho  Anulmiilo,  |H7'I,  Hn|),    -I,  'I'ur.  1),  Viff,  I.  ... 


94 


FKE8U-WATEK  KUIZOrODS  OF  JSOliTIl  AMEKICA. 


h 


but,  like  tl'o  former,  is  devoid  of  the  flagelluni.  l)iictylo8pha?rium  is  a 
smaller  animal  than  Dinania'ba,  of  irregularly  rounded  form,  and  from 
0.012  to  O.OG  nun.  in  diameter.  The  pseudopods  projecting  in  all  directions 
are  somewhat  conical  and  blunt.  Two  varieties  are  described,  in  one  of 
which  the  endosarc  is  occupied  with  multitudes  of  bright-yellow  cor])uscles; 
in  the  other,  with  green  coii^uscles.  In  most  examples  of  the  variety  with 
green  corpuscles,  the  body  is  covered  with  minute  villi  of  protoplasm, 
which,  though  simulating  the  minute  spicules  investing  Dinamoeba,  aro 
clearly  of  a  dillerent  character. 

HYALODISCUS. 

Orrok,  hualot,  crystnl;  diaeos,  a  quoit. 
Uyalodincut :  Ilort wig  niul  Lessor,  1874.     riakopus:  Sohuizo,  1W5. 

Body  naked,  discoidal,  consisting  of  a  colored  granular  endosarc,  with 
nucleus  and  vacuoles,  and  a  clear  colorless  ectosarc,  Avhich  in  motion  of  the 
animal  extends  in  a  broad  zone  beyond  the  colored  mass  of  endosarc,  and 
projects  pointed  conical  processes  mostly  few  in  number. 

HYALODISCUS  RUBICUNDUS. 

Tlate  XLV,  figs.  17, 18. 

Uyalodiacus  ruhicundut.    llertviig  ami  Lesser:  Arch.  niik.  Aiint.  1874, x,  Supt.  49,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  5, 
f  I'laioimii  tuber.    Seliulzc :  Arch.  niik.  Auat.  187&,  xi,  348,  TiU".  xix,  Fig.  !)-lG. 

Endosarc  brick-red  in  coloi*. 
Si^e. — 0.03-0.0G  mm.  diameter. 

In  the  outset  of  my  studies  of  the  Fresh-water  RhJzopods,  I  met  with 
several  specimens  of  what  I  suppose  to  bo  the  curious  colored  amoeboid 
form  described  by  Ilertwig  and  Lesser  under  the  name  of  Hyalodiscus 
rubicundus,  but  I  have  since  seen  no  others.  They  were  found  in  the 
ooze  of  Cooper's  Creek,  New  Jersey,  in  the  month  of  May. 

One  of  the  specimens,  shortly  after  being  noticed,  exhibited  the  appear- 
ance seen  in  fig.  17,  pi.  XLV.  It  had  an  irregularly  circuhu*  outline, 
measured  about  O.OG'if)  mm.  in  breadth,  and  consisted  of  two  portions. 
One  of  these  was  an  orange  or  light  brick-red  body  with  a  variable  number 
of  conical  pointed  processes ;  the  other  was  a  thin,  delicate,  broad,  cres- 
centic  band  of  clear  colorless  ectosarc  embracing  more  than  half  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  fonuor.  The  animal  slowly  glided  in  an  amoeba-like 
manner,  in  the  direction  of  the  pseudopodal  expansion  of  ectosarc.     In  its 


GENUS  IIYALODISUUS— UYALODISCUS  UDBICUNDUS. 


95 


niovomonts  tho  rod  mass  iinflenvont  more  or  loss  olmiigo  of  ahapo,  tho  sur- 
t'aco  at  difleroiit  points  would  rise  and  fall,  and  lioro  and  tlioro  tho  pointed 
processes  would  bo  withdrawn  and  others  would  bo  projected.  The  band 
of  ectoaarc  also  moved  in  it  wavo-Hko  manner,  oxtondinjf  and  receding  iu 
difteront  positions. 

Tho  rod  mass  of  endosarc  was  composed  of  a  basis  of  lino  rod  gramdos 
with  a  few  larger  ones  of  tho  same  color  but  darker,  and  a  few  scattered 
oil-like  molecules.  The  central  portion  of  tho  endosarc,  from  time  to  time, 
exhibited  a  dearer  circular  spot,  apparently  indicating  tho  presence  of  a 
nucleus.  There  wore  also  to  bo  seen  two  or  three  small  vacuoles,  but  I 
failed  to  detect  any  movement  in  them. 

Another  specimen,  found  at  tho  same  time  with  tho  preceding,  rcpro- 
sented  in  fig.  18,  was  about  half  the  size.  It  was  of  tho  same  color,  but 
tho  endosarc  contained  a  multitude  of  conspicuous  globular  colored  corpus- 
cles mingled  with  tho  finer  granular  basis.  Tlio  dear  colorless  octosarc 
extended  around  the  border  of  tho  colored  endosarc,  and  projected  a  few 
conical  ju'ocesses,  into  which  none  of  the  colored  gramdar  matter  of  the 
latter  roa^'hod.  The  movements  of*  the  aninud  wore  of  the  sjime  character 
as  in  tho  former  specimen. 

Plakopus  ruber,  described  by  Prof.  Scliulze,  is  probably  identical  with 
Ilyahdiscus  ruhicundus,  as  suspected  by  this  author,  though  it  is  a  very 
nmch  liii'gor  animal,  and  contains  several  nuclei.  Prof.  Schulze  gives  as 
tho  size  of  tho  former  from  0.2  to  0.6  nmi. 


H 


DIFFLUGIA. 

Latin,  diffluo,  to  llow. 

Difflugia:  Lev\eTc,  ISlTt.    JrrrJM;  Elircnliorf;,  1841.    /.rc^Mcrrutia:  Scliliiiulierger,  1845.    HomceochJamyi; 
tlcUroi-onmia;  Exaimula:  Khrt'iiborn,  1871. 

Shell  very  variable  in  shape,  usually  composed  of  extraneous  angular 
particles  of  hyaline  quavtz-sand,  sometimes  mingled  with  other  bodies,  such 
us  diatom-cases,  spongo-spicules,  etc.;  the  same  forms  sometimes  composed 
of  chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with  scattered  extraneous  particles  or 
composed  in  part  or  entirely  of  intrinsic  particles  of  peculiar  character. 
Mouth  inferior,  usually  terminal,  rarely  sub-terpiinal.  Sarcodic  mass  com- 
monly occupying  tho  greater  part  of  the  capacity  of  tho  shell,  attached  by 
threads  of  octosarc  to  tho  interior  of  tho  funuus  and  sides,  and  by  a  pro- 


;1  i 


96 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


longation  to  the  margin  of  the  mouth.  Nucleus  single,  situated  nesir  tne 
fundus  of  the  endosarc.  Contractile  vesicles  several,  situated  at  the 
periphery  of  the  latter,  contiguous  to  the  nucleus.  Pseudopods  usually  up 
to  half  a  dozen  or  more,  cylindrical,  simple  or  branching,  commonly 
rounded  at  the  ends,  sometimes  spreading  and  pointed. 

DIFP'LUGIA  GLOBULOSA. 

Plates  XV,  figs.  25-31;  XVI,  figs.  1-24. 

Diffliigia  glohuJona.  Diijanliu :  An.  Sc.  Nat.  1837,  viii,  311,  pi.  ix,  iiga.  la,  b;  Hist.  Nat.  Infusoircs,  1841, 
24^,  i>l.  ii,  fig.  G.     rritchard:  Hist.  Infusoria,  18C1,  Cj!:A,  ]>1.  xxi,  fig.  IC. 

Diffliigia  prolcifurmiH.  Elircnberg:  Infnsiousthierolion,  1838, 131,  Tnf.  ix.  Fig.  i;  Micrographic  Diet.  1860, 
2.32,  pi.  23,  fig.  39.— PritcLard :  Infusoria,  1861,  553.— Lcidy:  Proc.  Av.  Nat.  Sc.  1877,307. 

Difflugia  glohularix.  Wallicli :  An.  Mag.  Not.  Hist,  xiii,  1864,  241,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  1,  2, 17,  27. — Lcidy :  Proc. 
Ao.  Nat.  Sc.  1877,  307,  321. 

Difflagia  protciformis,  snbspccics  D.  globularis.    Wallicli :  Ibidem. 

Diffliigia  acropodia.    Hertwig  and  Lesser:  Arch.  mik.  Anat.  1874,  x,  Snpl.  107,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  6. 

Shell  spheroidal  or  oval,  with  the  oral  pole  more  or  less  truncated. 
Mouth  inferior,  terminal,  circular,  usually  truncating  the  shell;  sometimes 
more  or  less  protruding  or  bordered  by  a  short  neck,  rarely  niore  or  less 
inverted.  Shell  commonly  composed  of  quartz-sand,  sometimes  of  diatoms, 
and  sometimes  of  chitinoid  membrane  usually  incorporated  with  more  or 
less  sand  and  diatoms.     Sarcode,  independent  of  the  food,  colorless. 

She. — Smallest  specimen,  with  shell  of  sand,  0.036  mm.  long  by  0.03 
mm.  broad ;  with  the  mouth  0  OIT)  mm.  wide.  Chitinoid  specimens,  with 
diatoms  and  sand,  from  0.024  mm.  long  by  0.032  mm.  broad;  with  the 
mouth  0.016  mm.  wide,  to  0.108  mm.  long,  0.12  mm.  broad;  with  the  mouth 
0.06  mm.  wide.  Largest  specimens,  of  sand  grains,  0.26  mm.  long,  0.184 
mm.  broad,  with  the  mouth  0.08  mm.  wide. 

Localities. — In  the  ooze  of  ditches  and  ponds  frequent,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Maine,  Rhode  Island,  Connec- 
ticut, Florida,  Alabama,  Nova  Scotia,  Utah,  and  near  Fort  Bridger  and 
in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory.  Small  forms  are  not  unfre- 
quent  on  moist  earth  in  bogs,  meadows,  and  even,  with  alga;  and  mosses,  in 
the  crevices  of  the  brick  pavements  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Dujardin,  in  1837,  described  a  species  with  the  name  of  Difflu^ia 
giobiilosa,  in  which  he  says  the  shell  is  corneous,  globular,  and  0.1  mm. 
long.  Of  the  accompanying  figures,  one  is  ovoid,  with  the  mouth  at  the 
narrower  end ;  the  other  is  represented  as  an  upper  view,  and  is  oval,  so 


GENUS  DIFFLUGIA— DIFFLUGIA  GLOBULOSA. 


97 


that,  if  strictly  coi'rect,  the  shell  would  be  compressed  ovoid.  Later,  he 
describes  the  shell  as  brown,  globular,  or  ovoid  and  smooth;  and  the 
accompanying  figure  is  circular  in  outHne,  with  pseudopods  directed  from 
one  pole. 

Ehrenberg,  in  1838,  described  an  oval  form,  the  shell  of  which  is 
composed  of  quartz-sand,  as  Difflugia  proteiformis,  and  attributes  this  name 
to  Lamarck.  To  the  same  he  refers  one  of  the  three  different  forms 
described  by  Leclerc  as  characteristic  of  the  genus  Difflugia.  Lamarck, 
however,  pplied  the  name  of  D.  proteiformis  to  all  the  forms  indicated  by 
Leclerc,  without  discrimination. 

Of  ti-9  three  different  forms  noticed  by  Leclerc,  one  is  readily  recog- 
nizable as  Difflugia  spiralis;  a  second,  as  D.  acuminata;  while  the  third, 
refeiTed  to  D.  proteiformis  by  Ehrenberg,  from  its  shape  would  appear 
rather  to  associate  itself  with  the  D.  pyriformis  of  Dr.  Perty. 

Dr.  Wallich  describes  a  more  or  less  globular  form,  the  shell  of  which 
is  composed  of  quartz-sand,  or  this  together  with  diatoms,  as  a  subspecies 
V  f  A  proteiformis,  with  the  name  of  D.  globularis.  This  name  he  attributes 
to  Dujardin,  evidently  in  mistake  for  that  of  D.  gldbuhsa. 

Difflugia  globulosa,  as  I  have  supposed  it  to  be,  is  not  uncommon  in  the 
ooze  of  ponds  and  ditches,  and  the  smallest  examples  are  frequent  among 
moss,  algae,  and  other  plants  in  damp  shaded  places. 

The  shell  varies  in  shape  from  oval  to  ovoid  and  subpyriform,  and  to 
spheroidal  and  oblate  spheroidal,  as  seen  in  figs.  25-31,  pi.  XV,  and  figs. 
1-24,  pi.  XVI.  The  oral  pole  of  the  shell  is  more  or  less  truncated, 
and  the  mouth  is  large,  circular,  entire,  inferior,  and  commonly  terminal. 
Mostly  it  forms  the  truncation  of  the  oral  pole,  but  sometimes  the  latter  is 
more  or  less  inflected,  and  the  mouth  becomes  elevated  above  the  level  of 
the  bottom  of  the  shell.  Less  frequently,  the  mouth  is  more  or  less  pro- 
jected, so  as  to  produce  a  short  neck  to  the  shell.  Oval  or  ovoid  varieties 
of  the  shell  merge  into  forms  which  may  be  regarded  as  pertaining  to 
Difflugia  pyriformis. 

Oblate  spheroidal  shells,  with  the  oral  pole  more  or  less  inflected  to 
the  mouth,  resemble  in  shape  the  shell  of  a  sea-urchin,  Echinus. 

In  structure,  the  shell,  as  usual  in  otlier  species  of  Difflugia,  is  com- 
posed of  particles  of  quartz-sand,  as  represented  in  most  of  the  figures 
above  indicated.     The  smallest  specimens  frequently  consist  of  chitinoid 

7  UHIZ 


.M' 


jiJ    -i 

u 


98 


niKSU  WATEU  RllIZ0l'01>S  OF  NOllTIl  A3IE111CA. 


Itl 


membrane  incorporated  with  variable  proportions  of  sand  grains,  as 
seen  in  figs  13-17,  pi.  XVI.  Specimens,  found  in  sphagnous  swamps, 
sometimes  consist  of  cliitinoid  mambrauo  incorporated  with  variable  pro- 
portions of  diatoms,  or  fragments  of  the  same,  with  sand  grains  and  other 
})article8  of  a  less  determinate  character,  as  represented  in  figs.  9,  10,  18, 
19,  pi.  XVI.  Specimens  are  also  found,  in  the  same  situations,  composed 
almost  entirely  of  diatoms,  as  represented  in  figs.  2 1 ,  22.  The  larger  shells 
oi  Difflugia  globuJosa,  composed  of  quartz-sand,  are  commonly  colorless, 
but  may  be  more  or  less  yellowish  or  1  rownish,  apparently  due  to  ferrugi- 
nous staining.  Occasionally  specimens  are  seen,  like  those  of  figs.  23,  24, 
in  which  the  cementing  material  of  the  sand  particles  exhibits  a  deeper 
stain  of  the  same  kind.  The  smallest  shells  are  more  commonly  of  a 
yellowish  hue. 

In  my  experience  it  has  occurred  to  meet  with  dead  shells  of  D. 
yJobulosa  more  frequently  than  with  living  specimens. 

The  sarcode  of  D.  (jlohuhsa,  independent  of  food  contents,  is  colorless. 

Difflufjia  ylobtdosa  through  intermediate  forms  merges  into  D.  pyriformis^ 
and  I  suspect  also  into  D.  hhostoma.  The  small  oblate-spheroidal  forms, 
with  inflected  base,  especially  when  mainly  composed  of  chitinoid  mem- 
brane, are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  Arcellas.  I  have  also  seen  speci- 
mens in  which  the  mouth  was  more  or  less  eccentric,  and  I  was  uncertain 
whether  to  refer'  them  to  the  species  under  consideration,  or  whether  to 
regard  them  as  pertaining  to  Diffluyia  constrkta,  or  the  spineless  form  of 
Centropyxis  acnleata. 

The  range  of  size  is  considerable.  The  smallest  specimens,  found 
among  moist  earth,  measured  about  0.036  mm.  long  by  0.03  mm.  broad, 
with  the  mouth  0.015  mm.  The  largest  specimens,  from  the  ooze  of  a  pond, 
measured  0.3  mm.  in  diameter,  with  the  mouth  O.IG  mm. 


DIFFLUGIA  PYRIFORMIS. 

PlatesX;  XI;  XII, figs.  1-18;  XV,  figs.  32,33;  XVI, fig.  38;  XIX, figs.  24-26. 

Difflugia.    hoclurc:  M<jm.  Mim.  Hisf.  Nut.  1815,  ii,  474,  pi.  17,  iig. 

Difflugia  pyrifonnin.    Pcrty :  Mitthcil.  Naturf.  Gt'soUs.  Item,  1848,  108;  Kcnnt.  klriiist.  Lobcnsformcn, 

1852,  187,  Tub.  :x.  Fig.  t>.— Pritfliura :  Hist,  lul'iisoria,  18()1,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  17.— Carter :  J\u. 

Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xii,  1803,  249;  xiii,  1804,  21,  ])].   i,  fig.  1.— Wallicli:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 

xiii,  lH(i4,  240,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  U,  10,  39,  40.— Khreubcrg:  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  Berliu,  1871,  264.— 

Leidy  :  IT.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  1874,  14,  79  ;  1877, 307. 
Difflugia  proMformis.    In  part  of  Lamarck  and  Ehronbcrg  ==  Lcclcrc's  figs.  2,  3,  pi.  17,  yi6m.  du  Mas. 

d'Hist.  Nat.  ii,  1815. 


GENUS  DIFFLUGIA-DIFFLUGIA  PYRIFOKMI8.  99 

Difflugia  —-t    Carter:  An.  Mag  Nat.  IliHt.  siii,  18(i4,  29,  ,,I.  i,  fig.  11. 

V,ffl.<,a,ro,^for.is,  aubsp.  V.  mUHfonMs,  var.  /.  ,„j,,JonnU.     WaUich  :  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  xiU,  1«M, 

m^Oia  -^-  ,^^^-  A„jM„g.  Nat.  „i«t.  xiii,  18C4,  '^,  „.  i,  «g«.  5.  C.-LoM,:  Proc.  Ac.  Nat. 

l).CoriiocUapyrifonms.    Ehr.uborg :  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871, 247. 
Difflugm  entoehlorh.    Louly  :  r.oe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1OT4,  79 ;  1^5  3OT 
Ihfflugia  va„.    Leidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874, 1C5;  1875  307 
imigia  nodosa,  var.  of  pyrifwmis.    Leidy  :  sco  following  Dagos 
Vtfflugia  cornuta,  var.  of  pyrifornm.    IbiUom. 

^        Shell  pyriform,  flask-shaped,  or  ovoid,  with  the  narrower  polo  prolonged 
into  a  neck  of  variable  length,  of  uniform  transverse  diameters,  or  more  or 
less  compressed;  fundus  obtusely  rounded  or  subacute,  or  more  or  less  ex- 
panded and  variably  produced  into  from  one  to  three  conical  processes;  neck 
gradually  and  evenly  narrowed  to  the  oral  end,  cylindroid,  sometimes  con- 
stricted;  mouth  mferior,  terminal,  circular,  cr  slightly  oval.     Structure  of 
the  shell  usually  of  angular  particles  of  quartz-sand,  sometimes  mingled 
with  diatoms;  less  frequently  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane,  with  vari- 
able proportions  of  diatoms  and  sand.      Sarcode  mostly  with  the  endo- 
sarc  bright  green,  from  the  presence  of  chlorophyl  grains,  but  often  color- 
less, except  as  modified  by  the  presence  of  food 

^^^.-Ranging  from  0.06  to  0.58  mm.  long,  0.04  to  0.24  mm.  broad ; 
mouth  0.016  to  0.12  mm.  Avide. 

ZocaK^y.-Everywhere  in  the  ooze  of  ponds,  ditches,  and  bo-s 
Observed  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
Florida,  Alabama,  Nova  Scotia,  Colorado,  Utah,  Fort  Bridger,  and  Uinta 
Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Variety  1.~D.  pyriformis ;  the  ordinary  characteristic  form,  with  the 
opposite  diameters  uniform.     See  pi.  X. 

Variety  2.-2).  compressa  ;  like  the  preceding,  but  more  or  less  com- 
pressed.    See  pi.  XI,  figs.  1-6 ;  pi.  XII,  figs.  10-16. 

Variety  3.~D.  nodos,. ;  usually  a  large  form  like  the  latter,  but  with 
the  fundus  variably  produced  into  from  one  to  three  eminences. 
See  pi.  XI,  figs.  7-22. 

Variety  4. -D.  cornuta;  pyriform,  with  the  fundus  provided  witli  one 
or  two  pointed  conical  processes.     See  pi.  XII,  fig.s.  17,  18. 

Variety  5.-Z).  vas;  like  the  ordinary  form,  but  with  the  neck  defined     ' 
from  the  body  by  a  constriction.     See  pi.  XII,  figs.  2-9. 


100 


Fi{i:an  WA'iKrt  riiizopods  of  north  amekica. 


Diffliiffia  pyril'ormis  is  one  of  the  most  common  Hpeclcs,  and  it 
presents  niacli  variety  of  shape  and  size. 

The  shell  is  ordinarily  flask-like  or  bsloon-form,  or,  as  indicated  by 
the  specilic  name,  pear-shaped,  with  an  oval  or  ovoid  body  more  or  less 
grauaally  prolonged  into  a  neck,  which  tapers  to  the  mouth  or  is  cylindroid, 
and  of  variable  proportionate  length.  Usually  the  shell  is  of  uniform 
diameters,  but  is  sometimes  more  or  less  compressed  so  as  to  be  wider  in 
one  direction.  Occasionally  specimens  occur  exhibiting  some  want  of 
bilateral  synmietry.  The  fundus  of  the  shell  is  mostly  regularly  rounded,' 
but  sometimes  is  more  or  less  subacute.  The  mouth  is  inferior,  terminal, 
and  circular  or  oval. 

Characteristic  specimens  of  the  ordinary  forms,  exhibiting  considerable 
variety  in  exact  shape,  size,  and  stmcture,  are  represented  in  pi.  X. 

Specimens  of  Difflugia  piriformis  of  the  ordinary  kinds  have  a  wide 
range  in  size.  Some  of  the  smallest  measure  only  the  ^th  of  an  inch, 
while  large  ones  reach  ten  times  that  length. 

Compressed  forms  of  D.  pyrifonnis,  constituting  what  I  have  viewed  as 
the  variety — and  agreeing  with  Mr.  Carter's  species — D.  comprcssa,  are 
ur frequent  compared  with  those  Avith  more  uniform  diameters.  Interme- 
diate conditions  occur,  showing  the  gradation  of  one  form  into  the  other. 
In  D.  compressa,  the  shelf  exhibits  variable  degrees  of  compression,  some- 
times comparatively  little,  at  othei-s  to  such  an  extent  that  the  shell  is  twice 
the  breadth  in  one  direction  that  it  is  in  the  other.  The  length  usually 
exceeds  the  greater  breadth,  but  rarely  the  latter  actually  exceeds  the 
former.  Specimens  exhibiting  various  degrees  of  relative  breadth  are 
represented  in  figs  10-16,  pi.  XII. 

The  size  of  compressed  specimens  I  have  found  to  range  as  follows : 
Length  j'^th  to  j^th  of  an  inch ;  greater  breadth  ji  th  to  ^J^th  of  an  inch ; 
lesser  breadth  .T^th  to  i^th  of  an  inch ;  with  the  oral  end  —th  to  jjjth  of  an 
inch  in  the  greater  width. 

A  striking  variety  of  D.  piriformis,  certainly  not  distinct  from  this  as  a 
species,  I  have  named  D.  nodosa.  It  is  not  an  unfrequent  associate  with 
the  more  ordinary  form,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  usually  large  size,  its 
more  or  less  compressed  form,  and  its  broad  xundus,  which  is  produced 
into  from  one  to  three  knobs  or  conical  eminences,  varying  greatly  in 
degree  of  development. 


i  i 


! !  ,   i 


GKNUa  DII'TLUGIA— DIFFLUOIA  PYRIFOUMIS. 


101 


111  the  suinnior  of  1874,  I  found  tliirf  vjirlety  in  oxtriionliniiry  piofiisioii 
in  Swurtliinoro  brick-pond,  and  all  the  specinions  of  \)\.  XI  were  deri  ,ed 
from  this  locality.  The  subHequent  two  Hoasons  I  could  find  none  of  the 
kind  in  the  Hnine  pond,  but  in  1877  it  again  appeared  in  moderate  quantity. 

When  first  discovered,  the  specimens  were  so  abundant  that  a  drop  of 
ooze,  in  which  the  animal  lived,  would  often  contain  several  dozen  indi- 
viduals. 

They  were  remarkable  for  their  largo  size,  and  the  bright  green  color 
and  activity  of  the  animal.  Notwithstanding  the  great  number  of  indi- 
viduals, scarcely  two  could  be  found  in  all  respects  alike.  The  general 
shape  was  that  of  the  ordinary  D  pijriformis,  usually  more  or  less  com- 
pressed ;  but  the  proportions  varied  considerably.  Commonly  the  breadth 
was  nearly  or  quite  double  in  one  direction  what  it  was  in  th(!  other;  but 
sometimes  the  ;ompression  was  trifling,  when  the  shell  presented  the 
ordinary  form  of  B.  pyriformis.  Commonly  the  greatest  breadth  occiqjied 
the  upper  third  or  fourth  of  the  shell. 

In  the  view  of  the  specimens  from  the  narrower  side,  the  shape  was 
pretty  uniformly  pyriform.  In  the  view  from  the  broader  side,  the  lateral 
border  varied  from  an  inclined  plane  to  a  concave  line,  while  the  fundus 
varied  exceedingly,  sometimes  from  evenly  convex  to  obtusely  angular; 
sometimes  from  horizontally  straight  to  concave ;  sometimes  with  a  single 
median  eminence,  a  pair  of  lateral  eminences,  or  a  transverse  row  of  three, 
and  all  variable  in  their  proportions.  Unsynnnetrical  form.s  also  occurred, 
in  which  the  knobs  or  eminences  on  one  side  of  the  shell  were  dispropor- 
tionately produced. 

The  size  of  the  knobby  specimens,  from  Swarthmore  pond,  ranged  as 
follows:  the  smallest  specimen  was  ;^d  of  an  inch  long;  1th  of  an  inch  in 
the  greater,  and  ith  of  an  inch  in  the  lesser  breadth.  A  large  specimen 
measured  ^th  of  an  inch  long ;  ^th  of  an  inch  in  the  greater,  and  j|gth  of 
an  inch  in  the  lesser  breadth,  with  the  oral  end  ~th  of  an  inch  wide. 

In  my  early  observations  on  the  variety  1).  nodoaa,  I  was  led  to  view 
it  as  a  species  distinct  from  D.  pyrifornus,  and  from  the  bright  green  color 
of  the  endosarc  I  named  it  I),  cntochlor't^. 

Another  variety  of  Difflityia  pyriformis,  which  I  fonnerly  supposed  to 
be  a  distinct  species,  I  named  Z>.  vus.  It  has  the  shape  of  the  more  charac- 
teristic specimens  of  1)  pyriformis,  but  has  the  neck  defined  from  the  body 


f' 


! 


[Jil: 


102 


rUE8II-\VATi;i{  IMII'-iOPODH  OF  NOUTII  AMKUICA. 


by  Ji  iiniTow  constriction,  as  Hcen  in  figs.  2-9,  pi.  XII.  I  think  there  can 
be  bnt  little  dolibt  that  this  variety  and  the  ordinary  more  familiar  form  of 
7>.  pi/rifonnis  merge  into  one  another ;  and  I  have  met  with  various  inter- 
mediate forms.     See  figs.  24-20,  jd.  XIX. 

The  specimens  vary  greatl}'  in  size,  and  this  is  also  the  case  in  the 
proportions  of  the  body  and  neck  of  the  shell.  Ordinarily  those  from 
Absecom  pond  range  from  ith  to  ith  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  smallest 
specimen  observed,  from  Swarthmore  brick-pond,  was  Jjth  of  an  inch  long 
and  ^^th  of  an  inch  broad.  The  largest  one,  from  Absecom  pond,  was 
gjth  of  an  inch  long  by  ^th  of  an  inch  broad. 

Still  another  variety  which  I  have  occasionally  seen  is  represented  in 
figs,  17,  18,  pi.  XII.  It  may  be  distinguished  as  D.  cornuta,  and  has  the 
characteristic  form  of  D.  pyriformls,  but  has  the  fundus  provided  with  one 
or  two  conical  spines.  This  variety  I  have  observed  to  approximate  by 
intermediate  forms  the  more  characteristic  ones  of  D.  acmuimita. 

The  shell  of  Bifflugia  pyriformis  is  commonly  composed  of  coarse, 
irregular  grains  of  hyaline  cpiartz-sand,  and  is  often  the  roughest  of  its 
kind;  though  sometimes,  considering  the  coarseness  of  the  materials,  the 
shell  is  wonderful  for  its  evenness.  The  shell  may  be  composed  altogether 
of  comparatively  large  stones,  or  it  may  bo  partly  constructed  of  these 
more  or  less  uniformly  distributed,  with  the  intervals  filled  in  with  smaller 
ones.  Sometimes  the  larger  stones  especially  occupy  the  fundus  or  the 
greater  part  of  the  body,  and  the  neck  is  composed  of  smaller  ones;  some- 
times the  arrangement  is  reversed,  and  sometimes  the  largest  stones  are 
aiTanged  contiguous  to  the  mouth.  Not  unfrequently  one  or  several  stones 
grefitly  exceed  the  others,  and  produce  conspicuous  imsymmetrical  projec- 
tions in  the  shell,  as  seen  in  figs.  6-9,  12-15,  pi.  X;  figs.  37,  38,  jil.  XVI. 

It  may  not  be  unworthy  of  remark,  that  the  coarsest  and  most  uneven 
specimens  are  found  together  in  association  with  the  smoothest,  in  the 
same  localities  and  apparently  under  the  same  circumstances. 

Less  frequently  the  shell  of  Ltffluyia  pyriformis  is  constructed  of  an 
intermixture  of  quartz-sand  sind  diatoms  in  varying  proportions,  usually 
the  former  ])redominating,  but  sometimes  the  latter.  Large  naviculas  are 
often  conspicuous  among  the  building  materials,  and  occasionally  spicules 
of  the  fresh-water  sponge  are  noticed  with  them.  Such  specimens  are 
represented  in  figs.  13,  1.5,  18—21,  pi.  X.     Sometimes  the  shell  of  D.  pyri- 


GENUS  DIFFLUGIA— DIFFLUOIA  PYTlIFORiMia. 


103 


Jhnnis  coiiHistH  of  chitinoid  iiiomhraiu',  colorless  or  Htraw-colorcd,  iiiitl 
haviiifjf  incorponitod  variablo  (luantitiort  of  dintomH  and  sand,  as  Hceii  in  fif?a. 
22-2G,  pi.  X.  Specimens  of  this  kind,  of  the  smallest  size,  occasionally 
met  with,  ar(>  remaikabh*  for  the  great  proportionate  size  of  the  adheriMit 
diatoms,  as  seen  in  fi<^-s.  22,  23,  remindin}^^  one  of  the  cases  of  the  basket- 
worm  ( 77//y//V/»j>/t'/v/x),  often  seen  suspended  from  the  branches  of  the  arbor- 
vitic  and  other  trees. 

Rarely  I  have  seen  a  Difthigia,  referable  to  7).  pi/rifonnis,  in  which 
the  shell  appeared  to  be  composed  of  chitinoid  mendirano  incorporf.ted 
with  tlocculent  black  matter,  ai)parently  from  the  sediment  of  the  locality 
in  which  the  creature  was  found.  Such  a  sj)ecimen  is  represented  in  fi{f. 
27,  pi.  X. 

The  shell  of  D. /»/>•//?>>•«( i.s,  in  ad  the  specimens  included  as  varieties 
under  the  names  of  D.  conqircssa,  7>.  nodosa,  J),  vas,  and  J),  conntla,  as  seen 
in  the  various  figures  of  these,  in  plates  XI  and  XII,  was  composed  exclu- 
sively of  angular  particles  of  quartz-sand.  Rare,  indeed,  is  it  to  see  a 
rounded  particle  of  quartz-sand  entering  into  the  construction  of  the  shell 
of  any  Difflugia ;  but  an  example  of  one  such  shell,  i)ertaining  to  I),  pjjri- 
forniiSy  exhibiting  several  rounded  sand  grains,  is  seen  in  fig.  IG,  pi.  X. 

The  interior  sarcode  of  Diffliu/ia  piriformis,  as  usual  in  the  genus  from 
the  nature  of  the  shell,  is  greatly  obscured  from  view.  Commonly,  the 
greater  portion  of  the  mass  occupying  the  body  of  Ihe  shell  is  of  a  bright 
green  color  due  to  the  presence  of  an  abundance  of  chlorophyl  granules, 
which  appear  to  be  an  intrinsic  element  of  structure  of  the  endosarc. 
Less  frequently  the  sarcode  appears  to  be  in  greater  part  or  even  entirely 
colorless,  except  that  the  central  portion  may  be  more  or  less  colored 
by  the  presence  of  food  contents. 

The  expressed  sarcode  of  7).  pyriformis  usually  exhibits  a  faintly 
granular  and  colorless  basis  mingled  with  variable  projjortions  of  bright 
green  chlorophyl  granules,  and  others  which  are  colorless ...  :l  darkly  defined 
and  resemble  starch.  Besides  these,  there  may  be  seen  a  large  and  clear  or 
faintly  granular  nucleus,  together  with  the  varied  constituents  of  the  food. 
In  individuals  with  uncolored  sarcode,  the  chlorophyl  granules  are  absent, 
and  such  also  appears  to  be  the  case  with  most  of  the  starch-like  granules. 
Sometimes,  in  the  bright  green  specimens,  the  expressed  nucleus  exhibits  a 
uniform  and  distinct   granular   appearance.      Mr.   Carter,   in  an   account 


'■■f    t: 


104 


KHEHH  WATKU  UIII/.UI'ODH  <)l<'  NOKTH  AMEIUOA. 


of  tho  Hlnicture  of  the  Harcodo  of  Diffliiffin  pifrlfonnis,  indiciitos  tw(»  dif- 
fcront  ('<»ii(liti<)iis  or  Htaj^eH  as  above  dt'sorihcd.  Tlio  cldoroj/liyl  j^ramiloH, 
wlicii  i)r('Hi!iit,  li(j  n'^funls  uh  part  of  tlio  Htructi'ro  of  tho  animal,  a.'  wixwh  ho 
UB  tho  Hamo  t'()h»rt'd  chiiiiout  iw,  in  tho  grocn  frcHh-water  polyp  {Ifi/dia 
viri(li.s).  C'oh)rles8  ^ranuloH,  in  aHHOciation  with  tho  groeii  ones,  ho  dctor- 
niiiiod  to  be  of  tho  nnturo  of  starch  and  these  ho  also  regards  as  j)art  of 
the  structure  of  tho  animal.  In  the  colorless  stage  of  llie  hitter  ho  further 
intimates  the  absence  of  tho  chlorophyl  and  a  diminution  in  the  quantity 
of  the  starch.* 

According  to  the  sumo  able  investigator,  the  green  condition  of  tho 
sarcode  is  associated  with  greater  activity  of  the  animal,  and  is  especially 
conunon  in  tho  spring  season;  while  the  colorless  condition,  indicative  of 
more  passive  habit,  occurs  in  autiunn.  The  changes  in  color  ho  supi)ose8 
to  be  connected  with  changes  in  tho  nucleus,  and  to  bo  related  with  the 
reproductive  process. 

Tho  Swarthmore  specimens,  above  mentioned,  found  in  such  profusion 
in  the  sunniier  of  1874,  were  all  possessed  of  a  bright  green  endosarc,  and 
were  in  tho  most  active  condition.  Neither  before  nor  since  have  I  met 
with  any  form  of  Difflugia  which  exhibited  more  lively  movements,  and 
such  varied  changes  in  the  appearance  of  tho  pseudopods.  Extreme 
extension  of  tho  latter  was  accompanied  by  an  influx  of  more  or  less  of  tho 
endosarc  with  chlorophyl  and  starch-like  granules.  Of  the  many  changes 
presented  by  the  pseudopods,  examples  are  given  in  the  figures  of  pi.  XI. 

While  it  has  occurred  to  me  to  see  multitudes  of  Difflu(jia  pijriformis  in 
all  its  varieties  of  tlio  ordinary  form,  and  of  D.  compressa,  D.  nodosa,  and  D. 
vas,  with  the  sarcode  in  a  bright  green  condition,  at  all  temperate  seasons 
of  the  year,  I  have  also  observed  them  in  the  colorless  condition  in  variable, 
but  comparatively  small,  proportion,  at  tho  same  times  and  in  the  same 
localities.  The  animal  is  also  to  bo  seen  of  every  grade,  from  that  ii  >vhich 
the  body  of  tho  shell  appears  in  greater  part  to  be  occupied  by  p,  bright 
green  endosarc,  to  that  in  which  all  color  is  absent  except  what  is  duo  to 
the  presence  of  food.  Commonly,  when  tho  bright  green  specimens  of  D. 
pyriformis  are  abundant,  tho  uncolored  ones  are  comparatively  few.  I  have 
furtlier  observed  bright  green  sjjecimens  of  D.  pyriformis,  in  which  tho  sar- 
code was  not  only  in  a  passive  condition,  but  was  contracted  into  a  central 

*  AuiiuIh  nml  Muguiiiuu  ut  Nnturul  llibtory,  xii,  1S0:I,  24'J. 


GENUS  DIFFLUOIA— DIFFLUUIA  PYltiFOllMIS. 


105 


! 


ball  occupyiiip^  tlio  body  of  tho  Hholl.  Not  unfroquontly  specimcs  appear 
as  if  tlu)  color  of  tho  mircodo,  an  it  is  ordinarily  Hoon,  had  undergoiio  a  chango 
into  a  yollowish  or  brownish  hue. 

DiJUluijia  pf/rifunnis  was  first  described  with  this  name  by  Pcrty,*  from 
specimens  collected  in  Switzerland.  Two  of  tho  figures  accompanying 
Loclorc's  original  description  of  tho  charactei*s  of  tho  genus  Diithigia  appear 
to  belong  to  tho  same.f  These  figures  Ehrenbergt  refers  to  his  own  D. 
protciformis,  attributing  tho  nanio  to  Lamarck, §  who,  however,  applied  it 
without  discrimination  to  all  tho  forms,  comprising  throe  distinct  ones,  de- 
scribed by  liOclerc  as  representing  tho  genus.  Khrenberg's  figures  imd 
description  of  7).  j)rotciformis,\[  as  I  have  before  intimated,  ap[)ear  rather 
to  apply  to  tho  I),  glohulosa  of  Dujardin.lT  EhronLerg  remarks  of  D. 
oblonf/n,  described  and  figured  in  tho  'Infusionsthierchen'  as  a  form  with  a 
purely  chitinoid  shell,  that  if  it  is  tho  same  as  tho  I),  pijrijhrnm,  of  Porty, 
deprived  of  its  incrusting  material,  as  mtinuitod  by  Claparedo  and  Laidi- 
mann,  tho  latter  name  should  bo  disused.**  This  would  be  just,  if  wo  coidd 
be  positive  of  tho  relation  of  D.  ohlonga  with  D.  jyyriformis ;  but  in  its  shape 
it  appears  rather  to  bo  related  with  D.  acuminata  without  its  point.  Carterft 
and  WallichJt  describe  Difflugia  pyriformis  as  occurring  both  in  England 
and  India.  Tho  latter  author  refers  tho  more  ordinary  form,  as  a  variety, 
to  a  subspecies  which  ho  names  D.  mitriformis.  Figures  of  tho  latter,  with 
one  or  two  points  to  tho  fundus,  he  refers  to  D.  acuminata  aa  another  variety 
of  I).  mitriformis.§§ 

Lang  describes  a  form  under  the  name  of  D.  triangulata,  the  figures  of 
which  remind  me  of  tho  knobby  variety  of  D.  pyriformis.  The  shell  is 
described  as  triangular,  flat,  membranous,  and  reticulatod.|||| 

Difflugia  pyriformis  by  gradual  transition  merges  into  D.  glohulosa,  T>. 
acuminata,  etc. 

*  Keunt.  kleinst.  Loboneformon,  187. 

tMdm.  MtiH.  Hist.  Nat  ii,  1815,  pi.  17,  iigti.  -i,i. 

X  Infuniunsthiorchon,  131. 

$  Aiiiiimax  sans  Vortfebrcs. 

II  Infusionstihiorohnn,  Taf.  ix,  Fig.  i. 

UAii.  Sc.  Nat.  1837,  viii,  311,  pi.  ix,  fig.  1;  Hist.  Not.  Infusoires,  248,  pi.  11,  flg.  6. 

"•Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,256. 

ttAn.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xii,  1803, 249. 

n  Ibid,  xiii,  18«4,  240. 

U  Ibid.  pi.  xvi,  iigs.  7,  8,  12  6.  - 

nil  Quart.  Jour.  Mic.  Sc.  v,  18(55,  285. 


106 


FUKSIl  WATI'Mt  1{HI/.()IH)1>S  OF  NOKTIl  AiMKUIOA. 


1)1  KFKUC,  1 A  UltCKOLATA. 

I'lMKS  XIV  ;  XVI,  li^s.  ;«-;i4;  XIX,  I\k»,  '.'f<,  «>. 

IHfiu^iit  itntvUthi.     ('lutin-:  An.  Mag.  Ni»t.  Uixt.  \iii,  ItMH,  VW,  ;t7,  |i|.  i.  i\^.  7-  J.oUly  :  Vr.  Ao.  Nut,  So. 

I>'77,:M>7. 
lUfiluifm  luiiriiijWmis.     Wiillii  h :  An,  Mag,  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  l(*(M,  a-tO,  i«l.  \vi,  lij;».  15,  Hi.— Lciily  ;  I'r.  Ao. 

^l>t.  So.  IS74,  II 
/ii,(WM;/iii  j  iM/ii/'niHii.'t,  Milis|«'('H'n  i».  iHi(i'(/iiriMn<,  v»r.  /I.  /wj/fHt/'oriHis.     Wikllii'h  ;  Ibltl. 
/>i(tfH,i/iii  iiNtfiAoiii.     l.fiil.v  :  I'ltK',  .\i>.  Nut.  So,  Ifl4,7l>. 
IHflmji,.  otlii.     l.oUly:  V.w,  Ao,  Nat.  iSo.  lf<74,  VA\;  1877. ;!07, 

81u'l-  aiuplioni-foi'iu ;  liody  splu'ioiil,  tvvoitl,  or  ovato,  with  tho  fundus 
obtusoly  ami  ovouly  rouudod,  »>r  mow  di-  Kvss  ut'uto,  or  aoumiimto,  and 
raroly  t"iunisln<d  with  stnoral  usually  Iduut  spiuivs;  ut-rk  short,  moro  or  h>s.>< 
.outractod  ;  mouth  lar<it>,  i-irruiar,  t»>nuin!d,  with  or  without  a  rim  of  varia- 
blo  brt>adti\,  usually  rolh'ctod  auil  H'ruiinatin<4'  iu  a  thin  tlolicato  odyv,  Stnu:- 
turo  of  tho  sholl  ounmouly  o(  hyaliut'  tiuart/.-.sau»l  ;  r;Mi'ly  ol'  rhitiuoid 
nu'ud)rauo  with  variahlo  j)rt>|iortious  of  diattims  and  saiid,  iSavvoilo  ».'olur- 
h'ss;  psoudtipod*-  uiai'.y,  di>;itatt>,  siuiph*.  and  hr.nu'hinjj;. 

SUe. — 0(  tho  sphoroitl  forms,  from  i\lS  imiu,  to  0.\[  nun  \o\v^  hv  0  14 
nun.  to  'l.'tS  nun,  l>n>ad ;  of  tho  ovoid  forms,  0,'2  nun,  \o  (V.">"J  nun.  lout-'  by 
0.  H  mm,  to  O.'Mi  nun.  broad, 

l.octtliti/. — nitflu's  ami  i).>nds  in  tho  viviui.yof  I'hiladolphia  ;  ponds  of 
sphajiuous  swamps  in  Now  ,lorsoy  ;  pools  atul  pontls  at  Fo.t  Hridj^vr,  on 
Ihidj^or  Ihitto,  and  in  tho  I'iiita  Mountains,  to  an  olovation  of  10,000 
IWt,  Wyomiufi-  'l\>rritory, 

UilMiit;ia  iirorolata  was  orij^iualiy  dosrribod  by  Mr,  (^artor  lVon» 
spocimons  I'ound  iu  Kn<;land.  It  is  roprost>ntt>d  as  of  oval  form,  slij^htly 
proK>n*iod  to  t\>rm  a  .sluvt  nook,  and  with  a  rim  sliji^htly  rolloototl,  lt8  sizo 
is  statod  at,Jjd  of  an  inch  in  lon>jth  and  Jjl  *>f  an  inoh  iu  broadth, 

Tho  spi-r". -s  was  dosi-ribod  tho  sauu>  yoar  l»y  l)r.  Wallich,  likowiso  frtHU 
spooin\ons  fouiul  in  Kn<ilaud,  undor  tho  uamo  of  Ihjffiii/ia  huicni/ontiis.  It 
is  roprosontod  of  oval  form,  with  a  short  oontrartod  mrk  and  a  strongly 
ri'llortod  lip 

l)i(/liiili(i  uraaldtd  is  tho  lar},'ost  sporios  of  tlu>  j^oiuis,  and  is  oommon  in 
tlio  t>o/.»>  of  ditt'hos  travorsinji'  tho  nu-adows  bolow  tho  oity  of  IMiilattolphia, 
anil  i'ou\u>unicatin<;'  with  tho  Uolawart"  and  Sohuylkill  Kivors.  It  is  also 
frotpu'ut  in  tho  ponds  of  .sphaj^noua  swamps,  such  as  thoso  of  Atco,  and 


\Li 


I 


OKNUS  imi'Lr(5IA-l>lKl''ia'(IlA  1'1{('K()1.AT.\. 


im 


Ahson.in,  and  Uk*'  llatannvanu.,.  N.-w  .lrm>y;  aiul  T  also  foiuul  it  almn- 
•lantlv  In  ponds  of  tl.o  rintu  .Mon.-tains,  Wyoming  'IVnito.y. 

Ordinarily  ti.o  slu  II  of  l)i(/l„,,ia  uurohh,  stnkin-Iv'.vsond.K-s  iho 
annont  IJou.au  an.pl.ora.  Tl.o  bo,iy  ..f  tlu>  sl.oU  varii's'lVon.  a  ..lobular 
«lmpo  to  H  n.oro  or  loss  ovoid  tonn.  Tl.o  nppor  oxtronutv.  or  fundus,  is 
obtusoly  ronnd<>d  or  ,noro  or  loss  acnto,  and  son.etin.os  it  is  rouniK-d  and 
niokv  or  K>ss  aouniinato 

Tho  nt-ok  is  a  short  and  sliol.t  ryliudrical  c.nsuirtit.u  from  tl.o  body. 
Iho  month  is  larooaud  ciirular,  and  frotpu-ntlv  irunn.li-s  tl.o  nook ;  but, 
mostly,  it  is  sunoundod  by  a  lip  of  variable  broa.lth.  usuallv  u.oro  or 
I088  i-ellootod,  an.l  tormiuatod  by  a  thin  dolirato  o.loo.  So.notin.os  tl.o  nook 
is  n.oro  or  loss  ovortotl,  and  torminatos  at  tl.o  n.onth  withi.ut  oxtondi....-  in  a 
ohv.dar  lip  or  rin..      PI.  XIV,  fios.  t-S  ;  p|.  Wl.  jio,,.  .$;{,  at. 

Tl.o  si/.o  of  tl.o  sphoi-oidal  fonns  ,>f  /).  tmrohitu  i-annos  f,-,un  about  tl.t» 
,:„th  to  tl.o  .,'„th  of  an  i.ioh  in  ,lian,(>tor;  tl.o  ,»void  fonus  n.oasuro  from  tl.o 
4tli  to  tho  jljth  of  a.,  i.id.  i..  loni..th. 

In  tl.o  p,..uls  of  spimo-.ums  swan.ps  of  Now  Jom\v,  a  varioty  of  />. 
mnvhUt  is  oo.nuio...  i..  assooiatiou  with  il.o  mo.-o  .>rdina."v  fonus,  ii,  whioh 
tho  fun.b.s  of  tl.o  sl.oll  ■■;  p.-oviih-d  with  usually  f.on.  th.oo  to  half  a  ,h./.on 
nipplo-shapi-d  spiuos.  This  oonstit.itos  tl.o  varioty  I  ((u-...o,-ly  uan.o.l  I). 
olla.  Tl.o  sl.t-ll  is  oomuau.ly  of  tho  sl.apo  ,>f  tl.o'  sphoi-oidal' fo.-n.  ,.f  J). 
mrt'olata  Tho  sph.os  a.v  na>stly  blunt.  a..d  ofto..  to.'...iu«to  in  a  siuj.lo 
8tono  tlako  of  ^..-oator  wi.lth  than  tl.o  spino  at  its  point  of  attaohu.ont. 
Tl.oy  a.-(<  ar.-a..j.od  i..  a  oi.rlo.  n.oro  or  loss  roj-'ula.-,  a.o.md  tho  fundus, 
usually  .u.aooo.npa..it.,l  by  a  oo..t.-al  spino.  thouoh  oooa»io..allv  also  tl.»-ro 
is  ono  \n  this  position  Thoy  an*  u.ostly  sl.o.-tor,  h«ss  «ont»s  a..(i  loss  oooon- 
trio  than  tl.o  oiu.ioal  spiuos  in  a  similar  position  i.i  D  corom. 

Examples  of  tin*  varioty  namod  I),  ollu  aro  n»prost>ntod  in  liy**.  10-ia, 
pi.  Xl\' ;  Ho-.  ',]'>,  pi.  X\  1  ;  and  (i}rs.  2H,  2!l,  jd.  XIX. 

Tl.t»  sholl  of  mj/lium  tmroiatn  is  o(»mposod.  as  is  {.-omM-allv  tho  oaso  in 
oti.or  spooios  of  tho  yonus,  of  .-oloiloss  a..j.n.lar  partiolos  of' ,p,art/.-sa..d, 
n.oslly  of  la,-jror  onos  .soattorod  with  son.t*  appoaranoo  of  rooularity,  wl.ilo 
tho  intorvals  a.-o  oooupiod  with  sn.alU>r  ,..,os.  'I'ho  snrfaou  of  tho  sludl. 
thou-h  ofto..  unovon,  is  loss  so  oou.mo..ly  than  i..  .somo  ,.f  tho  s..,alIo.' 
spooios  of  Ditllugia.     Fro,|uontIy  huj-or  stoaoa  ucostpy  tl.t.  nook  ..f  tl.o  sholl, 


I 


108 


FlJKSIl  AVATKK  IJlIlZOrODS  OF  KOliTD  AMEKICA. 


but  passing  thence  tliey  gradually  become  smaller  approaching  the  edge 
of  the  rim  or  reflected  lip. 

Only  in  the  variety  with  spines  to  the  fundus,  previously  indicated  as 
D.  olla,  from  the  spiiagnous  ponds  of  New  Jersey,  have  I  seen  a  few  speci- 
mens in  which  tlio  shell  was  composed  of  colorless  chitinoid  membrane, 
incorporated  with  diatoms  and  fine  sand  grains,  as  seen  in  fig.  29,  pi,  XIX. 

The  interior  sarcode  of  D.  urccolata,  in  all  its  variety  of  forms  and  in 
all  seasons,  I  have  found  to  be  colorless,  independently  of  the  hues  given 
to  the  central  portion  of  the  endosarc  by  the  varied  nature  of  the  food. 
The  pseudopods  are  ordinarily  from  two  or  three  to  half  a  dozen,  and  of 
the  usual  simple  digitate  kind. 

Bifflngia  urccolata  by  transitional  forms  merges  into  D.  acuminata. 

DIFFLUGIA  CRATERA. 

Platkb  XII,  figs.  19-!il ;  XVI,  fig.  35. 
Ihffliigia  rratiia.     I.cidy:  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1877,  307. 

Shell  goblet-shape,  with  oval  or  spheroidal  bodj'^  and  wide  cylindroid 
neck;  fundus  obtuse;  mouth  terminal,  large,  circular,  truncating  the  neck, 
or  with  a  reflected  rim.  Composed  of  colorless  chitinoid  membrane,  incor- 
porated with  minute  particles  of  sand  and  dirt. 

<S/*<'.— Length  0.056  mm.  to  0.0G6  mm.;  breadth  of  body  0.036  mm. 
to  0.042  mm.;  breadth  of  neck  0.028  mm.  to  0.03G  mm. 

LocalUy. — Among  Ccratrphyllum  and  other  aquatic  plants.  Canal  at 
Bristol,  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania;  Buffalo,  New  York. 

Difflngia  cratera  is  one  of  the  smallest  species  of  the  genus,  and, 
though  apj)arently  rare,  may  be  common  enough,  but  have  escaped  frequent 
observation  from  its  dimiiuitive  size.  I  first  found  it  among  hornwort,  col- 
lected in  the  canal  at  Bristol,  Pa.,  August,  1876,  and  noticed  about  a  dozen 
individuals.  I  have  since  met  with  it  recently,  August,  1878,  in  some 
sediment  from  the  water-supply  of  Buffalo,  New  York.  The  sediment 
sent  to  me,  on  a  glass  slip,  for  examination,  consisted  mainly  of  the 
curious  four-spined  infusorian,  Ccratmm  longicorne,  and  with  it  I  detected 
two  individuals  of  Difflugia  cratera.  All  the  specimens  observed  appeared 
to  be  empty  shells,  though  it  is  not  improbable  some  of  them  may  have 
contained  the  living  sarcode,  which,  being  contracted  and  transparent, 
escaped  notice. 


ORNUS  raFn,UOrA_DIFFI,UOrA  CRATEKA.  109 

fron,  B,  ff,.I„,  ,„  «oc,„„„„  „i.|,  Cerali,.,,,  ,^,^,»,„,,  i  „^,„^  „  „„„,,^_. 
of  spocimons  of  tlio  samo  littlo  Difflugia. 

rosnelt'""  "t'"',T""°"'  "'  ''*'"''  '■™"'™  ™™''  I'"'  ''"s''"y  -  ""y 
rospoc.     Iho  »l,»ll,  „,  „pr.«,„,ed  i„  fig,.  ,9,  20,  pi.  XII,  wa»  goblet- 

A.pod,  „„I,  .ho  body  and  nock  of  noa,ly  oqnal  long.,.     The  body  nvl 

ongor  ,l,an  ,bo  nock,  wa.  ovoid,  „i,h  «,„  na,J„„r  polo  fo™i     '  ho 

fundus  of  .he  .holl.      The  neck  was  wide,  oylindroid,' and  T.^  ,v    , 

pandod  approaching  .he  „,o„.h,  which  wa,  hu-ge,  ci.c,d„,  and  .e™iL 

11.0  Buffalo  »pecnnons  differed  conmderably  fion,  ,ho  former,  a»  well 

«s  a„,ong  themselves,  as  seen  in  fig.  21,  pi.  XII,  and  fig.  8r,,  pi  XVI     The 

ut'T  ""'/'"•"'^■■;™  """■»  or  less  obla.oly  spheroidal,  and  .ho 
latter  longer  or  sh„r.er  than  .ho  body,  and  expanded  in  variabk  degree, 
approfichmg'  the  mouth.  "^ferees 

In  all  the  specimons,  from  both  localities,  the  shell  was  composed  of 
orless  cl„t„.0K  membrane,  which  exhibited  a  minutely  wrinkled  appea- 
anc  ,  and  sparsely  scattered  over  the  surface  there  were  a  few  mLu  e 
sand  grams  and  fine  particles  of  dirt. 

■        The  Bristol  specimens  measured  about  0.056  mm.  in  length  ;  the  Buf- 
falo specnnens  ranged  from  0,0G6  mm  to  0.0 <  2  mm.  in  length 

Smce  the  above  was  written,  it  has  occurred  to  me  that  the  minute 
hell,  referred  to  D>fflu,ia  cratera,  may   perhaps  pertain  to  a  species  of 
ciliated  mfusonan,  of  the  genus  Tintinnus. 

DIFFLUGIA  ACUMINATA. 

Plate  XIII. 
m>'ma.    Leclcrc :  M<5m.  Mu8.  HiBt.  Nat.  ii,  1815, 474,  ,,1.  17  fi.r  r, 

J.el„.„sform„„,  185a,  W.-LH.Iy :  I'    A.  N.^   S  •'  [JisJl^i  ni.-V.riy :  Konnt.  klcinst. 

pl.  i,  fiK.  17.  ''"•  ^^•'>  '^^*'  '"".  ^^^>  ^e,  "uonniinated  variety," 

imiigia prolcifomm,  var.  aeummattt.     Wullicl,-  Am   M„„   v  ,    „.  ,      . 
IMffluoia ?    c,H,r:  An.  Ma«.  Na     Ixfi    ,  J7,.f "  "  "f  ";-  '"^'^  "•'=''  l"--.««-  ^^■ 

lH.i4,  240,  ,,I.  Lvi,  il,r„.  ;;";7""""''  ^'"-  ^'^  «"'"""«'«.    WalUcl.:  Au.  Mag.  Nat.  Hmt.  xiii, 
7>.  Corlieella  acuminata.    Ehn-nbors  :  AI,I>.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  IWl,  247. 

Shell  amphora-form  or  oblong  oval,  pyriform,  or  cylindroid  with  the 
upper  part  more  or  less  inflated;  fundus  acute,  ;cumiLe,  or  p:,!:;!: 


\\ 


i 


I 


110 


FRESH  WATER  RRIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


into  n  nipple-sliaped  process,  rarely  with  two  or  three  points ;  neck  long, 
short,  or  none;  month  largo,  terminal,  circular;  lip  usually  straight.  Com- 
posed of  angular  quartz-sand,  sometimes  with  intermingled  diatoms,  rarely 
of  the  latter  altogether,  sometimes  of  chitinoid  membrane  with  scattered 
sand  and  diatoms.     Sarcode  ccdorless ;  2)seudopods  as  usual  in  the  genus. 

Size. — Smallest  specimens  with  shell  of  sand  were  0.1  mm.  long, 
0.048  mm.  broad,  and  U.032  mm.  wide  at  the  mouth:  large  pj-riform 
specimens  of  sand,  0.4  mm.  long,  0.184  mm.  broad,  and  0.0G4  wide  at  the 
mouth;  largest  cylindroid  ones  of  stones,  0.520  mm.  long,  0.12  mm.  broad, 
and  0.1  mm.  wide  at  the  mouth.  Smallest  specimens  with  the  shell  of 
diatoms  measured  about  0.084  mm.  long,  0.036  mm.  broad,  and  0.024  mm. 
at  the  mouth. 

LocaUtji. — Ditches  nctar  Philadelphia,  Swarthmore  pond.  Darby  pond, 
Penn.sylvania ;  Absecom  pond,  and  ponds  of  Atco,  Kirkwood,  and  other 
sj)hagnous  swamps  of  New  Jersey ;  ponds  at  Fort  Bridger  and  Uinta 
Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory.  Franco,  Leclerc ;  Berlin,  Ehrenberg; 
Switzerland,  Perty ;  England,  Carter  and  Wallich. 

The  shell  of  Oiffliig^ia  acuminata  in  shape  is  like  an  ancient  lioman 
amphora,  or  is  oblong  oval,  gradually  narrowing  toward  the  oral  extrem- 
ity, and  acute  or  tapering  at  the  summit ;  or  it  is  pyriform,  with  the  fundus 
in  the  latter  condition ;  or  it  is  cylindroid,  more  or  less  inflated  above,  and 
tapering  at  the  fundus.  See  pi.  XIII.  The  mouth  is  terminal,  circular, 
and  large,  with  the  lip  straight  or  slightly  contracted  and  rarely  slightly 
everted.  In  one  instance  only,  as  soon  in  fig.  12,  have  I  seen  it  surrounded 
by  a  projecting  rim.  The  shell  either  narrows  from  the  body  gradually 
and  regularly  to  the  mouth,  or  more  or  less  abruptly,  forming  a  neck  of 
vai'iable  length,  sometimes  short,  somotiino.s  long,  and  of  every  interme- 
diate degree.  The  longer-necked  varieties  present  v..-:  with  the  pyriform 
and  drop-tube-like  shells. 

The  fundus  of  the  shell  presents  various  degrees  of  acuteness,  passing 
into  a  more  or  less  acuminate  condition  or  ])rolonged  into  a  nipple-like  pro- 
cess, which  may  be  short  and  thick,  or  long  and  narrow.  The  process  is 
usually  straight,  but  is  often  bent  to  one  side,  and  sometimes  occupies 
a  ])osition  unsynnuetrically  to  one  side.  Karely  there  are  two  or  three 
processes  to  the  fundus,  as  seen  in  iigs.  25-2!),  pi.  XTI. 

The  amphora-like  specimens  of  D'ifflugia  acuminata  graduate 


gn 


\ 


GENUS  DIFPrjTOIA-Dirr'LUGrA  ACUMINATA.  m 

urceolata,  and  the  pyriform  varieties  into  D.  p>,nfon>m,  while  tlie  drop- 
tube-hke  forms  are  the  most  peculiar  or  characteristic. 

The  .shell  of  Diffluffia  ucmmmita  is  ordinarily  composed  of  clear  cpiartz- 
sand,  as  in  B.  pynjhrmls.     Occasionally  I  have  seen  particles  of  garnet 
nnnglta  with  the  former,  as  represented  in  figs.  14,  If,,  pi.  XITI.     Some- 
tmies  tl-e  qnartz-sand  is  mingled  with  variable  proportions  of  diatoms 
^        Not  nnfrequontly  the  shell  is  composed  of  colorless  chitinoid  membrane 
incorporated  with  quartz-sand  alone  or  with  this  and  intermingled  diatoms 
In  this  kind  usually  the  grains  of  sand  are  closely  placed  in  juxtaposition  at 
and  near  the  mouth  of  the  shell,  but  are  elsewnere  scattered  and  separated 
by  wide  intervals.     In  some  cas3s,  the  shell  is  more  or  less  covered  with 
large  diaton.s,  generally  adherent  in  the  length,  and  diverging  upward 
beyond  the  boundary  of  the  shell,  us  seen  in  figs.  21,  22. 

Certain  specimens  found  among  sphagnun.  consisted  entirely  of  dia- 
toms, as  seen  in  figs  23-26,  in  n,ost  cases  (which  is  unusual)  still  retaining 
portions  of  the  endochrome. 

The  sarcode  of  Dlfflugia  acuminata  is  colorless,  excepting  the  usual 
coloring  in  the  endosarc  dependent  on  the  presence  of  food,  though  I 
have  met  with  an  individual,  as  seen  in  fig.  15,  in  which  the  ondosarc^was 
bright  green.  In  this  case  the  color  may  have  been  due  to  the  food,  as 
the  specimen  was  obtained  from  among  an  abundance  of  green  algaj. '  It 
should  be  mentioned,  however,  in  this  relation,  that  most  of  the  specimens 
from  which  drawings  were  made  were  empty  shells,  chosen  on  account  of 
their  comparative  translucency  and  distinctness  of  structure. 

The  range  of  size  of  Bifflugh  aanninata  is  considerable.  The  smallest 
ones  observed  are  those  composed  of  diatoms,  from  sphagnum.  These  are 
about  the  ^th  of  an  inch  in  length  by  the  J.tli  of  an  inch  in  breadth 

One  of  tho  smallest  amplura-Iike  shells,  composed  of  sand,  measured 
the  ^th  of  an  inch  long  by  the  ,l,th  of  an  inch  broad.  One  of  the  large-st 
amphora-like  shells,  composed  of  sand,  measured  the  ith  of  an  inch  long 
by  the  jlth  of  an  in(  h  broad ;  and  one  of  the  largest  pyriform  shells  had 
nearly  tho  same  measurement.  The  largest  drop-tube-like  shell  measured 
nearly  the  ith  of  an  inch  long  by  the  ith  of  an  inch  in  breadth. 

Dlffli,r,ia  acuminata  is  one  of  the  commonest  of  the  genus,  and  is  found 
almost  everywhere  with  other  familiar  kinds  of  DitHugia.  It  is  one  of 
the  three  forms  originally  indicated  and  figured  by  Leclerc  as  character- 


w^^g^mgB/mt 


112 


FRESH  WATEE  RHIZOPODS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


istic  of  the  genus.  It  was  described  and  figured  by  Ehrenberg  in  the 
'Infusionsthierchon,'  and  was  first  specifically  namod  by  him.  It  was  also 
figured  and  described  under  the  same  name  by  Perty,  and  subsequently 
likewise  by  Carter  and  Wallich. 

Perty  represents  a  specimen  in  which  the  shell  appears  to  be  composed 
of  chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with  scattered  quartz  grains.  He 
also  figures  and  describes  another  under  the  name  of  Difflugia  hacillariarum, 
which  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  D.  acuminata  in  which  the  shell  is  com- 
posed of  diatoms. 

DIFFLUGIA  LOBOSTOMA. 

Plate  XV,  flgs.  1-24  f  XVI,  flgs.  25-29. 

Difflugia proteifornm.     Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xviii,  1856,  128. 

Difflugia  friciiDpis.    Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xviii,  1856,  221,  pi.  vii,  fig.  80. — Ehrenberg:  Ab.  Ak. 

Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  264. 
Difflugia  oblonga.    Frescnius:  Abb.  Senckoub.  Naturf.  Gcsells.  ii,  1856-8,  225,  Taf.  xii.  Fig.  43-45. 
D.  Exasnula  tricun^'i.     Ebrenberg:  Abb.  Ak.  Wissens.  Berlin,  1871,  246. 
Difflugia  loboatoma.     Leidy :  Pr.  Ae.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  1874,  79;    1877,  307. 
Difflugia  crt-nuiaia.     Leidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  1874,  79. 

Shell  ovoid,  oval,  or  nearly  spherical,  usually  composed  of  quartz- 
sand,  rarely  in  part  or  wholly  of  diatoms  or  of  chitinoid  membrane  with  a 
few  quartz  particles;  mouth  terminal,  usually  from  three-  to  six-lobed, 
occasionally  more;  fundus  obtusely  rounded.  Sarcode  colorless,  or  with 
the  endosarc  colored  green  from  the  presence  of  abundance  of  chlorophyl 
granules;  pseudopods  to  half  a  dozen  or  more,  and  exhibiting  the  usual 
shape  and  changes  as  in  other  species. 

Sue. — Ordinarily  about  0.12  mm.  long  and  0.1  mm.  broad,  with  the 
mouth  0.032  mm.  wide.  Ranging  from  0.08  mm.  long  by  0.06  mm.  broad, 
with  the  mouth  0.024  mm.  wide,  to  0,14  mm.  long  by  0.128  mm.  broad,  with 
the  mouth  0.048  wide. 

Locality. — Ponds  and  ditches  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia;  Swarth- 
more  brick-pond,  and  ponds  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware  County;  Morris- 
ville  pond,  Berks  County;  ponds  in  vicinity  of  Eas^v^.i,  Northampton 
County,  Pennsylvania;  ponds  in  New  Jersey;  Spencer  pond,  Maine; 
vicinity  of  Jacksonville,  Florida;  Fort  Bridger  and  Uinta  Mountains, 
Wyoming  Territory.     Bombay,  Carter;  Germany,  Fresenius. 

Difflui^ia  lobodtoiiia  is  one  of  the  most  oominon  species,  and  may 
be  found  more  or  less  abundantly  in  the  ooze,  or  among  algae,  in  ponds  and 


IL 


OENDS  DIFFLUGlA-niFFLUOIA  LOBOSTOMA.  ]  13 

dM,e,  wl,™  other  kind,  occur.  A«  usually  observed,  it  is  ,ec„  lying  on 
he  ..de,  and  ,t  often  require,  pa.ien.  manipulation  .0  make  i.  turn  in  fuch 
a  way  as  ,0  obtam  a  view  of  the  mouth,,  on  tho  peculiar  character  of  which 
.  B  ,poc,fic  distinction  mainly  depends.  As  ordinarily  seen,  it  bears  so 
c  osc  a  resemblance  with  the  corresponding  views  of  l^^^i  JZ,2 
Bdescnbed  and  fig.«d  by  Ehrenbe-s,'  .hati.  may  not  only  be  idly 

bad  tin,  anunal   under  observation  when   he  described   D.  frolcifonnl 

n  renberg,  however,  make,  no  allusion  to  the  character  of  th!  moml    of 

he  latter,  and  subsequently,  in  referring  ,0  one  of  the  varieties  of  fl  l^ 

*«,  descnbed  by  Mr.  Carter,  first  as  D.  proMformis,  and  then,  from  the 

:  r.„7      °"  °'  ""  "°""''  "'  ^-  '~''*'»'  '-  "-  -'  -n  bin 
tu.it  the  latter  is  synonymous  with  his  D.  protdformis  t 

ap„lir«io"'""lt   °' **^'y  *':^~  «  exceedingly  indefinite  in  its 
t t        ^l         ]  "«"™'^  ""''  '^'^"'""^  ^y  Lee'erc  as  characteristic  of 

to  a  new  form,  and  ascribed  one  of  the  forms  represented  by  Lecler.  to 
tlio  same  species.  ||  Dr.  Wallich  uses  the  name  o(m«,ia  prLfor^s -^ 
mn  of  generic  ,ense,  and  regards  all  other  form,  of  the  genus  ordinarily 
recograzed  as  transitional  subspecies  and  varieties  f 

As  previously  intimated,  Mr.  Carter  applied  the  name  of  D.  proMJormis 
o  a  species  and  subsequently,  from  the  trilobate  fo™  of  the  mouth,  nled 

The  1„.,  Prof  Bailey,  of  We,t  Point,  New  York,  in  his  Microscopical 

rr:;r.h"sr;r.;r'' ""  '"'""■ """  - '-  "■»p"*">-form 

Ehrenbei-g's  description  of  a  ,„tei/ir»„-,  is  too  incomplete  to  deter- 
nne  whether  ,t  applies  to  what  I  Have  viewed  a,  the  D.  „.L,a  of  D^^:  . 

01  tJie  mouth,  D.  lobostoma.    I  wa,  led  to  reject  Mr.  Carter's  n-ime  of  n 

f!!f!f!fLf!!'!!!!?I^^^  if  rLcLe 

«   T_-  J»_  _      -  ...  T  ' 


•Infusionsthicrchen,  131,  Taf.  ix,  Fig  . 
t  Abli.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  238,  204. 
t  Auiiimux  saus  Verttbrea,  ii,  isic. 
}  Mdm.  Mu8.  Hint.  Nut.  t.  ii,  474,  pi.  17. 
8  KHIZ  _^ 


II  Infiisionsthicrchpii,  131. 

TAn.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  jtiii,  1804,  215. 

*»Ibi(l.  xviii,  1856,  128,221. 

tt  Smitbsou.  Contrib.  ii,  1850. 


114 


FRKSII  WATKll  KniZOPODS  OF  NOHTll  AMEllIOA. 


with  the  apeciea  all  the  vnrieties  in  which  the  imniber  of  cisps,  or  rather 
lobfis,  to  the  nioiith,  varies  fr->m  three  to'  half  a  dozen  or  mere.  A  variety 
of  the  Hanie  species,  with  a  five-lobed  mouth,  is  figured  and  described 
by  Fresenius,  and  referred  by  him  to  the  D.  ohlottya  of  Elirenberg.*  The 
reference  is,  however,  imi)robable,  for  Ehrenberg,  in  speaking  of  the  Difflti- 
{lia  tricHspls  of  Carter,  remarks  that  Fresenius  regards  it  as  I),  ublongu,  but 
adds  that  he  had  not  perceived  a  three-lobed  mouth  to  the  latter,t  from 
which  it  may  be  suspected  that  no  lobes  whatever  were  present,  as  a])pears 
to  be  the  case,  if  we  may  found  an  opiniou  on  the  figures  of  that  form  in 
the  '  Infnsionsthierchen.' 

The  shell  of  Dlffluyia  Ivhostama  is  conunonly  ovoid,  witli  the  mouth 
sitiuited  at  the  narrower  pole.  Less  frequently  it  is  oval  or  nearly  spherical, 
or  the  ovoidal  form  maj'  be  more  or  less  i)rolonged  at  the  narrower  j)ole,  so 
as  to  assume  a  sub-pyriform  shape.  The  mouth  may  truncate  the  shell,  or 
it  may  not  interfere  with  the  curvature  of  the  oral  pole,  or  this  may  more 
or  less  protrude  so  as  to  form  a  3hort  neck  or  rim. 

Usually  the  mouth  is  trilobed,  or  is  bordered  with  three  rounded  lobes 
or  sinuses  separated  by  angular  points,  and  resembles  the  trefoil  opening 
employed  in  architectural  decoration,  as  seen  in  figs.  1,  3,  pi.  XV.  The 
number  of  lobes  of  the  mouth  may,  however,  vary  from  that  given  to  half 
a  dozen  or  more.  Next  in  frequency  to  the  trilobate  mouth,  according  to 
my  experience,  is  the  six-lobed  mouth,  as  seen  in  figs.  10,  12,  and  after  this 
comes  the  quadrilobato  mouth,  as  seen  in  figs.  5,  8,  1 6. 

Large  si)ecimens,  with  a  many-lobed  mouth,  approximate  Difflugla 
corona,  and  indeed  I  have  observed  so  many  of  intermediate  condition  in 
all  respects,  that  there  is  little  doubt  that  the  two  species  merge  into  one 
another. 

The  shell  of  Bifflugia  Jobostoma  is  usually  composed  of  angular  quartz- 
sand,  in  common  with  other  species  of  the  genus.  Karely  it  is  com- 
posed of  diatoms,  or  diatom-like  plates,  together  with  fragments  of  others, 
sometimes  with  variable  proportions  of  quartz-sand.  Small  shells  occa- 
sionally occur  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane  with  quartz  particles 
incorporated.  Individuals  in  which  the  shell  is  composed  wholly  of  quartz- 
sand  are  represented  in  figs,  l-lf),  pi.  XV. 

*  Abh.  Scnckcnli.  Natiirf.  GohoHh.  ii,  1856-8,  235. 
'  Abh.  Ak.  WiH.  IkTliii,  1871,  238,  239. 


GENITS  DIKFIJIGIA-DIFFLITOIA  LOBOSTOMA.  US 

Specin,ons  in  wind,  tho  HhoU  is  composed  of  tinn  angular  siliceous 
plates  cons.sting  at  least  in  part  of  diatoms  and  fragn.ents  of  others,  fo.u.d 
usually  in  spliagnous  8wanii)s,  are  represented  in  figs.  18-20 

In  several  instances  I  have  found  specin.ens  of  large  size,  especially 
m  ponds  of  the  Uinta  Mountains,  as  represented  in  figs.  16,  17,  in  which 
the  shell  was  con.posed  of  rectangular  and  oval  plates  defined  by  interrupted 
or  dotted  lines,  the  nature  of  which  I  did  not  determine 

Another  variety,  observed  in  a  few  instances,  from  Woodstown  pond. 

m  h,8.  Jl,  2  >.  1  he  mulberry  appearance  of  the  shell  reminds  one  of  tho 
%ure  of  a  form  designated  by  Dr.  Wallich  as  Uifflu^ia  tuherculata.  The 
specunen  had  a  six-lobed  mouth  with  a  short  rim,  but  the  composition  of 
tlie  shell  I  failed  to  make  out. 

In  sevei-al  instances,  once  at  Morrisville  pond,  Berks  County,  and 
the  other  m  the  ditches  below  Philadelphia,  I  found  peculiar  translucent  palo 
yellowish  specimens,  such  as  are  represented  in  figs.  25,  26,  pi  XVI  The 
ovoid  shell,  with  trilobate  mouth,  appeaxed  to  be  composed  of  a  cancellated 
membrane,  as  m  the  genus  Nebela. 

Rarely,  also,  I  have  seen  a  specimen  with  trilobate  mouth,  in  which 
th^e  ^shell  appeared  to  be  composed  of  flocculent  dirt,  as  represented  in 

A  small  specimen,  such  as  I  have  occasiona^V  seen,  with  ^.-Hcbate 
mouth,  and  with  the  shell  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane,  inco^orated 
with  a  few  scattered  quartz  particles,  is  represented  in  figs.  27  28      This 

of  Ml.  Cartel-,  described  as  a  smaller  and  less  incrusted  species  than  B  L- 

Bombay.  Lhcenberg  regards  it  as  a  distinct  species,  and  the  name  has 
certainly  precedence  of  the  one  under  which  it  is  here  included,  but  has 
appeared  to  me  inappropriate  for  adoption. 

esnecialini''^'r""'*  T"'  "  "^"^^  ^  '"^'  ^^''"•^•^^'  ^^'"^^  ^«*-^-«^ 
espec  all>  the  ordinary  form  with  trilobate  mouth,  the  endosarc  has  appeared 

h  st  ^T  T  '''  ^"""'^  ''  ""'''''''''y'  ---P"-'-'  ^"*  in  many 
instances  all  color  except  that  derived  from  the  food  has  been  absent 

an  in^  '''"''"""  commonly  ranges  in  size  from  the  3i„th  to  the  ,>,th  of 


11(5 


FllESII  WATKU  IMIlZOi'ODS  OF  NOKTII  AMKUICA. 


A  largo  specimon,  rofomblo  to  I),  lohostoma,  from  JnckHonvillo,  Florida, 
is  represented  in  fig.  8,  pi.  XVII.  It  had  a  six-lobed  mouth,  with  deep 
rfinnses,  separated  by  angular  points.  In  all  respects  it  closely  resembled 
one,  of  which  the  mouth  is  represented  in  fig.  12  of  the  same  plate,  of  I). 
corona,  from  Lake  Hattacawanna,  New  Jersey,  except  that  it  was  devoid 
of  spines  to  the  summit.  At  the  side  of  the  latter  it  might  bo  regarded  as  a 
spineless  variety  of  the  same  species. 

Another  specimen,  from  Hammonton  pond,  Atlantic  County,  New  Jer- 
sey, represented  in  figs.  18,  19,  pi.  XV,  may  be  regarded  as  a  transitional 
form  from  D.  hhostoma  to  D.  corona  or  D.  urccolata.  The  shell  is  larger 
than  usual  in  D.  lohostoma,  is  nearly  spherical,  provided  with  a  short  neck 
and  a  feebly  crenulated  mouth,  in  which  the  cronulations  are  seen  to  be 
about  eleven.  It  is  composed  of  thin  angular  plates,  apparently  consisting 
of  diatoms  and  fragments  of  others. 

As  before  intimated,  Biffluijia  lohostoma  is  the  cottittiatjjsi,  of  quj.  species, 
and  is  found  in  the  superficial  mud  and  flocculent  matter  of  most  fresh-water 
ponds  and  ditches.  I  have  also  frequently  found  it  among  the  filamentous 
algai  and  the  materials  adherent  to  aquatic  plants.  When  first  noticed  after 
removal  to  the  field  of  the  microscope,  it  is  usually  seen  lying  on  the  side. 
Protruding  its  finger-liko  pseudopods,  commonly  about  half  a  dozen,  after 
some  apparent  struggling  it  rises  on  end,  generally  with  the  mouth  down- 
ward. On  tapping  the  slide  upon  which  it  is  examined,  it  either  firmly 
maintains  its  position,  or  withdrawing  the  jiseudopods  it  falls  again  on  the 
side,  and  usually  much  labor  and  patience  are  required  to  get  the  creature 
in  such  a  position  aa  to  see  the  mouth.  From  the  common  occurrence 
of  D.  lohostoma,  with  the  circumstance  that,  as  ordinarily  seen,  it  so  much 
resembles  the  D.  proteiformis  of  Ehrenberg,  I  have  been  led  to  suppose 
that  it  is  the  former,  which  is  usually  regarded  as  the  latter  by  authors. 

I  have  repeatedly  seen  Bifflugia  lohostoma  in  conjugation,  mostly  two 

individuals,  but  in  several  instances  three  together,  so  as  to  give  a  view  in 

outline  comparable  to  the  trefoil-shape  of  the  mouth  of  the  f*ommonest 

variety. 

DIFFLUGIA  ARCULA. 

PlatksXV,  figs.  34-a7!  XVI,  ligs.30,;tl. 

Shell  hemispheroidal ;  fundus  convex;  base  inverted,  shallow  infun- 
dibuliform;    mouth  inferior,  central,  trilobed.     Structure  of  shell  usually 


i 


OENU8  Dll  FLTTOrA-DIKKIJT.IA  AUCULA.  II7 

of  yellowiHh  cliitinoid  mon.brauo,  ,no8tly  with  more  or  less  adherent  dirt  or 
scattered  particles  of  quarto-sand  or  diatoms,  especially  occupyinff  the 

-S/^..-From  0.112  mm.  to  0.144  mm.  broad  by  0.06  mm.  to  0.08  mm 
high;  mouth  0.028  mm.  to  0.04  nun  wide. 

iocfl///^,-Sphagnum  of  Atco  and  Absecom,  New  Jorsov;  of  Toby- 
hanna,  Pokono  Mountair.,  Monroe  County,  and  Broad  Mountain,  Schuylkill 
County,  Pennsylvania. 

Difllugia  arcula  is  perhaps  a.i  extreme  variety  of  Difflugia  hhostoma. 
It  .8  not  unfrequent,  and  appears  to  bo  confined  to  sphagnous  swamps.  In 
shape  color,  and  material  of  structure,  its  shell  resembles  that  of  an 
Arce la,  as  seen  in  figs.  34-37,  pi.  XV.  Usually  it  is  nearly  hen.isphe- 
roKlal;  but  the  height  is  commonly  a  little  greater  than  half  the  breadth 
I  he  top  IS  evenly  rounded  and  dome-like.  The  bottom  is  a  broad,  shallow 
inverted  funnel  with  reflected  border.  The  mouth  is  central  and  trilobed- 
the  lobes  or  sinuses  being  variably  naiTowed  in  degree.  See  fijrs  34-3?' 
pi.  XV;  figs.  30,  31,  pi.  XVI.  ^'  ' 

In  structure,  the  shell  is  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane  of  different 
shades  of  straw-color,  often  with  irregular  darker  spots,  apparently  as  if 
due  to  adherent  dirt.  Frequently,  also,  it  has  incorporated  particles  of 
hyahne  quartz-sand  mostly  scattered  on  the  sides,  or  more  especially 
accumulated  on  the  fundus.  Sometimes  a  few  diatoms  or  fragments  of 
these  are  mingled  with  the  quartz-sand. 

The  specimens  observed  were  always  dead,  so  that  I  did  not  ascertain 
the  appearance  of  the  sarcode. 

The  smallest  specimen  measured  .Ad  of  an  inch  broad  and  ±A  of  an 
inch  high;  the  largest  was  id  of  an  inch  broad  and  J-,th  of  an  inch  hi<.h 
Difflugta  arcuU  probably  mera^s  into  D.  glohulosa,  D.  hhostoma,  Cento- 
pyxis,  and  Arcella. 

DIFFLUGIA  CORONA. 
Pi,ATK  xvir. 

Difflugia  corona.    Wollioli:  An.  MnLf  Nut  Hisf  ^iii  larj      t     1      »^     .     ». 

Shell  spherical  or  spheroidal,  composed  of  clear  angular  quartz-sand; 
iundus  w;th  a  i.amber  of  conical  spines  of  the  same  composition  as  the  rest 
of  the  shell;    mouth  termir.al,  circular,   with  the  border  multidentate  or 


lis 


FHKSII  WATER  imiZOPODS  OF  XORXn  AMERICA 


Mm' 


cromilato.     Sarcodo  colork's«;  jwoiuIoihuIh  iiuiny,  of  tho  usual  fojin  in  tho 

gCIlUrt. 

She. — Ranges  from  0.14  niin.  to  0.32  nun.  in  dianu'tor;  mouth  O.OG 
mm.  to  O.IH  nun.  wide;  spines  0.04  mm.  to  O.OG  nun.  long 

Lmalitif. — Ditches  near  Phihulelpiiia,  ponds  on  Diuby  Creek,  and 
Swarthmore  briek-pond,  Dehiware  County,  Morrisvilie  jxind,  lierks 
County,  Pennsylvania;  Ateo  potid,  Woodstown  pond,  lianunonton  pond, 
Abse  oni  pond,  and  Lake  llattacawanna,  New  Jersey;  Spencer  pond, 
Maine;  Jaoksonville,  Florida.     Kngland,  Waliioh. 

Difllii8:ia  roroiia,  as  represented  in  tho  figures  of  pi.  XVII,  is  the 
most  remarkable  and  beautiful  species  of  the  genus.  It  was  tirst  indicated 
by  Dr.  Wallich  from  specim 'us  found  in  England  It  is  u  common  Ameri- 
can species,  and  is  frequent  in  the  vicinity  of  I'hiladelphia. 

Tho  shell  of  Di(/lii(fia  corona  is  usually  nearly  s})herical,  but  fre([uently 
is  slightly  prolonged  apj)roafhing  tho  mouth.  It  is  commonly  one  of  tho 
smoothest  of  the  genus,  though  composed  of  angular  particles  of  quartz- 
sand  in  tho  usual  manner.  The  mouth  is  circular,  and  commonly  tnui- 
cates  the  sj)heroidal  shell,  or  it  continues  its  curvature,  or  it  is  somewhat 
projected.  The  lip  or  l)«»rder  of  the  mouth  is  deiitated  or  crenulated. 
The  denticles  are  thick,  angular  jjrocesses,  more  or  less  acute,  sometimes 
blunted,  concentric,  or  slightly  everted.  They  range  in  number  from  six 
to  sixteen;  but  tho  most  frequent  number  is  twelve,  and  usually  a  larger 
rather  than  a  smaller  number  prevails.  The  Intervening  notches  are  thick- 
edged,  as  deep  as  they  are  wide,  and  rounded  at  bottom. 

The  fundus  of  the  shell  is  furnished  with  a  variable  number  of  acuto 
conical  spines.  Generally  there  are  from  three  to  seven;  but  they  range  in 
number  from  one  to  eleven.  ]\Iostly  they  forn  an  eccentric  circle,  widely 
divergent,  nearly  equidistant,  and  usually  occupy  a  position  at  the  upper 
third  of  the  shell.  Often  there  is  a  central  spine,  sometimes  longer  than 
the  others.  Often  this  is  absent,  and  sometimes  it  is  the  only  one  existing. 
The  spines  are  straight  or  slightly  curved,  sharp-pointed,  hollow  processes 
of  tho  shell,  with  the  same  composition. 

Tho  shell  is  composed  of  colorL,  30  angular  quartz-sand,  usually  with 
tho  larger  particles  scattered,  witu  t^'me  appearance  of  uniformity,  and 
with  the  intervals  occupied  by  smaller  ones.     Often,  too,  larger  stones  are 


GENTS  DIFFUT.IA— nirFLnilA  TORONA. 


110 


I 


nnipfod  nonr  tlio  inoiith,  aiul  soinotiinos  t'onn  ii  ntMirly  mihrokon  row.  Tlu* 
(lentiolcH  of  tlio  mouth  and  tho  spiiu'H  of  tlu*  fuiHliis  aro  likovvi^'o  nuulo  up 
of  Band.  Not  unfroqiiontly  tlio  Hpincs  end  in  a  8ingU>  nhar|)  splintor,  or 
fluke,  which,  in  many  instancoH,  is  of  so  marked  a  character  that  ono  can- 
not avoid  the  im])resHion  that  it  has  hci^n  Hj)ecially  Hohu'ted.  Mostly  tho 
(K'UticU^s  and  the  tips  of  tho  spines  arocoK)red  fernifjfinous  hrown,  while  tho 
rest  of  tlie  shell  is  uncolored. 

As  usual  ill  Dirtiufrias,  tho  shell  has  an  uneven  surface,  varyiiifj  in  this 
respect  mainly  according  to  tho  proportionate  quantity  of  large  and  small 
sand  grains  entering  into  its  composition.  Nevertheless,  the  grains  aro 
united  in  such  a  manner  that,  as  before  intimated,  it  is  comj)aratively  one 
of  the  least  uneven  i:;  tho  genus. 

Irregular  variations  from  the  usual  forms  of  7).  corona  aro  occasionally 
found.  In  several  instances  I  liav(*  seen  specimens  somewhat  co  nj)  i.  sod 
and  iinsymmetrical,  probably  from  accident.  Such  a  oiio  is  ri'presenied  in 
tig.  11,  pi.  XVII.  In  this,  also,  tho  spines  were  disproportionately  largo 
compared  with  their  ordinary  condition.  Sometimes  tho  spines  may  bo 
more  irregularly  disposed,  out  of  the  usual  jiroportions,  more  curved,  nnich 
reduced  in  size,  and  rarely  nearly  obsolete.  I  have  occasionally  :net  with 
a  specimen  in  which  tho  mouth  was  more  or  less  obliipio  or  subtermiiial,  and 
with  a  single  spine  teniMnating  the  fundus,  as  seen  in  fig.  7 

This  matter  brings  us  to  what  may  be  viewed  as  transitional  forms. 
Fig.  12  represents  tho  mouth  of  a  shell  of  DiJIlHifia  corona,  from  Lake 
Ilattacawanna,  New  Jersey.  In  all  respects,  tho  specimen  accords  with  tho 
commoner  forms,  but  has  only  six  denticles  to  the  mouth.  It  dirters  only 
from  tho  largo  specimen  of  Diffluffia  lobostoma,  of  lig.  8,  from  Jacksonville, 
Florida,  in  tho  possession  of  spines  to  the  fundus  As  wo  have  seen  that 
tho  number  of  the  spines  in  D.  corona  may  bo  reduced  from  eleven  to  one, 
•we  may  regard  tho  specimen  of  7).  lohostonia,  just  indicated,  as  a  spineless 
form  of  D.  corona.  Thus,  no  j)Ositive  ch.aracter  separates  Difflia/ia  corona 
from  Difflugia  lobostoma  as  an  indoi)endent  species. 

Tho  interior  sarcode  of  D.  corona,  as  visible  through  its  stony  wall, 
appears  colorless,  with  a  more  or  loss  brownish  tinge  and  darker  spots  of 
tho  same,  centrally  in  th(!  endosarc,  dependent  on  tho  food.  The  pseudo- 
pods  pre.sent  the  usual  appearance,  digitate  and  ])alm)ite,  or  long  and  cylin- 
drical, simple  or  branching,  and  ever  changing  in  length  and  form      They 


I 


I 


^ 


120 


FRESH  WATKU  KHIZOrODS  OF  NOIJTII  AMEUH1A. 


nro  soinotimoa  cxteiuUHl  iipwnnl  vvvn  to  the  ends  of  tho  spinos  projecting 
from  the  fuiuiuH.  ]\It)stly  porfccMy  clenr,  under  high  pond's  of  the  inicro- 
seopo  they  Jippeur  uniformly  iind  exceedingly  iinely  gianuhir.  When 
nnich  extended,  they  often  exhibit  tho  entrance,  ah>ng  their  axis,  of  coarser 
gramdea  from  the  endosarc. 

Dr.  Wallich,  wlio  hrst  (U'scrihed  7>.  vorotia,  views  it  as  a  variety  of  what 
he  calls  the  subspecies  Di(/li(;fia  (flohidoris. 

In  the  original  notice  of  the  latter,*  as  J),  iflohiilosa,  Dujardin  describes 
tho  shell  as  corneous  and  nearly  globular,  and  accon»panies  tho  account 
with  ligures,  one  of  wliich,  rejiresenting  n  side  view,  is  ovoid,  with  an  oval 
mouth  without  crenulaiion.  In  tho  'Ilistoire  Naturellc  des  Infiisoires,'  he 
describes  the  shell  as  brown,  globular  or  ovoid,  and  smooth. 

In  the  'Proceedings  of  the  Dublin  IMicroscopical  Club,'  1866,  p.  53,  it 
is  stated  that  Mr.  Archer,  among  other  Khizo]>ods  exhibited  one  that  ho 
"would  refer  sonunvhat  doubtfully  to  Difflun'ta  corona."  Ilo  remarks,  "If 
this  !>■  1).  corona,  Dr.  Wallich's  figure  is  too  regular  and  symmetrical,  <oo 
diagrammatic,  the  adherent  foreign  particles  too  accurately  adapted,  and  too 
much  of  one  size,  and  tho  horns  too  short."  According  to  my  experience. 
Dr.  Wallich's  hgure  is  a  fair  representation  of  the  s^rccics,  and  Mr.  Archer's 
criticism  leads  mo  to  suppose  that  ho  had  under  comparison  an  irregular 
specimen,  and  not  ono  of  the  usual  character. 

Difflwi'm  corona  ranges  from  tho  ,Ijth  to  tho  ith  of  an  inch.  It  is  ono 
of  the  most  characteristic  and  beautiful  forms,  and  is  also  common  in 
many  localities,  it  is  found  living  in  the  surface  mud  at  the  bottom  of 
ponds  and  ditches,  or  among  the  dirt  ailherent  to  submerged  aquatic  plants, 
it  feeds  on  algai  and  apparently  also  on  decaying  vegetal  matter. 

Dl  FFLUG I A  CONSTRICTA. 

I'LATI!   XVIII. 

JrirUn  mnslriclo.     KlironhorK:  AMi.  Al<n<l.  Win.  llnliii,  1841,  410,  Tiif.  iv,  i,  KiR.  :V>,  Tiif.  v,  V\((.  I. 
Ari-cnn  hinolii.     Klin-ulioic :  Iliitlcin,  IS4I,  410;  1C71,  aW,  Tiif.  iii,  ii,  l"t)t.  :<,  4. 

Arnllii  An'lisntn.  Klironlxrn  :  MioniKi-oloKi.-,  isr>4,  KK-*,  ITl  ;  AMi.  Al«.  Wis.  IHTI,  i.W,  Till",  iii,  ii,  Tig.  17. 
Jrccnn  flU(Uimiileni>ii>.     Kliri  iiliorn ;  Mifro(joolo({ii>,  1K')4,  ;!ri4  ;  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  ItTl,  UfiO,  Tiif.  iii,  ii,  Tig.  10  j 

Nordpiilnrt'ahvt,  1874,  Till',  iii,  V'ig.  X). 
tHfiuffia  mariiui>ij'ormii>.    W;illicli :  An.  Mag.  Ni\t.  Hist,  xiii,  18(54, 241,  S44,  pi.  xvl,  llgB.  3-r>.— Leidy :  Pr. 

Ai'.  Nat.  S.-.  1877.  :W)7. 
I)ij(llHfjia  protci/ormin.  siilisiiroics  /).  tii(ir«N;>i/<»tni«.     Wallii'h:  lliiilem.' 

Dijiiiflia  marDupi/ormif,  varioty  />.  <vii«n>.     Wallii'li:  lliidriii,  li|t'.  0.— LoUly:  Pr.  .\o.  Not.  So.  1877,391. 
J.  Ilomaixhlamiis  eotiiMi'ta.     Khn'iiliorg:  .\1>.  .\k.  Wis.  1871,  1(44. 

~—    •   ,    .All.  8c.  Ni»t.  viii,  isir,  :iii,  pi.  j»,  ag.T. 


O KNirs  DIFFIJKM A-DIFFLiroiA  OONSTlilCTA. 


I 


121 


.(  Ihmmirhl,im,v»  liimUn.  KluTiil.orK :  Ibl.loin,  !J.i|  a?., 
.(.  IMm,.,„ml„  .(,rf.»„m.  Khu'uU^vp:  Il.i,i,«,n.  S.|r,'  OT4 
.  .  /  ,7,r,.,,.™,i,,  ,,«..'.m,,/™,M.     Khn-nbrrK:  Il.i,l,.,„.a4r.,874. 

.iKvlln  l„l„rj,>.     Klin-nborK:  Ihi.Iom,  n^.  :«). 

Shol!  latomlly  ovoid,  with  tho  fu.uh..  posterior  an.l  nioro  or  less  pro- 

longnd  ohluptelyupwanl,  obtusely  roun,lo,l  u.hI  si.nplo,  or  i„  the  l.uU 

fornus  often  provulcMl  with  fron.  o„o  to  half  a  dozo"  coni.-nl  spinos.     Mouth 

..ntoro-.ntonor,  lar,.o,  .Mrc-ular  or  oval,  and  inverted,  with  tho  anterior  lip 

often  pronnnent.     Shell  as  usually  seen  (lyinj,  on  the  front,  bv  transn.itted 

U,ht)  more  or  less  pyr.forn,  with  tho  narrower  .art  downwani  and  including 

he  n,outh.  whu-h  appears  as  a  clearer  transversely  oval  or  sonunvhat  reni 

ionn  or  euTular  space;  sometimes  in  the  shorter  forum  nearly  circular  or 

even  transversely  oval  in  outline. 

usualll""-r'"'"n  ''  ■''■""""  <l.utrt.-sand.  or  of  chitinoid  men.brano, 
us  ally  w.th  vanablo  proportions  of  scattered  n.iueral  particles.  Colorless 
yollowsh,  or  brown.     lnteri<,r  sarcode  tr„n..parent  and  colorless 

5,^c.-Snmeless  specimens  range  from  0.09  mm.  Icng  by  0.078  n.n, 
1>-1  CO  0.232  nnn.  long  by  O.H,  ,.,.,..  ,,,,,.  ,,,„  .,^^Z.nu,  Zs 
range  from  0.18  mm.  long  by  0.12  mm.  broad,  to  0.34  nun.  long  l,y  0  18 
nun.  broad.*  *'     •' 

^        J«c-»;%.-TI,o  ,„,„ll„r  ,,,i„,|o„  (■„,.„„  „,,,  f„,„„,  „,,„„,,  „       ,^|, 
."  m„„,  |,l^o«;  ,l,o  largor  fo.,,„,  i„„l,„Ii„B  , o  hcving  .pi,,,,.,  „„  ,.„,„„, 

IT,"  ' '" '""  7°  ,"'■  """""■    *"'"  '"""'■•  '■--yi™.' :,..  M,U„„,  F,„ 

■        Dlni.„,„  e.„,.rlc<«,  of  ,vl,i,.l,  „,„„y  f„™.  ,„  „,,„,,.o„te,l  in  ,,l. 
xviir  ,.  „„c  ,,, ,  ,„  ,„„.,  „,„„„„„  .,,„.,.     „  |,^,,j^  ^^  ^ 

»,,,,„„.„,,  „,.,,  ,,,„,  ,:„,,„,,  ,,^.  ,.„„,„  ^  „,„,  .^ ,,,       ^^^;i  ^^^^ 

uxiH  Of  Ml.-  Hl.rll  t.>  III.'  I'mi.li.H.  '^        ""'*'  '"'  ''^'"  "'"  """■"  »'■  •'•"  ""'"til  if.  III.. 


122 


FBESII  AVATEK  IMIIZOPODS  OP  NORTH  AIMRIMCA. 


length,  ami  wider  from  side  to  side  than  from  before  backward.  In  the 
lateral  view,  witli  the  plane  of  the  mouth  or  bottom  of  the  sliell  on  a  level, 
it  appears  obliquely  ovoid,  with  the  fundus  directed  backward  and  upward, 
and  with  the  fore  part  of  tlio  base  or  anterior  lip  usually  more  or  less 
j)rominent. 

In  the  front  or  back  view  of  tl)0  shell,  as  it  is  ordinarily  seen,  lying  on 
the  object-plate  of  the  microscope,  by  transmitted  light,  it  appears  jiyriform, 
ovoid  or  spheroid  in  outline,  with  a  dearer  transversely  oval  or  somewhat 
reniform  or  round  space  included  within  the  lower  or  narrower  part  and 
produced  by  the  mouth.     See  figs.  '2,  5,  7,  15,  22. 

The  bottom  of  the  shell  is  coiicave,  and  the  nearly  circular  or  oval 
mouth  is  inflected  and  situated  above  the  level  of  the  border  of  the  base. 
The  fundus  is  usually  obtusely  rounded  and  simple,  and  viewed  from 
beliind  is  transversely  oval  and  flattened  below,  as  seen  in  lig.  13. 

In  the  largest  and  most  elongated  forms,  the  fundus  is  often  provided 
with  from  one  to  half  a  dozen  acute,  conical  spines.  A  single  spine  j)ro- 
•  duces  a  centrjil,  rather  abruptly  tapering  jjoint ;  a  pair  surmount  the  sides, 
and  a  greater  number  are  ranged  in  a  usually  more  or  less  regular  row. 

Unsynnnetrical  forms  of  D'lJJhifiia  constrida  are  not  xmfreqnent,  espe- 
cially in  the  larger  specimens,  both  in  the  shape  of  the  shell  find  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  spines,  when  these  exist. 

The  shell  is  ordinarily  composed  in  the  usual  manner  of  other  species 
of  the  genus ;  that  is  to  say,  of  angular  particles  of  quartz-sand.  Sometimes 
the  particles  have  more  or  less  uniformity  ;  sometimes  heavier  grains  sur- 
I'ound  tlie  mouth,  and  not  unfrequently  also  occupy  the  top  of  the  fundus. 
When  spines  are  present  they  have  the  name  composition  as  the  body  of 
the  shell ;  but  a  remarkable  circumstance  is  the  frequent  termination  of  these 
spines  with  a  single  sharp-pointed  and  trenchant  splinter,  as  if  specially 
selected  for  the  purpose,  and  as  represented  in  figs.  5G,  57. 

Rarely  the  shell  is  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with 
variable  proportions  of  scattered  quartz  particles,  in  the  form  of  minute 
grains  or  thin  plates.  Occasionally  minute  oval  pellets,  and  sometimes  dia- 
toms, enter  into  the  constitution  of  the  shell 

The  sarcode  of  Bifflugio  constrida,  indej)cndent  of  any  food  contents, 
is  transparent  and  colorless,  and  the  animal  is  so  very  sensitive  and  indis- 
posed to  protrude  its  pseudopods,  that  in  most  cases  it  is  difficult,  in  con- 


GENUS  DIFFLUGIA— DIFFLIKHA  CONSTllICTA. 


123 


sequence  of  the  structure  of  the  shell  obscuring  the  interior,  to  detomiino 
whether  the  specimens  mider  examination  are  dead  or  alive. 

Difflug'm  constrida,  in  its  various  forms,  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of 
species,  and  appears  to  be  found  almost  everywhere  where  moisture  and 
alga)  are  present. 

Small  spineless  specimens,  cap-like  in  form,  of  the  variety  named  by 
Dr.  Wallich  Difflugia  cassis,  such  as  represented  in  tigs.  8-34,  pi.  XVIII, 
are  very  common  with  algte,  on  the  surface  of  moist  earth,  in  marshy 
places,  in  meadows,  and  in  forests.  I  have  found  them  constantly,  in  asso- 
ciation with  the  common  wheel-animalculo  and  several  other  rhizopods, 
about  the  roots  of  mosses,  and  with  alga),  in  the  crevices  of  the  pavements 
in  shaded  jdaces  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  I  have  even  found  them 
among  mosses  and  lichenu  high  up  in  trees.  They  also  occur  frequently 
among  siihagnum. 

The  small  spineless  foims  are  frequently  of  various  shades  of  brown, 
while  the  larger  ones  are  usually  colorless. 

I'ho  largest  varieties  and  the  spine-bearing  forms  are  found  in  the  ooze 
of  ponds.  These  appear  to  constitute  the  variety  named  by  Dr.  Wallich 
Difflugia  marsupiformis.     See  figs.  3r)-55. 

A  somewhat  peculiar  variety,  represented  in  figs.  37-44,  1  have  not 
unfrequently  found  among  sphagnum.  The  shell  is  ca])-liko  in  shape, 
yellowish  brown  in  color,  and  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane,  usually 
incorj)orated  with  variable  proportions  of  scattered  sand  particles.  In  the 
view  from  the  front  or  back,  the  shell  appears  transversely  oval,  but  flat 
beneath.  The  mouth  is  deeply  inflected,  or  forms  the  smaller  opening  of 
an  inverted  funnel,  of  which  the  base  of  the  shell  forms  the  greater  opening. 
Sometimes  the  fundus  of  the  shell  is  loaded  with  comparatively  large 
stones,  and  rarely  the  shell  is  almost  devoid  of  sand  particles.  This  form 
of  shell  approximates  closely,  if  it  doet'  not  really  merge  into,  the  spineless 
variety  of  Centropyxis. 

lOither  of  the  names  Difflugia  marsupiformis  or  D.  cassis,  given  by  Dr. 
Wallich,  better  applies  to  the  species  than  that  of  Arcella  constrida,  given 
originally  by  Ehrenberg.  The  apparent  constriction,  often  absent,  is  due  to 
the  narrowing  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  the  front  view,  opposite  the  position 
of  the  mouth. 

The  form  of  Difflugia  constrida  repeats  that  of  Trinema  endielys,  but 


:^    ,( 


124 


FKESD-WATEli  ItUIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I'' 


I  have   not  been  able   to   ascertain   whether  these  actually  merge  into 
each  other. 

The  range  in  size  of  Difflugia  consiricta  is  considerable.  The  smallest 
measured  was  ith  of  an  inch  long  from  the  anterior  lip  to  the  fundus,  the 
breadth  waff  slightly  less  than  the  length,  and  the  thickness  or  fore  and  aft 
diameter  of  the  fundus  itli  of  an  inch,  and  the  mouth  was  gi^th  of  an  inch 
wide.  The  largest  was  ji^th  of  an  inch  long  from  anterior  lip  to  fundus, 
ith  of  an  inch  broad,  .^th  of  an  inch  thick,  and  the  mouth  ^i,tl  of  aa  inch 
wide.     The  spines  of  the  fundus  reach  a  length  of  ^^th  of  an  inch. 

DIFFLUGIA  SPIRALIS. 

Plate  XIX,  figs.  1-23. 

Difflugia.    Lcclerc:  MiJm.  Sins.  Hist.  Nat.  1815,  ii,  474,  pi.  17,  figs.  1  and  4. 

Difflugia  spiralis.  Elirenborg:  Moiintsb.  d.  Berlin.  Akad.  d.  Wisscns.  1840, 199;  Abliand.  Akad.  WIssodb. 
Uorliii,  1871,  874,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  25-27.— Bailey :  Micros.  Obs.,  in  Sinithson.  Contrib.  1850,  41.— 
Frcsenins:  Ablinnd.  Senckcnb.  Natnrf.  Gesells.  ii,  18.56-8, 224,Tiif.  xii.  Fig.  37-42.— Pritcliard: 
History  of  Infusoria,  ISCl,  553.— Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  18(54,  18,  iil.  i,  fig.  9.- 
Wallith:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  18(34,  215.— Lcidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,79;  1877,307. 

Lccqucrcusia  jurassica.     Sclilnmbcrgcr:  An.  Sc.  Nrt.  1845,  255. 

Difflugia protdformis,  mouslrosa.  I'crty :  Kcuntniss  kleinster  Lebousfornien,  1852, 187, 214,  Taf.  vili,  Fig.  22. 

Difflugia  Dclix.    Cohn:  Zcitscli.  f.  wisscnu.  Zoologie,  1853,  2(il. 

Difflugia  proh'iformis,  var.  srpiifera.    Wallich:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1853,  xi,  1853,  453,  j)!.  x,  fig.  12. 

Difflugia piotciformis.    V.  nllicli:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1803,  xii,  450. 

Difflugia  jn-otciformis,  snbsp-c ics  I),  milriformis,  var.  ft.  D.  spiralis.  Wallich:  Au.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1864, 
xiii,  1804,  240,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  24,  25. 

D.  Corticella  spiralis.    Elircnficrg:  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  247. 

Shell  retort-shaped,  usually  with  a  laterally  compressed  spheroidal 
body,  and  a  shoi*t,  wide,  cylindroid  neck,  obtuse  fundus,  and  terminal  circu- 
lar Ci  slightly  oval  mouth.  A  partition  occupying  the  interior  of  the  shell, 
defining  the  neck  from  the  body,  and  giving  to  the  shell  by  transmitted 
light  the  appearance  of  a  single  turn  of  a  spiral.  Structure  of  the  shell 
variable;  frequently  of  quartz-sand,  often  of  peculiar  elements,  or  of  chit- 
inoid  membrane  incoqiorated  with  various  extraneous  particles.  Sarcode 
colorless;  pseudopods  as  usual  in  the  genus. 

Si^'C— Length  0.096  mm.  to  0.188  mm.;  breadth  of  body  0.068  mm. 
to  0.164  mm.;  thickness  0.068  mm.  to  0.136  mm. 

Locality. — Lakes,  ponds,  and  ditches.  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  and  the  Uinta 
Mountains  of  Wyoming  Territory. 

Difflug^ia  spiralis,  a  common  and  prett)'"  specios  (figs.  1-23,  pi.  XIX), 
is  one  of   the  most  remarkable  forms  of  the  genus,  and  is  also  the  most 


(JKNUS  DirFLUOIA— DIFFLUGIA  SIMHALIH. 


125 


variable  in  the  structure  of  its  shell.  It  is  one  of  the  orij^-inal  forms  described 
by  Leclerc,  in  1815,  under  the  generic  name  alone.  Though  not  strictly 
correct  to  call  it  spiral,  the  construction  of  the  shell,  especially  when  viewed 
by  transmitted  light,  gives  rise  to  such  nn  impression,  and  thus  led  Ehren- 
berg  so  to  name  it,  and  likewise  Bailey  after  him,  apparently  without 
knowing  that  the  former  had  done  so. 

In  Diffliigia  spiralis  we  may  recognize  one  of  the  enigmatic  rhizopods, 
described,  without  illustrations,  by  Schlumberger,  in  1 845,  in  the  'Annales 
des  Sciences  Naturelles.'  I  refer  to  the  Lecqiiereusid  jurassica,  described  as 
having  "  a  somewhat  depressed  ovoid-globular  retort-shaped  shell  with  a 
short,  wide  neck  and  a  terminal  circular  apertm-e,  from  which  project 
thick,  cylindrical,  blunt  pseudopods." 

The  shell  of  Difflugia  spiralis  is  retort-like  or  flask-shaped,  with  a 
usually  compressed  spheroidal  body,  and  a  short,  wide,  cylindroid  neck, 
which  is  commonly  produced  a  little  more  from  one  side  than  the  other  of 
the  shell.  The  body  and  neck  are,  however,  quite  vai'iable  in  their  exact 
form  and  proportions.  Commonly  the  larger  specimens  with  a  stony 
structure  accord  with  the  general  form  indicated.  Smaller  specimens 
usually  have  a  proportionately,  and  often  absolutely,  longer  neck  and  a 
more  spherical,  uncompressed  form  of  body.  The  neck  is  mostly  straight, 
but  is  sometimes  slightly  bent  or  curved.  Generally  it  is  evenly  expanded 
where  it  joins  the  body,  but  is  frequently  inflated  more  to  one  side.  The 
mouth  is  terminal,  circular,  or  slightly  oval,  and  is  neither  contracted  nor 
expanded  at  the  border. 

The  shell,  as  ordinarily  viewed  lying  on  one  of  the  usually  broader 
surfaces,  exhibits  a  dark  line,  indicating  the  presence  of  an  interior  partition, 
which  starts  from  the  bottom  of  the  neck  on  one  side  and  extends  in  a  more 
or  less  oblique  direction  or  curve  upward  toward  the  opposite  side.  In 
some  specimens,  the  partition  appears  to  extend  from  one  half  to  two  thirds 
way  across  the  shell,  and  in  others  nearly  or  quite  completely  across  in 
a  sigmoid  line  to  the  opposite  side.  The  partition  apparently  continues 
inwardly  the  curvature  of  one  side  of  the  body  of  the  shell,  and  thus  gives 
rise  to  the  impression  that  the  latter  makes  a  spiral  turn. 

Ordinarily  the  structure  of  the  shell  so  obscures  the  partition  from  view 
that  a  satisfactory  idea  of  its  exact  form  and  relations  cannot  bo  obtained. 
In  most  instances  in  smaller  and  more  translucent  specimens,  in  which  the 


126 


FUEUll  W'ATEK  ItUIZOPODS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


part.ition  could  bo  distinguished,  it  appeared  to  be  a  crescentoid  plate,  with 
a  largo  circular  aperture  between  its  ujiper  part  and  the  contiguous  portion 
of  the  shell.  In  other  instances,  the  aperture  seemed  to  pass  through  the 
upper  part  of  the  partition  itself. 

In  many  specimens,  the  neck  is  more  or  less  defined  from  the  bodv  of 
the  shell  by  a  narrow  constriction  in  the  line  of  the  partition,  especially  in 
those  in  which  the  latter  extends  completely  across. 

The  structure  of  the  shell  of  Diffliigia  spiralis  is  of  more  variable  char- 
acter than  in  any  other  species  of  the  genus.  Frequently  it  is  entirely 
composed  of  angular,  colorless  quartz-sand,  as  in  the  spec^^s  of  Difflugia 
gen'irally,  and  as  seen  in  tigs.  1-3,  6,  pi.  XIX.  In  these  specimens,  also,  the 
usual  varieties  in  arrangement  occur,  some  being  constructed  of  particles 
of  some  uniformity  of  size,  small  or  large,  while  others  are  composed  of 
scattered  coarser  particles,  with  the  intervals  filled  in  with  smaller  ones. 
Sometimes  there  is  an  accumulation,  especially  of  larger  stones,  centrally 
on  the  broader  surfaces  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  figs.  4,  5. 

The  former  figure  represents  a  large  specimen,  in  which  the  shell  was 
nuiiidy  composed  of  thin,  narrow,  rectangular  plates,  mingled  with  somo 
diatoms,  and  the  central  portion  of  the  broader  surfaces  of  the  body  was 
occupied  by  large  particles  of  quartz-sand. 

A  singular  variety  is  that  in  which  the  shell  is  composed  of  short  vermic- 
ular bodies  closely  laid  together,  as  represented  in  figs.  7,  9-11.  The  same 
form  is  described  by  Dr.  Wallich  as  occurring  in  England.  The  vermicular 
bodies  are  transparent  and  colorless,  but  when  viewed  by  reflected  light 
present  a  silvery  white  lustre.     Dr.  Wallich  calls  them  chitinous  pellets. 

Occasionally  I  have  found  specimens  composed  of  similar  bodies  sepa- 
rated by  marked  intervnls,  and  apparently  imbedded  in  a  homogeneous 
membrane,  as  represented  in  fig.  8. 

Other  varieties  of  shells,  related  with  those  last  indicated,  consisted  of 
a  net-work  of  apparently  the  same  nature  as  the  vermicular  bodies,  as  seen 
in  fig.  12,  or  of  minute  scattered  corpuscles,  as  seen  in  fig.  13.  With  these 
shells,  as  represented  in  the  two  figures  just  referred  to,  there  were  incor- 
porated scattered  particles  of  quartz-sand. 

Another  interesting  variety  observed  is  one  in  which  the  shell  was 
mainly  constituted  in  the  usual  way  of  a  stone-work  masonry,  but  had  the 
neck  composed  of  vermicular  bodies,  as  seen  in  fig.  5. 


I'll  : 


!J    •  i 


OUNUS  DIFFHTOIA-IJIFFLUGIA  8l'IltALIS.  ]27 

A  singular  variety  is  represented  in  figs.  14,  15,  in  vvliich  the  shell  is 
composed  of  narrow  plates  or  rods  mostly  in  small  parallel  groups  of  twos 
and  threes  or  more,  and  laid  closely  together  in  every  direction.  This  is 
probably  the  kind  to  which  Schlumberger  refers  m  his  account  oi  Lecaue- 
reusra  jurassica,  in  which  he  says  the  shell  is  composed  of  a  paste  of  minute 
baciUar  bodies. 

Small  form,  of  Dijffluffia  spiralis  are  not  uncommon  in  which  the  shell 
18  composed  of  transparent  chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with  variable 

^^1^-22^  ""'"  ''''^"''  ^''''*'"''  "^  ""^  P'"'"'^^^^'  ''  represented 
A  curious  specimen,  of  large  size,  represented  in  fig.  23,  was  composed 
of  irregularly  rounded  or  oval  bodies  containing  a  central  nucleus.     The 
nature  of  these  bodies  I  did  not  determine. 
^      The  sarcode  of  Diffluffia  spiralis  is  colorless,  independently  of  the  color 
given  to  the  endosarc  from  the  presence  of  food.     In  the  more  translucent 
speamens  it  can  often  be  detected  as  a  spheroidal  mass  of  variable  size 
occupying  the  body  of  the  shell,  with  a  narrow  neck  passing  off  from 
one  side,  m  a  retort-like  manner,  and  extending  through  the  aperture  of 
the  partition,  and  thence   gradually  widening  to  the  mouth.     The  food 
usually  gives  to  the  endosarc  a  yellowish  or  pale  brownish  hue,  which  is 
sometimes  mingled  with  green  and  other  colors.     The  pse,;dopods  in  num- 
ber, form,  and  changes,  are  of  the  same  character  as  in  other  species  of 
the  genus.  ^ 

The  size  of  Biffluffia  spiralis  ranges  from  the  ith  to  the  i.th  of  an 
inch.  ■"  "■* 

Diffluffia  spiralis  .  .y  be  regarded  as  the  oldest  known  species,  and,  as 
previously  intimated,  was  described  and  figured  by  Leclerc  in  1815  He 
represents  two  varieties;  one  in  which  the  shell  is  competed  of  quartz-sand, 
the  other  in  which  it  appears  to  be  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane.  He 
also  represents  two  individuals  united,  mouth  to  mouth,  in  the  condition 
usually  indicated  as  that  of  conjugation. 

Perty  describes  and  figures  the  same  species,  but  regards  it  as  a  mon- 
strosity of  D,fflugia  pyriformis,  in  which  view  he  is  sustained  by  Dr  Wallich 
1  can  see  no  reason  why  Difflugia  spiralis  should  be  considered  a  monstrosity 
any  more  than  any  other  recognized  form  of  the  genus. 

Difflugia  spiralis  is  a  common  species,  but  I  have  found  it  especially 


128 


rilESU-WATER  KHIZOPODS  OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


abundant  in  the  ponds  of  sphagnous  and  cedar  swamps  in  New  Jersey, 
where  it  is  also  to  bo  obtained,  in  the  greatest  variety  of  form,  in  association 
with  D.  pyriformis,  D.  tirceolata,  etc.  The  habits  and  food  are  the  stimo  as 
in  other  species  generally. 

I  have  occasionally  observed  two  individuals  of  Liffluffia  spiralis 
applied  together,  mouth  to  mouth,  in  the  manner  first  described  and  figured 
by  Leclerc,  and  as  represented  in  fig.  3,  pi.  XIX.  This  condition  I  have 
not  been  able  to  discover  leading  to  any  important  result,  and  I  may  say 
the  same  of  other  species  of  Difflugia  seen  in  conjugation. 

In  one  instance  I  saw  two  small  individuals  applied  to  the  mouth  of  i% 
third  and  larger  individual,  and  in  another  instance  I  saw  three  small 
individuals  in  like  manner  applied  to  a  larger  one. 

In  the  instance  represented  in  the  figure,  on  focusing  the  conjugating 
pair  so  as  to  see  the  contents,  they  were  observed  to  flow  from  one  to  the 
other  and  back  again.  After  about  half  a  dozen  repetitions  of  the  flow  and 
ebb,  the  contents,  apparently  equally  divided  in  the  two  shells,  remained 
quiescent  for  a  time,  and  then  the  two  individuals  separated  and  moved 
away  in  the  usual  manner.  The  construction  of  the  shell  prevented  the 
determination  of  any  change  within,  even  if  such  had  taken  place. 

HYALOSPHENIA. 

Qreok,  hualoa,  crystal;  sphen,  awedgo. 
Hyaloaphenia:  Stein,  1857.    Difflugia:  Totem,  1870.     Calharia:  Leidy,  1874. 

Shell  compressed  ovoid  to  pyriform,  composed  of  transparent  structure- 
less chitinoid  membran3;  mouth  terminal,  inferior,  transversely  elliptical. 
Sarcode  mass  occupying  the  interior  of  the  shell  to  a  variable  extent, 
attached  to  its  inner  surface  by  divergent  threads  and  also  connected  to  the 
border  of  the  mouth ;  composed  of  pale  granular  protoplasm  mingled  with 
colorless  or  colored  corpuscles,  or  both  together.  Nucleus  large,  and  cen- 
trally situated  in  the  fundus  of  the  sarcode.  Conti-actile  vesicles  several, 
occupying  a  position  between  the  former  and  the  periphery  of  the  fundus. 
Pseudopods  few,  digitate. 


i^i 


GENUS  IiyALOSPHKNIA-IIYALOSlTIENIA  CUNEATA. 


129 


IIYALOSPIIENIA  CUNEATA. 

ri^TE  XX,  figs.  1-10. 

^j,a?o^»«,<„c««f«fa.    stein :  SHzimKBb.  Buhm.  Akad.  Wi^^^^ 
l^ffl«gia  hgata.     Tatcn, :  Month.  Micron.  Jour,  iv,  If  70,  31:.,  pi.  Jxviii   flc   1 
Catharia  lujala.     Loi.ty :  lYoe.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  1874,  79.  '    ^' 

Hyahaphitiia  lata.    Schuizo:  Arcliiv  inikr   Aimi   vi   icwr   ..or  t  i-       ■■■  ^. 

Jonr.  Mic.  Sc.  1877,  lio!  '         '  '^^'  ^"^^  '''"''  ^'«-  *''•'  18.-Archer:  Quart. 

Jfyalosphnia  ligata.     Lci.ly :  P,'  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1875,  415;  187G,  Iff?. 

Sliell  compressed  ovoid,  with  the  narrower  ptu-t  'conical  and  ti-uncate 
a  the  oral  end,  laterally  and  at  the  fundus  convex;  mouth  terminal,  oval. 
Shell  composed  of  delicate,  transparent,  colorless,  and  structureless  chiti- 
noid  membrane.  Sarcode  mass  colorless,  pyriform,  and  attached  by  threads 
of  ectosarc  to  the  interior  of  the  shell;  pseudopods  digitate,  usually  not 
more  than  one  or  two.  -^ 

^*>e.-Length  0.06  mm.  to  0.076  mm. ;  breadth  0  044  mn..  to  0.06  mm  • 
thickness  0.02  mm ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.016  mm.  by  0.012  mm 

Zoc«;.V^-Lansdowne  station  spring,  on  Westchester  railway,  five 
miles  from  Philadelphia. 

^  Hyal««phcnia  ewneata,  figs.  1-10,  pi.  XX,  is  compressed  ovoid,  and 
HI  the  view  of  the  broader  side  presents  a  transversely  convex  fundus  and 
more  or  less  tapering  lateral  borders,  which  may  be  plane,  convex,  or  con- 
cave in  then-  descent  to  the  mouth.  The  narrower  View  of  the  shell  is  also 
obtusely  rounded  at  the  fundus  and  tapering  at  the  sides.  The  mouth  is 
terminal  and  oval,  with  obtusely  rounded  commissures. 

The  shell  of  27.  cuneata  consists  of  delicate,  transparent,  colorless 
chumoid  membrane  without  trace  of  definite  structure.  It  is  sometimes 
sufficiently  delicate  to  be  bent  by  the  tension  of  the  threads  of  ectosarc 
attached  to  it  within.  In  one  specimen,  the  broad  sides  of  the  fundus 
appeared  to  be  bent  inward  by  the  tension  of  these  threads,  as  seen  in  the 
lateral  view,  fig.  .5.      i„  ,„^^,,^^.  ,p,,j^^^^  ^,^^   ^^^^.^^  ^^  ^^^^   ^^^^^^^^ 

nppem-ed  to  indent  every  point  of  attachment,  as  seen  along  the  border 

The  size  of  the  shell  in  several  specimens  ranged  from  ^th  to  itli  of 
an  mch  m  length,  by  i,th  to  i,th  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  and  :Lut  Tth  o 
an  mch  m  thickness.     The  mouth  measured  about  the  ^^th  of  an  indrwide 

1)  RHIZ 


180 


PRESn  WATETl  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NOTlXn  AMERICA. 


il 


:l  ! 


;i  I 


I.;  i 


,1  'i 


':■  '  I 


|li 


The  snrcode  in  the  few  specimens  observed  occupied  about  one  hii'f 
of  tlio  interior  cajjacity  of  the  shell.  It  was  inverted  vase-like  in  shape, 
attached  at  the  border  of  the  mouth,  gradually  contracting  and  then 
expanding  again  within  the  body.  It  was  attached  by  long  diverging 
threads  of  the  ectosarc  to  the  sides  and  fundus  of  the  shell. 

The  sarcode  is  colorless,  and  its  basis  consists  of  a  pale,  finely  granular 
protoplasm.  Imbedded  in  the  body,  toward  the  fundus  of  the  shell,  it 
contains  a  large,  faintly  granular  and  globular  nucleus,  from  ,^th  to  ^l^ih 
of  an  inch  in  diameter.  At  the  periphery  of  the  body,  contiguous  to  the 
nucleus,  two  or  three  contractile  vesicles  may  be  visible  at  once. 

Around,  but  especially  below,  the  position  of  the  nucleus,  the  endosarc 
contained  n  multitude  of  darkly  outlined  granules,  and  a  variable  number 
of  larger,  clear,  well-defined  globules,  oil-like  in  appearance.  A  few  pale 
vacuoles  and  small  brown  food  masses  were  likewise  visible. 

Usually  II.  cuneaia  puts  forth  but  a  single  digitate  pseudopod,  but 
occasionally  two  and  less  rarely  three  are  emitted.  They  present  the  com- 
mon form  and  the  scarcely  perceptible  granular  character  observed  in 
related  animals. 

n.  cuneata,  from  its  great  transparency,  would  be  admirably  adapted 
for  the  study  of  the  various  life  phenomena  of  its  kind,  but  unfortunately 
the  creature  appears  to  be  exceedingly  rare.  In  four  years  I  found  only 
half  a  dozen  individuals,  and  all  these  were  obtained  from  the  same  locality, 
a  spring,  in  which  grew  water-cress,  near  Lansdowne  station,  on  the  West- 
chester railway,  a  few  miles  from  Philadelphia. 

In  one  instance  two  individuals  were  found  in  conjugation,  and  when 
first  observed  they  presented  the  appearance  seen  in  fig.  6.  The  sarcode 
of  both  was  continuous  at  the  mouth  of  the  shells ;  but  in  one  of  these  it 
was  less  than  a  fourth  of  the  quantity  in  the  other.  A  moment  after,  the  sar- 
code was  observed  to  flow  from  the  larger  to  thQ  smaller  portion  until  the 
two  became  equal  in  size,  and  assumed  each  a  trilobate  form,  as  seen  in 
fig.  7.  A  fourth  lobe  was  produced  in  one  portion  of  the  sarcode,  and  then 
the  lobes  became  extended  in  both  so  as  to  form  an  attachment  to  the  sides 
and  fundus  of  the  shell,  us  seen  in  fig.  8.  Shortly  after,  one  portion  of  the 
sarcode  narrowed  its  connection  ^vith  the  other  at  the  mouth  of  the  shell, 
then  detached  itself  and  shrunk  away,  as  represented  in  fig.  9,  At  this  time 
the  specimens  were  accidentally  lost ;  but  several  hours  later,  one  of  the 


"U: 


M 


GENUS  EYALOSrUKNIA— IIYALOSPDENIA  PAPILIO. 


131 


individunla  was  found  again,  and  presented  the  appearance  seen  in  fig.  10, 
with  the  sarcodo  contracted  into  the  fundus  of  the  shell.  • 

From  first  to  last  a  nucleus  appeared  to  be  absent  in  the  sarcode.  The 
endosarc  contained  fine  granular  matter,  coarser,  darkly  defined  granules, 
oil-like  globules,  clear  vacuoles,  and  a  few  brown  food  particles. 

Hyalosphema  ctineata,  with  this  name,  was  first  described  by  Stein. 
What  appears  to  be  the  same  was  afterward  described  by  Tatem,  in  Eng- 
land, under  the  name  of  Difflugia  ligata.  Schulze  subsequently  described 
what  he  regards  as  a  distinct  species  from  that  of  Stein  under  the  name  of 
Hyalosplienia  lata.  I  have  not  access  to  the  description  of  the  latter  author; 
but  from  its  quotation  by  Schulzo  I  cannot  detect  sufficient  difference  to 
distinguish  two  species. 

Stein  remarks  that  in  //.  cuneata  the  animal  can  abruptly  and  quickly 
separate  from  the  mouth  of  the  shell  and  retract  to  the  bottom.  Schulzo 
remarks  that  in  //.  lata  he  never  observed  such  a  sudden  contraction  as 
this.  That  this  apparent  diflference  of  habit  has  no  specific  value  is  shown 
in  the  fact,  that  most  lobose  rhizopods,  when  disturbed,  may  retract  their 
pseudopods,  but  retain  the  connection  of  the  sarcode  mass  with  the  mouth 
of  the  shell,  notwithstanding  the  rudest  shaking,  while  at  other  times  any 
of  them  may  and  will  sever  the  connection  and  quickly  retreat  to  the 
fundus  of  the  shell. 

The  specific  names  of  cuneata,  ligata,  and  lata  are  expressive  of  charac- 
ters common  to  any  or  all  the  examples  described  by  Stein,  Tatem,  Schulze, 
and  myself. 

HYALOSPHENIA  PAPILIO. 

Plate  XXI. 

Difflugia  {Catharia)  i)apilio.    Lcicly:  Pr.Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,  liMi. 
Hyaloaphenia  papiUo.    Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  187.'),  415;  187C,  197. 

Shell  compressed  oblong  ovoid,  or  occasionally  compressed  pyriformj 
in  the  broader  view,  with  the  fundus  transversely  convex  and  the  sides 
gradually  tapering  to  the  slightly  convex  oral  end,  or  with  a  pyriform  out- 
line; in  the  narrower  view,  with  the  fundus  angularly  rounded  and  the 
oral  end  notched.  Mouth  transversely  oval,  with  rounded  commissures. 
Shell  composed  of  transparent,  yellowish  chitinoid  membrane.  Sarcode 
.vith  bright  green  endosarc  from  the   presence  of   chlorophyl;  the  mass 


"<•  ,'"W.%K"n"^,  '•■ 


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ill 


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I!:  I 


132 


FRESri-WATKU  IIHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMKUICA. 


nttachcd  by  divorgont  threads  to  the  summit  und  sides  of  the  sholl;  pseu- 
dopods  colorless,  dij^itate,  up  to  half  a  dozen  in  number. 

Size. — From  0.108  mm.  to  0.14  mm.  long,  0.0G8  nnii.  to  0.084  mm. 
broad,  0.032  mm.  to  0.04  mm.  thick;  and  the  mouth  end  from  0.032  mm.  to 
0.04  mn>.  broad  and  0.008  nun.  in  the  opposite  diameter. 

Locality. — Abundant  in  the  moist  sphagnum  of  sphagnous  swamps 
of  l*ennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  Tobyhanna,  Pokono  Mountain,  Monroe 
County;  Broad  Alountain,  Schuylkill  County,  Swarthmore,  Delaware 
County,  Pennyslvania ;  Absecom,  Atlantic  County,  Longacoming,  Ilam- 
monton,  Atco,  Malaga,  Vineland,  etc.,  New  Jersey. 

Hyalosplicnia  papilio  is  conunon  and  at  times  e.xoecdingly  abundant 
in  moist  bog-moss  or  sphagnum,  in  sphagnous  swamps,  but  is  not  found  in 
ponds  except  accidentally.  No  other  lobose  rhizopod  has  more  impressed 
mo  with  its  beauty  than  this  one.  From  its  delicacy  and  transparency, 
its  bright  colors  and  form,  as  it  moves  among  the  leaves  of  sphagnum, 
desmids,  and  diatoms,  I  have  associated  it  with  the  idea  of  a  buttei-fly 
hovering  among  flowers.  From  its  comparative  abundance,  the  readiness 
and  certainty  with  which  it  may  be  obtained  and  presei'ved,  and  from  its 
transparency,  which  allows  its  structure  to  be  well  seen,  it  is  peculiarly 
well  adapted  for  the  study  of  the  life-history  of  its  order.  I  have  collected 
it  from  early  spring  to  late  autumn,  and  have  retained  it  alive  in  sphagnum, 
in  a  glass  case,  through  the  winter.  During  the  Christmas  holidays,  I  have 
repeatedly  exhibittjd  it,  in  the  living  condition,  to  the  admiration  of  friendi; 

•  This  intorestiiig  Rhizopod,  foiiuil  toj^etlior  with  a  xtrofiiHiou  of  otlier  rpmarli.iblo  inicro.scopiu 
forLis  of  lioth  animal  and  vegetal  life,  of  wliich  many  arc  novel  nnd  yet  undescribed,  recalls  plensing 
lecoUeetioaa  of  excursions  into  I  ho  rtpliagnons  liog.s,  cedar  swarai)8,  and  pino  barrens  in  tho  southern 
region  of  New  Jersey.  Those  localities  have  special  charms  for  tho  botanical  student  on  account  of  tho 
dlvorsity  of  beautiful  aud  interesting  phints  tliey  produce.  In  proper  season,  in  most  places,  they  uro 
redolent  with  tlm  rich  perfume  of  tli((  Magnolia  glaifa  and  tho  fragrance  of  tho  Clethra  alnifolia.  In 
early  spring,  tho  ground  is  adorned  with  bright  patches  of  tho  little  I'yxio,  Pyxidanthera  barbulata,  and 
Siind-Myrtle,  LiiupV  '.lum  hurifoUum.  Later,  the  swamps  display  an  abundance  ot  Heloniaa  bullata,  and 
still  later,  many  other  liliaceous  plants,  as  Zygadcniia  limanthoidca,  Karthecium  americanum,  besides  more 
common  on<'8.  IJich  aro  tho  woods  and  swamps  in  Orchids  of  tho  genera  CypHpedium,  Goodyera, 
Spiraiillics,  Liparin,  Ilnbenaria,  Calopogon,  J'ogonia,  and  Anthiisa.  On  dry  banks,  amidst  a  host  of 
Vaccininms  and  otlier  ericaccous  plants,  are  conspicuously  seen  tho  spikes  of  white  flowers  of  the 
griissy-looking  Xvrojyhylluin  aapTiodelotdcs ;  while  the  bogs  lielow  aro  as  conspicuously  dotted  with  the 
carious  green  and  purple  Pitcher-plant,  Sarraccnia  purpurea,  nestling  among  sphagnum,  and  entangled 
among  Cranl)erry  and  Sundews,  Drosera  Jiliformis,  etc.  In  many  places  occurs  the  singular  grass,  with 
its  underground  fiuit,  tho  Amphicarpum I'lirnhii ;  and  in  more  restricted  localities  appears  the  rare  little 
fern,  tho  Schizwapuailla. 

Upwnul  of  thirty  years  ago,  while  examining  tho  structure  of  sphagnum,  my  attention  wa* 
distracted  by  tho  movements  of  a  singular  animal,  whose  character  and  affinities  I  did  not  then  recog- 
nize.   Scptcuber  9tii,  1873,  tho  flftioth  anniversary  of  my  birth,  a  friend,  Clarence  S.  Dement,  presented 


I  i-atf.^  ^  iB«*-H.'t. 


OENUS  UYALOSIMUilNIA— IIYALOSI'IIENIA  rAl'ILR).  133 


The  shell  of  //.  pajnlio,  pi.  XXI,  is  usually  comprossod  oblong?  ovoid, 
but  occasioniilly  is  coniprcHSod  pyrifonn.  The  compression  is  about  equal 
to  one  half  the  greater  diameter.  The  transverse  section,  figs.  14,  If),  is 
ellijjtical,  with  rounded  angular  poles.  Viewed  on  the  broader  surface, 
figs.  1,  3-5,  7,  11-13,  the  outline  is  broadly  convex  at  the  fundus,  from 
which  the  sides  slant  in  a  straight  or  nearly  straight  lino  close  to  the 
mouth,  where  they  are  commoidy  slightly  everted.  'I'he  lower  extremity 
or  line  of  the  mouth  is  transverselj'  slightly  convex.  In  a  comparatively 
few  specimens,  in  the  view  of  the  broad  surface  of  the  shell  the  outline 
is  decidedly  pyriform,  as  seen  in  fig.  10.  In  the  view  of  the  narrov/er  side 
of  the  shell,  the  outline  is  flask-shaped,  with  the  fundus  rounded,  obtusely 
angular,  or  slightly  prolonged;  and  the  oral  end  appears  as  a  concave 
notch.     See  figs.  2,  6,  8,  9. 

The  mouth  is  inferior,  terminal,  and  transversely  elliptical,  with  rounded 
commissures,  and  is  convex  in  the  wider  andconcave  in  the  narrower  direction. 
The  shell  is  buff- or  straw-colored,  oflighter  or  darker  shade,  and  rarely 
nearly  colorless.  Among  thousands  of  specimens  from  different  localities, 
I  do  not  recollect  meeting  with  one  in  which  at  least  a  trace  of  yellow 
could  not  be  detected.  As  in  other  species  of  the  genus,  it  is  perfectly 
transparent  and  structureless,  nor  did  I  ever  find  a  specimen  with  adherent 
extraneous  bodies  of  any  kind.  The  thickness  of  the  shell  is  pretty  uniform, 
but  is  slightl^  greater  around  the  mouth. 

In  the  view  of  the  broader  side  of  the  shell,  along  the  border  of  the 
fundus,  there  may  be  detected  from  two  to  half  a  dozen  minute  apertures, 
around  which  the  shell  is  slightly  thickened.  These  appear  to  serve  for  the 
ingress  and  egress  of  water  accompanying  the  protrusion  and  retraction  of 
the  pseudopods.     See  figs.  1,  3-5,  7,  10-13. 

The  shell  of  Hyalosphenia  papilio  exhibits  but  little  variation  in  size. 
It  ranges  from  ^^th  to  ith  of  an  inch  in  length  by  ith  to  ^/h  of  an  inch 
in  breadth,  and  ith  to  4th  of  an  inch  in  thickness.     The  mouth  ranges 


^'■<^™  m^^  *o  ^th  of  an  inch  in  breadth. 


111.1  with  a  small  Hartnack  microscopp,  which,  from  Us  loiiv.-nieiit  size  ami  form,  I  kept,  on  my  atiuly 
table.  From  time  to  time  I  was  led  to  make  observations  on  Fresh-water  Ehizopods  detected  "in  sedi- 
ments collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Pliilad.lphia.  A  year  later,  in  cxaminin},'  watersqneezed  from  sphag- 
num obtained  at  Absecom,  I  observed  many  individuals  of  the  same  singular  animal  above  indicated, 
but  now,  undorslanding  its  nature,  I  described  it  as  Difflugia  papilio.  It  was  tlie  rediscovery  of  tliis  lieaii- 
titul  torm  which  impelled  me  to  pursue  the  investigations  which  constitute  the  material  of  the  present 
work. 


134 


FRESH- WATHK  itlllZOPODS  OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


leii 


The  sarcodo  of  Ilyalosphenla  papilio  I  have  never  seen  entirely  filHng 
the  shell.  Its  proportionate  nizo  with  the  capacity  of  the  latter  varies  very 
much,  the  dift'eronco  appiu'ently  being  more  or  less  dependent  upon  the 
amount  of  nutriment  taken  by  the  animal.  Thus  I  have  observed,  in  the 
summer  months,  when  apparently  the  conditions  of  life  were  most  favor- 
able to  the  animal,  that  the  sarcode  mass  \\  as  largest,  and  most  nearly  filled 
the  shell,  as  seen  in  tig.  1 .  Under  less  favorable  circumstances  the  sarcodo 
was  snujler;  and  sometimes  the  animal  would  iinpress  me  with  the  idea  of 
being  starved,  when  the  sarcodo  mass  would  occupy  less  than  half  the 
capacity  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  tig.  4 

in  the  view  of  the  broad  surfacv.  of  J£.  papilio,  the  sarcodo  mass  usually 
appears  pouch-like  in  outline.  The  upper  part  is  ovoid;  the  lower  part  is 
as  wide  as  the  shell  contiguous  to  the  mouth,  and  the  intermediate  part  is 
contracted.  In  the  view  of  the  narrow  side  of  the  animal,  the  sarcode 
mass  touches  the  shell  laterally,  and  appears  therefore  to  till  it  more  in  the 
less  than  in  the  greater  breadth. 

Diverging  processes  of  the  ectosarc  fix  the  sarcode  mass  to  the  sides 
anil  fundus  of  the  shell.  These  processes,  of  course,  vary  in  longth  in 
jH'oportion  as  the  sarcode  mass  diminishes  or  increases.  They  are  conical 
extensions  of  the  ectosarc,  moio  or  less  tapering  t"»  tilaments,  and  aro 
usually  simple,  but  sometimes  furcate  at  their  outer  connection.  They  aro 
of  the  nature  of  pseudopods,  and  may  be  detached  from  tho  shell  and 
withdrawn  into  the  sarcodo  mass,  while  new  ones  may  be  projected  and 
extended  to  become  attached  to  the  shell. 

The  sarcodo  of  //,  papilio  is  remarkable  for  the  (puvutity  of  chlorophyl 
which  enters  into  its  constitution.  I  have  never  met  with  a  living  speci- 
men of  tho  aninuil  in  which  this  material  was  absent.  It  is  of  a  bright 
green  color,  like  that  of  tho  green  fresh-water  polyp  Hydra  viridis,  and 
occurs  in  spherical  cori)uscles  rangiiig  from  joJoot'i  to  the  j-^th  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  They  are  usually  so  numerous  as  to  obsc.ure  all  the  other  con- 
stituents of  the  sarcode;  but  ahnost  invariably  this  is  free  from  them  in 
tho  vicinity  o{  the  mouth. 

The  basis  of  the  sarcode  is  the  usual  faintly  granular  colorless  proto- 
plasm mingled  with  larger  and  more  distinct  graiuiles.  Tho  ectosarc  every- 
where appears  colorless  and  clear  or  faintly  gnduilar. 

The  int'jrior  of  the  sarcode  nmss  near  the  upper  part  is  occupied  cen- 


T 


1 


(iKNlIS  nYAIiOSrilKNIA-HYAIiOSiMIKNlA  PAPILIO. 


1135 


triilly  by  a  largo,  spherical,  clear   or  pale  {rraimlar  imdeiis ;  in  different 
specimens  riinging  from  about  j^J^th  to  ,j|^tli  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  nucleus,  at  the  periphery  of  the  sarcode  mass, 
there  may  be  detected  several  contractile  vesicles.  From  two  to  four  are 
frequently  seen  at  the  same  time  together.  They  generally  expand  to 
about  ..jjipth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  before  collapsing. 

Below  the  position  of  the  nucleus,  between  it  and  the  clear  sarcodo 
contiguous  to  the  mouth,  the  endosarc  is  occupied  by  vanablo  quantities 
of  brownish  food-balls,  vacuoles,  and  occasionally  distinct  algous  forms, 
intermingled  with  the  constituent  elements. 

Green  alga;  swallowed  as  food,  unless  of  comparatively  largo  size  and 
more  peculiar  shape,  are  not  usually  distingr.'.diiable  among  the  materials 
of  the  endosarc  in  consequence  of  their  being  obscured  by  the  abundance 
of  constituent  chlorophyl  corpuscles.  Among  them  there  may  occasionsilly 
bo  seen  a  diatom,  a  desmid,  or  a  fragment  of  an  oscillaria.  The  endo- 
chrome  of  the  alga?,  as  a  result  of  digestion,  appears  to  become  shriveled 
and  assumes  a  decidedly  yellowish  or  reddish-brown  hue. 

The  brownish  food-balls  vary  in  quantity  and  size.  They  aro  mostly 
granular,  but  sometimes  have  an  oleaginous  appearance,  and  lie  free  in  the 
endosarc  or  are  contained  in  vacuoles.  They  appear  to  be  accunnilations 
of  food  in  the  jjrocess  of  digestion,  or  the  remains  of  food  which  have 
undergone  digestion  and  are  ready  to  be  discharged. 

The  vacuoles  vary  in  number  and  size,  sometimes  few,  sometimes  many, 
and  ranging  from  ^^tli  to  j,J^th  of  an  inch  Thoy  appear  as  globules  of 
clear  colorless  liquid,  of  pale  colorless  grar.ular  matter,  or  of  colored  food- 
balls  surrounded  by  a  stratum  of  either  or  both  of  the  former. 

At  times  one  or  more  of  the  vacuoles  may  be  seen  slowly  approaching 
the  mouth  of  the  shell,  on  reaching  which  their  contents  aro  discharged. 
Food-balls,  in  like  maimer,  without  being  enclosed  in  vacuoles,  may  be 
seen  pursuing  the  same  course. 

In  tho  vicinity  of  tiio  mouth  not  unl'nxpiently  vacuoles  may  bo  soon 
to  appear,  to  gradually  enlarge,  and  then  collaps(>,  in  tho  manner  of  the  con- 
tractile vesicles  so  constantly  occupying  a  position  at  tho  upper  part  of  tho 
sarcode  mass. 

With  the  other  materials  of  tho  endosarc  there  aro  numerous  colorless 
woll-delined  gramdes  which  resemble  starch,  also  man)"^  small  i)ale  globules 


I 


136 


FKESII  WATER  KRIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


resembling  vacuoles,  and  in  addition  oil-liko  globules  of  various  sizes, 
sometimes  colorless  and  sometimes  yellowish  in  hue.  Tlieao  latter  mate- 
rials especially  are  obscured  by  the  clilorophyl  corpuscles. 

The  pseudopods  are  digitifonu  and  from  two  or  three  to  lialf  a  dozen  or 
more  in  number.  They  sometimes  extend  to  a  length  of  jj^^th  of  an  inch 
with  a  thickness  of  .j^jh  of  an  inch,  They  are  usually  simple,  but  occa- 
sionally branch,  and  are  blunt  at  the  end  They  are  colorless,  and  with 
high  powers  can  be  seen  to  be  linel}'  but  faintly  granidar  throughout.  The 
coarser  granules  of  the  endosarc  do  not  enter  them. 

As  the  pseudopods  protrude,  the  mass  of  the  sarcodo  in  the  interior  of 
the  shell  proportionately  dimirishes,  and  the  threads  of  attachment  are  put 
to  a  greater  stretch.  When  the  animal  is  disturbed,  the  pseudopods  are 
retracted,  but  the  sarcode  mass  commonly  retains  its  attachment  to  the 
mouth  of  the  shell.  Occasionally,  however,  when  the  animal  is  suddenly 
or  rudely  disturbed,  the  sarcode  mass  retreats  far  into  the  shell,  as  repre- 
sentc*.  in  fig.  5.  In  proportion  as  the  sarcode  retracts  or  extends,  the 
attaching  threads  shorten  or  lengthen. 

Not  unfrequently,  but  especially  in  October  and  November,  and  also 
in  the  winter  months,  in  sphagninn  preserved  in  a  moderate  temperature, 
specimens  of  //.  papiUo  are  to  be  seen  in  which  the  sarcode  mass  forms 
a  compressed  spheroidal  ball  lying  completely  quiescent  within  the  shell, 
as  represented  in  figs.  7-11.  The  ball,  in  the  narrower  view  of  the  latter, 
is  seen  to  touch  the  sides,  but  in  the  broader  view  does  not  extend  to 
the  lateral  borders.  The  ball  ranges  from  ith  of  an  inch  to  „i,th  of  an 
inch  in  breadth,  and  ^\\\  to  ^t\\  of  an  inch  in  thiiikness.  GenerJiUy  it  is  a 
little  greater  in  its  longitudinal  than  in  its  broader  transverse  diameter. 
The  constitution  of  the  ball  appears  to  be  nearly  the  same  as  the  sarcodo 
mass  in  the  active  animal,  but  is  devoid  of  the  materials  recognized  as  food, 
and  also  presents  no  vacuoles  nor  contractile  vesicles.  It  is  bright  green 
from  tiio  presence  of  abundance  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  which  exist  in 
the  same  proportion  as  usually  observed  in  the  actiVe  condition  of  the  animal. 
A  central  clearer  spot  \vould  appear  to  indicate  the  retention  of  the  nucleus. 
The  exterior  of  the  ball  is  comjjosod  of  a  layer,  of  variable  thickness,  of 
colorless,  faintly  granular  ectosarc,  not  aefined  from  the  granular  endosarc 
extending  into  the  mass  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles.  Occasionally  the  green 
sarcode  ball  is  invested  by  a  more  distinct  and  colorless  membrane. 


OENUS  IIYALOSPnENIA— IlYALOSPnENIA  rAPILIO. 


137 


Not  unfrequontly  specimens  of  the  kind  just  described  are  seen  with 
one  or  more  jjlobidur  masses  of  granular  matter,  colorless  or  colored  yel- 
lowish or  brownish,  l^'ing  between  the  green  sarcode  ball  and  the  mouth 
of  the  shell,  as  represented  in  fig.  10,  which  I  have  supposed  to  be  exoro- 
niontitious.  In  several  instances  I  have  seen  an  animal  withdraw  its  jjsou- 
dopods,  retreat  deeply  into  the  shell,  retract  its  threads  of  attachment,  and 
assume  the  form  o '  an  oval  or  spheroidal  ball.  This  would  subsequently 
discharge  several  masses  of  excrementitious  matter  of  the  kind  indicated, 
and  become  proportionately  reduced  in  size. 

In  many  specnnens  with  the  sarcode  in  the  condition  of  a  (juiescent 
ball,  the  mouth  of  the  shell  appears  to  remain  open ;  in  others  it  is  closed 
by  a  sort  of  golatinoid  operculum,  as  seen  in  fig.  11.  In  one  instance 
observed,  as  seen  in  fig.  9,  the  lips  at  the  mouth  of  the  shell  were  in 
close  apposition,  and  cemented  together  by  the  material  of  the  oper- 
culum. 

I  have  repeatedly  met  with  specimens  of  IL  painUo,  as  represented  in 
fig.  12,  in  which  the  shell  contained  nothing  excepting  a  quantity  of  scat- 
tered bright  green  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  in  all  respects  like  those  ordinarily 
observed  in  the  sarcode  mass  of  the  animal. 

I  have  further  repeatedly  observed  specimens  in  which  the  shell  con- 
tained a  variable  number  of  globular,  granidar,  colorless  corpuscles,  of 
nearly  uniform  size  in  the  same  specimen,  but  of  diflferent  sizes  in  ditferent 
ones,  as  represented  in  fig.  13.  The  nature  of  these  bodies  I  have  not 
determined,  nor  whether  they  actually  pertain  to  the  Ilyalosphenia  or 
belong  to  some  parasite,  but  I  have  suspected  them  to  bo  spores  of  the 
former. 

H.  papiUo  in  comparison  with  many  other  rhizopods  is  of  remarkable 
uniformity  in  size,  shape,  and  constitution.  Though  I  have  seen  thousands 
of  specimen.-,  from  difterent  localities,  in  mountainous  regions,  and  nearly 
at  the  sea-level,  1  have  observed  but  trifling  variation.  I  never  have  seen 
anything  like  decided  transitional  forms,  never  any  with  the  shell  positively 
colorless,  and  not  one  in  any  condition,  whether  of  activity  or  quiescence, 
in  which  the  sarcode  was  devoid  of  the  chloroph}l  corpuscles. 

As  previously  intimated,  and  for  the  reasons  given,  I  have  considered 
Hi/nlospheiiia  pajrilio  pecidiarly  well  adapted  for  study,  and  I  have  looked 
hopefully  forward  to  it  as  a  means  of  throwing  light  tq)on  the  modes  of 


138 


FRESHWATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


:"i!l 


hi! 


I  ''.   M 


reproduction  of  the  shell-covered  rhizopods  in  general,  but  up  to  the  pres- 
ent time  I  have  been  disappointed.  Among-  the  multitude  of  specimens 
I  have  seen  I  never  observed  a  pair  in  the  position  which  is  commonly- 
viewed  as  that  of  conjugation,  and  regarded  as  having  some  relation  with 
reproduction. 

HYALOSPHENIA  TINCTA. 

Plate  XX,  flgs.  11-18. 

Shell  compressed  pyriform,  variable  in  the  relation  of  breadth  to 
length ;  in  transverse  section  compressed  ovdl ;  composed  of  pale  yellow, 
transparent,  structureless,  chitinoid  membrane ;  mouth  transversely  oval. 
Sarcode  colorless ;  pseudopods  digitate,  usually  two,  three,  or  more. 

Sise — Smallest  specimen,  0.076  mm.  long,  0.056  mm.  broad,  0.028 
mm.  thick,  with  the  mouth  0.02  mm.  by  0.008  mm. ;  second  specimen 
broader  than  long,  0.06  mm.  long,  0.08  mm.  broad,  with  the  mouth  as  in 
the  former ;  third  specimen,  0.08  mm.  long  and  broad,  0.0^6  mm.  thick, 
and  mouth  same  as  in  fonner;  largest  specimen,  0.092  mm.  long,  0.064 
broad,  and  mouth  as  in  the  others. 

Locality. — Abundant  in  the  sphagnous  swamps  of  Tobyhanna,  Pocono 
Mountain,  Monroe  County,  Pennsylvania;  found  also  in  the  sphagnum 
near  Kirkwood  station,  on  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  railway.  New  Jersey. 

Hyalosphenia  tincta,  figs.  11-18,  pi.  XX,  is  closely  related  with 
H.  cuneata,  but  from  its  more  pyriform  shape,  pale  tinted  shell,  and  living 
in  sphagnum  instead  of  ponds,  I  have  regarded  it  as  distinct. 

The  shell  is  compressed  pyriform,  with  a  very  short  neck,  usually  with 
little  difference  between  the  length  and  breadth.  It  is  composed  of  pale 
yellow  or  straw-colored  transparent  chitinoid  membrane,  without  trace  of 
definite  structure.  It  is  thicker  than  in  H.  cuneata,  and  is  therefore  less 
flexible.  At  the  lateral  borders,  usually  below  the  middle,  it  presents  a 
pair  of  minute  pores  for  the  ingress  and  egress  of  water.  Sometimes 
another  pair  of  similar  pores  are  found  along  the  same  border  above  the 
middle.     See  figs.  11,  12,  14,  16,  18. 

In  transverse  section,  the  shell  is  laterally  compressed  oval,  with 
obtusely  rounded  poles.  Tlie  mouth  has  the  same  form,  and  is  slightly 
directed  upwardly  toward  the  commissures. 

The  size  of  the  shell  differs  but  little,  though  there  is  considerable 


•?ii 


lhs!i; 


GENUS  HYALOSPIIKNIA— HYALOSPHENIA  TINCTA. 


139 


variety  in  the  relation  of  the  greater  breadth  to  the  length.  Most  frequently 
the  specimens  observed  were  quite  or  nearly  equal  in  length  and  breadth. 
Specimens  of  usual  size  ranged  from  ith  to  ^Ijdi  of  an  inch  in  length  and 
breadth,  with  rather  less  than  half  the  thickness.  The  mouth  is  about 
^^jjth  of  an  inch  in  breadth  and  ^jjjjth  of  an  inch  in  the  short  diameter. 

The  sarcode  is  colorless  and  finely  granular,  and  usually  contains  a 
multitude  of  large  colorless  globules,  which  are  scarcely  distinguishable 
as  vacuoles,  food-balls,  or  contractile  vesicles.  The  latter  were  only  to  be 
recognized  by  looking  for  them  in  the  usual  position,  along  the  border  at 
the  fundus  of  the  sarcode  mass.  A  nucleus  is  present,  but  is  obscured  by 
the  surrounding  granules  and  globulbs. 

Viewed  laterally,  or  from  the  extremities,  the  sarcode  mass  wjuj 
observed  to  touch  the  broader  sides  of  the  shell;  but  more  or  less  vacancy 
was  left  between  it  and  the  narrower  sides.  The  lateral  borders  and  fun- 
dus of  the  mass  are  attached  in  the  ordinary  manner  to  the  inner  surface  of 
the  shell  by  threads  of  the  ectosarc. 

The  pseudopods  are  commonly  two  or  three  in  number,  thick,  digit  'e 
and  simple,  but  sometimes  are  more  numerous  and  branching. 

Some  individuals  of  this  species  appeared  to  be  particularly  irritable, 
and  tapping  the  glass  upon  which  they  were  placed  would  not  only  cause 
them  to  retract  their  preudopods,  but  also  to  separate  from  the  mouth  of  the 
shell  and  retreat  into  its  fundus.  In  the  contraction  of  the  sarcode  mass 
it  would  assume  a  spiieroidal  form,  but  not  withdraw  the  threads  of  attach- 
ment to  the  sides  and  fundus  of  the  shell.  After  a  few  moments  of  rest, 
the  sarcode  would  again  descend  and  establish  an  attachment  to  the  mouth 
of  the  shell,  and  once  more  protrude  its  pseudopods.  In  one  individual, 
the  sarcode  mass  actuall}'"  protruded  its  pseudopods  before  the  body  was 
extended  to  the  mouth  of  the  shell,  as  represented  in  fig.  12. 

Ilyalosplienia  tincta  I  found  abundantly  in  moist  sphagnum,  of  the  large 
sphagnous  swamps,  at  Tobyhanna,on  the  Pokono  Mountain,  Monroe  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  July,  187G.  Later  1  fc  and  it,  though  rarely,  in  sphagnum, 
near  Kirkwood  station,  on  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  railroad.  New  Jersey. 

I  was  at  first  disposed  to  view  Hyalosphenia  tincta  as  being  the  same  as 
n.  cuncata.  They  have  nearly  the  same  size  and  fonn;  but  the  difference  in 
color  of  the  shell  and  the  difference  in  the  character  of  the  locality  they 
inhabit  have  led  me  to  regard  them  as  distinct. 


all! 


AT-r  1  .'^■^'; '    ^  "    •• "      ■  •  '^  ■/'"•  ■\^?ww  w  Tr^k  '7  •■  T*  -   ^  V  ,,*w  T»y  I'.j  .ifTL-^^-Nj^fSii^  ;-;^^h?(rM_w*"wr'^  ^■*-'/'  '^i  ^j'iV'f''  KVfvyf^ 


140 


rilKSII-WATEll  RUIZOrODS  OF  NOllTII  AMEUICA. 


I-' 

■6!  i 


Associated  with  Ilyahsphcnia  tiricta,  I  observed  a  number  of  speci- 
mens, of  the  same  sizes,  variations  in  form,  and  color,  but  in  wliich  the  shell 
exhibited  more  or  less  evidence  of  areolation.  •  In  som.e,  the  appearance 
was  exceedingly  indistinct;  in  others,  it  was  quite  positive,  and  these  latter 
had  then  all  the  characters  of  a  species  of  another  genus,  which  I  have 
named  Nehela  flahcUulum.  Those  with  the  indistinct  appearance  of  areola- 
tion weie  evidently  transitional  varieties  toward  the  latter. 

I  have  observed  sufficient  variation  in  specimens  to  suspect  it  probable 
that  Ilyahsphcnia  tincta  merges  into  //.  cuncata,  and  likewise  into  //.  clcgans 
and  //.  papilio. 

IIYALOSPHENIA  ELEGANS. 

Platk  XX,  flgs.  19-29. 


m\ 


'!■  i 


I: 


% 


Difflugia  (Calharia)  eUgans.     Loidy:  Proo.  Ac.  Nivt.  Sc.  1874,  156;  1875,  415. 

Shell  compressed  flask-shaped;  in  the  view  of  the  broader  side,  with 
an  oval  body  and  long  cylindroid  neck,  slightly  widened  at  the  oral  end, 
which  is  convex  downward;  in  the  view  of  the  naiTower  side,  long  elliptica., 
and  tapering  to  the  oral  end,  which  is  deeply  notched.  Shell  composed 
of  pale  brownish,  transparent,  structureless,  chitinoid  membrane,  which  ia 
impressed  with  longitudinal  rows  of  hemispherical  pits.  Sarcode  colorless, 
attached  by  threads  to  the  sides  jind  fundus  of  the  shell;  pseudopods  digi- 
tate, usually  three  or  four  in  number. 

Size. — Length  from  0.088  mm.  to  0.108  mm.;  breadth  of  body  0.064  to 
0.04  mm.;  thickness  of  the  same  0.02  to  0.028  mm.;  breadth  of  neck  and 
oral  end  0.016  to  0.02  mm.;  short  diameter  of  oral  end  0.008  mm. 

Locality. — Abundant,  in  association  with  Hyalosphenia  pajnlio,  in  sphag- 
num in  the  same  localities. 


Hyalosphenia  elegans, 

form,  living  among  sphagnum, 
ceding  species.  The  shell  is 
broader  side,  tlK>  outline  of  the 
a  rather  long  cylindroid  neck 
slightly  expanded  and  convex 
side,  the  shell  presents  a  long 


figs.  19-29,  pi.  XX,  a  common  and  graceful 
appears  to  be  quite  distinct  from  the  pre- 
compressed  flask-shaped.  Viewed  on  the 
body  is  oval  and  more  or  less  tapering  into 
The  fundus  is  convex,  and  the  oral  end  ia 
downward.  In  the  view  of  the  narrower 
elliptical  outline,  tapering  to  the  oral  end, 


ill 


GENUS  nYALOSPIIENlA— IIYALOSFIIENIA  ELEGANS.  141 

which  appears  deeply  notched  from  tlie  turning  upward  hiterally  of  tho 
oral  commissures. 

The  shell  is  composed  of  transparent  chitinoid  membrane,  of  a  pale 
chocolate-brownish  hue,  without  a  trace  of  definite  structure.  It  is  of 
uniform  thickness,  except  that  it  forms  a  thicker  border  to  the  mouth. 
Tho  sides  of  the  shell  exhibit  a  more  or  less  symmetrically  corrugated 
appearance,  duo  to  series  of  hemispherical  inflections,  which  are  remarkably 
constant  and  persistent. 

The  mouth  is  oval,  and  is  convex  in  its  wider  diameter. 

The  size  and  form  of  the  shell  vary  but  little.  Commonly,  specimens 
range  from  J,th  to  J„th  of  an  inch  in  length,  jL,th  to  ith  of  an  inch  in 
breadth,  and  ^^jh  to  ,J„th  of  an  inch  thick,  with  the  mouth  j^th  of  an  inch 
in  the  greater  and  ,,^th  of  an  inch  in  tho  less  diameter. 

The  sarcode  of  E.  elegans  is  colorless,  though  sometunes  tho  endosarc 
appears  more  or  less  yellowish  from  the  quantity  of  food  it  contains. 
Usually,  the  endosarc  contains  many  vacuoles  and  food-balls,  mostly  of  a 
yellowish  or  brownish  hue,  besides  which  it  contains  the  usual  constituents 
found  in  allied  forms. 

The  nucleus  is  usually  more  or  less  obscured  or  may  be  completely 
hidden  from  view  by  the  surrounding  materials.  It  is  pale  granular  and 
globular,  and  measures  from  .^\h  to  ,^„th  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

From  two  to  four  contractile  vesicles  are  frequently  visible  together  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  nucleus  at  the  periphery  of  the  sarcode  mass  They 
measure  about  the  J-th  of  an  inch  previous  to  their  collapse. 

The  mass  of  sarcode  occupies  more  or  less  of  tho  interior  space  of  the 
shell,  according  as  the  animal  lu.s  been  well  or  poorly  supplied  with  nourish- 
ment. Sometimes  it  nearly  fills  (he  shell;  at  others,  it  barely  occupies  half 
Its  capacity.  Extensible  threads  of  ectosarc  diverge  from  the  sarcode 
mass  to  the  sides  and  fundus  of  the  shell,  varying  in  length  in  proportion 
as  the  mass  enlarges  or  diminishes. 

Tho  pseudopods  are  digitate,  usually  three  or  four  in  number,  mostly 
simple,  sometimes  forking  or  branching,  and  finely  granular  in  constitution 

Specimens  of  //.  degam  are  frequently  found  with  the  sarcode  in  an 
encysted  condition  in  the  form  of  a  compressed  ovoid  or  spheroid  ball  <.f 
variable  size,  as  seen  in  figs.  27-29.  These  specimens  also  often  exhibit  a 
number  of  pale  granular  spheres,  of  variable  size,  occupying  the  neck  of 


142 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


the  shell,  as  represented  in  figs.  24,  29.  They  probably  consist  of  excre- 
tnentitious  matters  discharged  from  the  sarcode  ball  as  it  assumed  the 
resting  condition.  Sometimes  specimens  are  met  in  which  the  position 
of  the  sarcode  ball  is  occupied  by  a  number  of  pale  granular  spheres,  as 
represented  in  fig  25.  They  are  of  more  uniform  size  and  more  definite 
granular  structure  than  in  the  sphei-es  of  supposed  excrementitious  matter. 
Their  nature  I  have  not  determined,  but  have  suspected  them  to  be  spores 
or  reproductive  bodies,  though  they  may  be  entirely  foreign  to  the  rhizo- 
pod.     They  measure  about  the  ~^th  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

I  have  found  no  specimens  referable  to  H.  elegans  which  exhibited 
any  clearly  transitional  disposition  toward  II.  pcqnlio  or  other  forms. 

The  thing  previously  described  which  appears  most  to  resemble  H. 
elegans  is  the  Difflugia  spirigcra,  of  Ehrenberg,  from  the  Bavarian  Alps.* 
If  what  I  have  described  as  series  of  hemispherical  inflections  of  the  shell 
correspond  with  his  four  internal  longitudinal  spiral  lines,  the  animals  are 
probably  the  same,  though  the  size  he  gives  is  a  third  less  than  the  smallest 
of  those  '  have  observed. 

QUADRULA 

Latin,  quadmla,  a  little  square. 
Difflugia:  Wallicli,  ISlii).     AssuVma;  Holoijhjpha :  Kkroiiberg,  1871.     Quadrula:  Scbuize,  1S75. 

Shell  compressed  pyriform,  transparent,  colorless,  composed  of  thin 
square  plates  of  chitinoid  membrane,  an'anged  in  transverse  or  more  or  less 
oblique  series,  in  consecutive  or  alternating  order.  Mouth  inferior,  termi- 
nal, oval.     Sarcode  colorless,  having  the  characters  of  that  of  Difflugia,  etc. 

QUADRULA  SYMMEjTJCA. 

Plate  XXIV,  iigs. '  -25. 

Difflugia  protoiforniia,vaT.  si/mme/rien.    Wallieh:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xii,  186;?,  458,  pi.  x.flg.  16. 
Difflugia  ptjrifornm,  var.  stjmmetriea.    Wallich:    An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xii,  1863,467;  xiii,  1864,  232,  pi. 

xvi,  fig.  20. 
Difflugia  stjinmetrn'ii.    AVallicli:  Ibidem,  245. 

Difflugia  amulata.    Ehroiil)org:  Abb.  Ak.  WIh.  Berlin,  1871,249,  Taf.  ii,  Pig.  4,6. 
D.  AsmiUna  asxuldta.    Elirenborg  :  Il)i(leni,  246. 
Difflugia  caroUnimniH.    Ebronbcrg  :  Ibi(b!ni,  2!)0,  Taf.  iii.Fig.  14. 
D,  AHSulina  caroliiicusin.     ICbreubcrg:  Ibidem,  240, 274. 
Difflugia  LcplolcpiH.    Ebreuberg:  Il)idcni,254,  Taf.  iiijFig.  15. 
D.  Aasulina  Leptolepis,    Elireuberg :  Ibidem,  240, 274. 
Quadrula  symmetrica.     Seliulze:  Arch.  milt.  Anat.  1875,  329,  Taf.  xviii,  Fig.  1-0. — Leidy:  Pr.  Ao.  Nat. 

Se.  1875,  415.— Archer:  Quart.  Jour.  Mic.  Sc.  1877,  122. 


•Monatsb.  Berl.  Ak.  Wisscr..  18i>3,526;  Abhaud.  1871,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  4. 


M 


i 

1 


GENUS  QUADRULA— QUADEULA  SYMMETRICA. 


143 


Shell  compressed  pyrifonn:  viewed  on  the  broader  sides,  with  the 
fundus  widely  convex,  and  the  sides  sloping  or  more  or  less  inflected 
toward  the  oral  end,  which  is  convex  downward  ;  viewed  on  the  narrower 
side,  ellipsoidal,  with  the  fundus  obtuse  and  the  oral  end  roundly  notched. 
Mouth  transversely  oval  and  convex  downward.  Shell  colorless,  trans- 
parent, composed  of  square  plates  aiTanged  in  transverse  longitudinal  or 
more  or  less  oblique  rows.  Sarcode  colorless ;  pseudopods  digitate,  from 
one  to  three  or  more. 

Size. — Length  0.08  mm.  to  0.14  mm. ;  breadth  0.04  nnn.  to  0.96  mm  ; 
thickness  0.028  mm.  to  0.048  mm. ;  mouth  from  0.02  mm.  by  0.008  mm.  to 
0.032  mm.  by  0.016  mm. 

Locality. — Dripping  rocks  with  Fegatella,  in  Fairmount  Park ;  ditch 
at  the  side  of  the  Norristown  railroad  above  Manayunk,  Philadelphia; 
sphagnum  of  the  sphagnous  swamps  of  Absecom,  Vineland,  and  other 
places  in  New  Jersey. 


Qnadrnla  symmetrica,  figs.  20-25,  pi.  XXIV,  the  only  representa- 
tive of  its  genus,  is  remarkable  for  the  peculiar  construction  of  its  shell, 
which  is  compressed  pyriform.  Viewed  on  the  broader  surfaces,  the  out- 
line is  pyriform,  or  ovoid,  with  the  sides  sloping  or  more  or  less  inflected,  eo 
as  to  produce  a  neck  of  variable  length.  The  oral  end  is  ti-ansversely 
convex.  Viewed  on  the  narrower  sides,  the  outline  of  the  shell  forms  a 
long  ellipse,  tapering  to  the  oral  end,  which  appears  notched.  The  mouth 
is  transversely  oval  and  entire. 

The  shell  is  perfectly  colorless  and  transparent,  and  is  composed  of 
square,  structureless,  chitinoid  plates.  These  are  arranged,  with  some  gen- 
eral degree  of  regularity,  in  transverse,  more  or  less  oblique,  or  longitudi- 
nal rows.  Longitudinally  for  the  most  part  they  successively  increase  in 
size  fi'om  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  toward  the  fundus.  Frequently  the 
row  surrounding  the  mouth  is  larger  than  the  next,  and  those  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  fundus  are  smaller  than  the  preceding  ones.  The  general 
arrangement  is  like  that  of  tiling  with  variable  regularity.  Mostly  their 
order  is  corisccutive,  but  sometimes  somewhat  alternating.  They  are  not 
entirely  disposed  with  the  symmetry  expressed  by  their  name,  for  frequently 
smaller  plates  break  the  regular  succession  of  larger  ones,  and  sometimes 
one  angle  of  a  plate  replaces  that  of  a  contiguous  one. 


1= 


Hi 


I  i  n 


4:ii-> 


144 


FRKSIi-WATKU  KHIZ()l'()J)8  OF  NOKTH  AMKUIOA. 


QiMdrula  aymmvMca.    Oppositn  nidi's  of  tlio  sumo  shell. 


Besides  fij^s.  20-2r),  pi.  XXIV,  the  ncconiiinnying  figures,  in  tlio 
arrangement  of  the  plates  of  the  shell,  represent  the  more  important  varieties 
wliioh  I  luivo  observed. 

The  size  of  the  sliell  ranges 
from  about  the  .Jjh  to  the  ,[^tli  of  an 
inch  in  length  by  J,A]i  to  :^^th  of  an 
inch  broad. 

The  sarccde  is  colorless,  and 
in  all  its  characters  resembles  that 
of  Ilyalosphenia.  The  food- vacuoles 
often  aj)pear  yellowish.  The  nu- 
cleus when  visible  measures  about 
the  jJ^th  of  an  inch  or  more.  I'ho 
pseudopods  are  digitate  and  usu- 
ally two  or  three  in  number. 
In  several  instances  I  have  found  specimens,  late  in  the  season,  with 
the  sarcode  in  a  quiescent  or  encysted  condition.  Fig.  25  represents  such 
ii  specimen  obtained  from  sphagnum  in  November.  It  was  of  the  largest 
size,  about  the  j^.th  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  plates  were  arranged  ob- 
liquely across  the  shell,  and  were  pretty  uniform  in  size.  The  neck  was 
occupied  by  a  laminated  diaphragm  as  thick  as  one  third  the  length  of  the 
shell.  The  sarcode  mass  formed  a  compressed  oval  ball  occujiying  a  cen- 
tral iiosition  in  the  body  of  the  latter  The  ball  was  nearly  colorless  or 
faintly  yellowish,  and  granular,  and  contained  several  large  oil-like  glob- 
ules. A  central  clearer  space  appeared  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a  nucleus. 
Dead  shells  are  sometimes  found  containing  in  the  interior  a  number 
of  scattered  plates,  or  the  same  in  one  or  m  /re  little  ppokets,  like  those 
composing  the  wall  of  the  shell. 

QuadruJa  symmetrica  was  first  described  by  Dr.  Wallich,  under  the 
name  of  Difflugia  symmetrica^  from  specimens  found  in  England.  It  was 
more  recently  described,  and  referred  to  a  new  genus,  by  Prof.  Schulze, 
from  specimens  found  near  Dresden. 

Ehrenberg  described  the  same  as  pertaining  to  three  different  species, 
under  the  names  oi Difflugia  assulata,  D.  carolinensis,  and  I),  leptolcjns.  These, 
in  1871,  with  a  number  of  other  foiins,  he  refen*ed  to  a  subdivision  of 
Difflugia  with  the  names  of  Assulina  and  Hologlypha.    Ap,   however,  the 


OKNIIS  NKHKLA— NKHKLA  (!()I.LAUIH. 


145 


latter  would  ivpply  to  tlio  first  ineinborH  of  tlio  suhdivlsioii  indicated,  which 
uppeur  to  bo  only  varieties  or  ut  most  two  species  of  Cyplioderia,  neither 
of  the  names  could  bo  considered  as  properly  takin<?  precedence  of 
Quadrulii  distinctly  applied  to  Assulina  aasiilatn,  the  fourth  member  of 
lOhrenborg's  list.* 

NEBELA. 

Greek,  ueM,  a  bottle. 
Diffiitgia:  Klircnliorg,  1818.    Rctlcella ;  AUodlclya  ;  Odon/orfi'cfi/a;  Klireiiborg,  1871.    AVfccIii ;  I.oiily,  1874. 

Shell  usually  compressed  pyriform,  transparent,  colorless,  with  or 
without  appendages,  composed  of  cancellated  membrane  or  of  peculiar 
intrinsic  structural  elements  of  variable  form  and  size,  mostly  of  circular 
or  oval  disks,  of  narrow  rectangular  plates  or  rods,  or  of  thin,  less  regular, 
angular  plates,  often  almost  exclusively  of  one  or  the  other,  sometimes  of 
two  or  more  intermingled  in  variable  proportions,  sometimes  of  chitinoid 
membrane  incorporated  with  more  or  less  extrinsic  elements,  and  sometimes 
of  these  entirely,  as  in  Difflugia.  Mouth  inferior,  terminal,  oval.  Sarcode 
colorless;  in  form,  constitution,  and  arrangement  as  in  Difflugia,  Hyalo- 
sphenia,  etc. 

NEBELA  COLLARIS. 

Plates  XXII;  XXIIl,  iigs.  1-7;  XXIV,  figH.  11,  12. 

JHffiugla  eoHann.    Klironltor};:  Moiiiitsl).  ,\k.  Wis.  Hcrliu,  184'*,  818;  Mirrogfiologic,  18.''>4,  331;  Abh.  Ak. 

Wis.  Bi'iliii,  1871,  14;i,  TaC.  ii,  I'if,'.  27;  Tuf.  iii,  I'i},'.  81. 
Difflugia  reticulata.     Klircnbirt':  Moiiivtsb.  Ak.  Wis.  1848,  218;  Miorog.  1854,  331;  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1871, 143, 

Tuf.  ii,  l•'i^^  80. 
Difflugia  caiiccllnta.     Klirciiboig :  ilouiitsb.  Ak.  Wis.  1848,  379;  Mirrog.  1854,  331 ;  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1871, 145^ 

Till',  ii,  I'ig.  3. 
Oiffluijia  Carpio.    Ehvi'iiberg:  Microg.  1854,  US'. 

1).  Ltigena  fi.  Carpio.     Ebriiibprg:  Microg.  1854,  331;  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  2.51,  Tuf.  ii.  Fig.  22,  27. 
JUfflugia  binoitin.    Kbrciiberg:  Microg.  ia-)4,  331 ;  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  S.'iO,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  28,  83. 
Difflugia  annuiata.    Kbrenbcrg:  Miorog.  1854,  —  ;  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  84'.),  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  10. 
Difflugia  laxa.    Kbroiiberg:  Microg.  18.")4,  — ;  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  8.54,  Tuf.  iii.  Fig.  22. 
J>ifflitgia pdtigcraica.     Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  lHt;4,  j)l.  i,  fig.  12. 
Difflugia  ngmmetriva.    Wallicb:  An.  Alag.  Nut.  Hist,  xiii,  18G4,  \A.  xvi,  figH.  27-33. 
i>.  lleticflla  collarix  (AUoHiclija).     Kbrenbcrg:  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  247. 
D.  Itcticella  reticulata  (Oilotitodicljia).     Kbrenbcrg:  Il>i<lcni. 
J).  ItetiecUacancdlatii  (O(li)nlo(li(tiia).     Kbrenbcrg:  ibidem. 
D,  Ilelicella  Carpio  {.illodicti/a).     Kbrenbcrg:  Iliideni. 
D.  UcticeUa  hinodiH  (Otlontoilictgu).     Kbrenbcrg:  Iliidcni. 
D.  Itcticella  annulata  (Allodictga).     Kbrenbcrg:  Ibidctn. 
D.  Iiiticclla  laxa  (AUotUctgii).     Kbrenbcrg:  Ibidem. 

Difflugia  ccltulifcru.     Kbrenbcrg:  Dc^ntscbc  Nordpolarfabrt,  1874,  4G0,  4GC>,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  24. 
Difflugia  {\ebcla)  numata.     Keidy:  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Se.  1874,  1.57. 
Kebela  numula.    LeiUy:  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  187(i,  110,  figs.  1-5;  1877,  264. 


10  iniTZ 


•Abbund.  Akad.  Wissens.  Iterliii,  1871,  240. 


jl 

l! 


H 


1 


146 


FUK8II  WATER  HlllZOPOIhS  Ol'  NOItTII  A.MKItlCA. 


Shell  roinprossod  pyriform,  lonpfcr  thiin  hmnd;  in  tlio  hroador  viow, 
witli  tliti  riindtis  widely  eonvox,  the  sides  sloping  downward  and  {generally 
slifijitiy  infleeted  toward  tli(!  oral  end,  wliieli  is  convex  downward;  in  tlio 
n.arrow  view,  oblonff,  with  the  fnndns  obtUHO,  sornotinios  impressed  on  each 
Hide,  gradually  sloping,  and  usually  slightly  inflected  tttward  the  oral  end, 
which  is  notched  ^[outh  transversely  oval,  entire.  Shell  colorlesB, 
exceedingly  \arial)le  in  its  structural  elements,  generally  composed  of  oval 
or  circidar  disks,  sometimes  nearly  exclusively  of  one  or  the  other,  or  inter- 
mingled in  various  proportions,  more  or  leas  uniform  or  variable  in  size, 
sometimes  mingled  with  rod-like  or  narrow  rectangular  plates,  and  sonie- 
tinu's  almost  wholly  composed  of  these,  rarely  composed  (tf  thin,  irregular, 
angular  plates.  Sarcode  colorless,  resembling  in  general  constitution  aiul 
arrangement  that  of  Ilyalosphenia,  etc.;  pseudopods  digitate,  usually  from 
three  to  half  a  dozen. 

She. — In  fifty  specimens  two  thirds  ranged  between  0.1  mm.  and  0.14 
mm.  in  length.  The  smallest  of  the  series  was  ().0G4  mm.  long,  O.OJH)  mm. 
broad,  0.02  nun.  thick,  with  the  oral  end  O.OIG  nmi.  broad  and  0.008  nun. 
thick.  The  largest  was  0  208  nun.  long,  0.12  mm.  broad,  0.06  mm.  thick, 
with  the  oral  end  0.048  mm.  broad  and  0.0JV2  nun.  thick.  An  average-sized 
specimen  was  0.128  nmi.  long,  0.08  mm.  broad,  0.048  mm.  thick,  with  the 
mouth  0.0^52  nun  broad  and  0.024  mm.  thick. 

LovaJitff. — Moist  sjdiagnum,  of  the  sphagnous  swamps  of  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maine,  Florida,  Alabama;  rarely  in  moss  at  the  edpo  of  a 
pond  in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory. 

TVebela  collaris  (pi.  XXII ;  pi.  XXIII,  figs.  1-7),  a  remarkable  and 
beautiful  rhizopod,  is  common  and  sibundant,  living  in  the  moist  sphag- 
num of  the  sphagnous  swamps  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  It  is  a 
constant  associate  of  Ilyalosphenia  papilio  and  //.  cUgans  Sometimes  the 
spliagnum  in  certain  localities  actually  swarms  wfll/  tue  animal,  and  a 
drop  of  water  squeezed  from  the  plant  contain."  a  i.iultitude  of  them.  At 
other  times  and  in  other  localities,  apparently  under  equally  favorable 
circiuTistances,  the  sphagnum  contains  few  or  none  of  the  animals,  though 
it  is  rare  not  to  find  traces,  such  as  a  few  dead  shells,  in  the  sphagnum  of 
most  localities?. 

The  3hell  is  compressed  pyriform,  longer  than  broad,  though  varying 


OENIIH  NKUKF.A— NKBKLA  COliLAKIH. 


147 


coiisidcraldy  in  the  projmrtioii  of  the  (liH'(>r(>nt  nioasuntmonts.  Viowod  on 
tli(!  hroiul  surlacc,  tlio  oiitliiui  is  pyriiorm,  witli  tlio  oral  ciid  convex  down- 
ward. The  sides  slope  downward  to  the  month,  soniotinu-s  nearly  in  a 
straijrjit  line,  sometimes  with  more  or  less  iniieetion,  K'^'"f?  ""^^  *"  '^  neck 
of  variable  len<,4h,  thouffh  generally  slutrt.  In  the  view  of  the  narrower 
snrfaco,  the  outline  is  elliptical  or  more  or  less  narrowly  pyriform,  with  tho 
oral  end  concavely  notched, 'and  with  tho  fundns  obtuse,  and  sometimoH 
imj)rossed  at  the  sides. 

'I'he  transverse  section  of  the  shell  is  oval  and  evenly  rounded  at  the 
polos,  but  occasionally  is  narrowed  gradually,  or  somewhat  abruptly 
approaching  the  latter. 

In  Honio  specimens,  the  section  has  a  hexahedral  outline,  with  concave 
sides  and  prominent  rounded  angles,  as  seen  in  fig.  (5,  pi.  XXIII. 

Sometimes  the  shell  is  impressed  laterally  and  at  the  fuiulus,  so  as  to 
produce  obtusely  angular  borders  ami  a  sonu^wliat  carinated  api)earance, 
as  seen  in  fig.  4,  pi.  XXII,  representing  a  transverse  section. 

Sometimes  the  narrower  forms  ])resent  at  the  lower  third,  at  each  lateral 
border,  a  .slight  conical  prominence,  at  tho  apex  of  which  the  shell  aj)pears 
to  be  perforated  by  a  miinito  poro,  as  seen  in  tigs.  1,  2,  4,  7,  pi  XXIII. 

Tho  mouth  is  transversely  oval  and  entire,  and  h.is  rounded  com- 
missures, as  seen  in  fig.  4,  pi.  XXII. 

In  composition,  the  shell  is  of  extraordinar}'  character,  from  the  variety 
in  form  and  arrangement  of  its  elements.  Most  frequently  it  is  composed 
of  oval  or  circular  disks,  as  represented  in  tigs.  1-12,  15-17.  The  disks 
usually  hold  no  relationship  in  size  with  that  of  the  shell :  the  smallest 
specimens  may  have  the  largest  disks,  and  tho  largest  ones  may  be  com- 
l)Osed  of  those  of.  the  smsillest  size.  Sometimes  tho  shell  is  almo.st  entirely 
composed  of  circular  disks,  sometimes  of  oval  disks,  and  frequently  tho 
tw:o  kinds  are  intermingled.  Sometimes  they  aro  of  pretty  uniform  sizo ; 
at  others,  they  aro  intermingled,  of  different  sizes.  Most  frecpiently  tho 
larger  disks  occupy  the  fundus  and  body  and  the  .sn)aller  ones  the  lower 
part  or  neck  of  tho  .shell.  Sometimes  the  larger  disks  are  more  or  less  scat- 
tered, with  some  approach  to  uniformity,  and  the  intervals  aro  occupied  by 
smaller  ones.  Indeed,  there  exists  almost  any  conceivable  arrangement  of 
the  round  and  oval  disks  in  tho  construction  of  tho  shell. 

Another  variety  of  the  shell,  not  uncommon,  though  less  frequent  than 


i 


148 


FRESn-WATER  RUIZOPODS  OF  ITORTH  AMERICA. 


the  former,  is  composed  of  narrow  rectangular  plates,  intermingled  with  a 
comparjiti\  ely  few  round  or  oval  disks,  as  seen  in  figs.  13,  18,  pi.  XXII. 
The  narrow  plates  are  usually  placed  parallel,  in  close  juxtaposition,  in  small 
patches,  »vhich  are  arranged  in  diflPerent  directions,  while  the  round  or  oval 
plates  occii])y  intervals  here  and  there,  singly  or  two  or  three  together. 
The  general  appearance  gives  the  impression  of  certain  kinds  of  tessellated 
pavement. 

Some  shells  are  mainly  composed  of  round  and  oval  disks,  of  the 
variety  first  described,  interminghul  with  a  few  narrow  rectangular  plates 
or  rods,  of  various  lengths,  as  rep"'esented  in  fig.  7. 

Occasionally  I  have  seen  specimens  with  e.Kti*ai;oou8  matters,  such  as 
quartz  particles  and  diatoms,  incorporated  with  the  shell.  A  si)ecimen 
represented  in  fig.  8  appears  to  have  a  few  sponge  spicules  added  to  the 
ordinary  intrinsic  elements  of  composition. 

Not  unfrequently  there  are  found.  In  association  with  the  usual  more 
characteristic  varieties  of  Ncbcla  coUaris,  individuals  which  have  the  same 
form  of  shell,  but  with  its  structure  rather  reluted  with  that  of  the  ordinary 
forms  of  Ditflugia.  In  some  specimens  the  shell  is  composed  of  thin  and 
irregularl}'  angular  silicious  plates,  as  represented  in  fig.  12,  pi.  XXIV.  The 
intervals  ot  the  ])lates  appear  as  dark  or  clear  outlines,  according  to  the 
focus,  and  the  margin  of  the  mouth  of  the  shell  is  uneven,  as  it  is  formed 
by  the  bordering  plates.  Jlostly  the  intervals  of  the  silicious  plates  are 
conspicuous,  and  appear  to  be  oecipied  by  a  clear  cementing  substance, 
or  the  shell  appears  to  be  eomposvid  of  clear  chitinoid  membrane  paved  with 
the  silicious  plate;,  as  seen  in  fig.  11. 

Tiie  specimens  vary  greatly  in  the  forms  of  the  component  silicious 
plates,  which  consist  of  variable  proportions  oi  the  kind  just  described, 
with  others  which  are  more  regularly  rectangular,  or  in  the  f(.>rm  of  rods, 
and  sometimes  Avith  diatoms,  and  round  or  oval  i-lates  like  those  which 
ordinarily  compose  the  shell  oi  Ncbcla  coUaris.  Through  such  specimens  the 
latter  would  appear  by  transition  forms  to  merge  into  Difflujia  coniprcssa. 

Tiie  sarcode  of  Ncbcla  coUaris  is  colorless,  but  frequently  the  endosarc 
appears  more  or  less  yellowish  or  brown,  from  the  abundance  of  mingled 
food  in  balls  and  as  diffused  granular  matter.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that 
rarely  green  food  or  food  of  any  other  color  than  those  just  mentioned  is 
seen  in  this  animal. 


GENUS  NEBELA— NEBKLA  COLLARIS. 


149 


The  general  .ippeiirance,  extent,  arrfingenient,  and  constituents  of  the 
sarcode  are  the  same  as  in  Ilyaloaplienia.  Tiie  nucleus  is  usually  obscured 
from  view  by  the  accumulation  of  food  and  other  matters.  The  contractile 
vesicles  are  seen,  two  or  three  in  number,  between  the  position  of  the 
nucleus  and  the  periphery  of  the  sarcode  mass.  Among  the  yellowisli 
contents  of  the  endosarc,  the  balls  often  have  the  a})pearance  of  oleaginous 
globules 

The  pseudojiods  are  digitate,  mostly  simple,  aiul  usually  from  two  or 
three  to  half  a  dozen  in  number.  They  extend  to  the  ^-J^th  of  an  incli  in 
length  or  more,  and  commonly  are  about  the  3~,th  of  an  inch  thick. 

The  range  of  size  and  the  proportionate  diameters  of  Nebela  collaris 
vary  considerably.  Average-sized  specimens  are  about  j^tli  of  an  inch 
long,  j,J„th  broad,  ~j\\  thick,  with  the  mouth  about  ,^,yth  broad  and  ,.^th  in 
the  short  diameter.  A  connnon-sized  specimen  was  the  ^,th  of  an  inch 
long,  .,>^,th  broad,  j.ith  thick,  with  the  oral  end  ~^th  by  ,,',^|th  of  an  inch. 
The  smallest  specimen,  of  a  large  number,  was  j^J-th  of  an  inch  long, 
jj^th  of  an  inch  broad,  j-^th  of  an  inch  thick,  with  the  mouth  end  ~^\\\.  by 
—til  of  an  inch.  The  largest  specimen,  from  moss,  on  the  borders  of  a 
lake  high  uj)  in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory,  was  j.'iyth  of  an 
inch  long,  .^^^th  of  an  inch  broad,  and  jj^th  of  an  inch  thick,  with  the  oral 
end  ^'.^th  by  ,J„th  of  an  inch. 

Nebcin  aollarifi  ma}'  frequently  be  observed  with  the  sarcode  in  the 
condition  of  a  (piiescent  ball,  or  in  an  encysted  state,  occuj)ying  the  central 
portion  of  the  body  of  the  shell,  as  represented  in  tigs.  7,  8,  10,  pi.  XXII. 
Tlie  ball  is  compressed  spherical,  and  varies  in  size  in  different  individiuils. 
At  an  early  stage  it  contains  a  quantity  of  the  yellowish  food,  but  this  is 
gradually  discharged,  and  contributes  to  the  formation  of  the  epiphragm 
usually  found  occuj^ving  the  mouth  and  neck  of  the  shell.  In  its  later 
condition,  t!ie  sarcode  ball  is  pale  yellowish  or  nearly  col  rless,  of  granular 
constitutitm,  mingled  with  coarser  and  more  defined  granules  and  oleagi-r 
nous-looking  globules,  small  and  large. 

The  epiphragm  (fig.  7)  is  laminated,  and  often  contains  globular 
bodies,  apparently  remains  of  the  food  discharged  or  purged  fror..  the 
sarcode  ball. 

Occasionally  specimens  occur  in  which  the  sarcode  is  substituted  by 
a  variable   number  of  granular   spheres,  of  nearly  uniform  size,  which. 


150 


FRESII-WATEli  EUlZOrODS  OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


I 


1  .:( 
f 


as  in  other  similar  cases,  I  have  suspected  to  be  spores  or  reproductive 
germs;  though  they  may  not  belong  to  tlio  animal,  and  may  be  of  parasitic 
nature. 

Nehela  coUaris  Avas  oinginall}'  described  by  me  under  the  name  of  Nehela 
nmnata;  but  on  studying  the  literatui-e  relating  to  the  Fresh-water  Rhizft%^ 
pods,  I  have  been  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  same  had  been  repeatedly 
described  by  Ehrenberg  with  different  names,  of  which  D'lfflugia  collaris  is 
one  of  the  earliest. 

All  the  forms  described  and  figured  by  Ehrenberg  with  the  names  of 
Difflngia  coUarls,  D.  rcUcidata,  7).  eanccllata,  D.  Carjiio,  J),  hbwd'is,  J),  aumdata, 
D.  laxa,  and  D.  cellidifera,  I  suspect  to  pertain  to  the  same  animal,  and  this 
I  suppose  to  be  the  same  as  that  I  first  described  as  Nehela  numata. 

In  a  systeniiitic  arrangement  of  the  Arcellina?,*  Ehrenberg  has  placed 
the  above-named  forms,  except  the  last  one,  in  a  group  he  calls  Biffliu/ki 
lieticeUa.  Of  this  he  makes  an  edentate  subgroup, — AUodidi/a,  and  a  dentate 
group, — Odoidodidifa. 

If  the  names  of  Refieclln,  Allodicfi/a,  and  Odontodtvtija  are  to  be  regarded 
of  generic  or  subgeneric  value,  they  would  apply  to  the  first-named  species 
of  the  group  or  subgroups. 

y>.  RcticcUa  asterophora  is  the  first  species  of  the  first  subgroup,  and  D. 
RcticcUa  h'modis  that  of  the  second  subgroup.  Tiie  character  of  the  former 
is  obscure;  but,  judging  from  the  imperfect  figure,  it  is  not  generically  the 
same  as  Nehela,  and  therefore  the  names  of  BeticcUa  and  Allodictya  would 
not  supplant  Nehela.  Nor  would  Odontodictya  correctly  replace  Nehela;  for, 
although  Diffliiffia  hhwdis  with  little  doubt  refers  to  what  I  have  considered 
a  variety  of  Nehela  collaris,  the  term  is  erroneous,  for  no  species  of  Nebela 
is  dentated. 

I  think  it  probable  that  several  other  forms  described  and  named  by 
Ehrenberg  likewise  pertain  to  Nehela  coUaris,  but  they  are  so  doubtful  that 
I  think  it  unnecessary  to  mention  them. 

The  series  of  specimens  represenced  by  Dr.  Wallich  in  ligs.  27  to  33, 
pi.  XVI,  of  the  thirteenth  volume  of  the  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural 
History  for  ISG-i,  and  described  as  transition  forms  of  Difflugia  symmetrica, 
appear  to  me  to  pertain  to  the  same  animal  as  Nehela  collaris.  Dr.  Wallich 
remarks  that  the  shell  is  s>)metinios  coni[)ressed,  but  i'rec^uently  is  not  so. 

•Abhmul.  Akiul.  Wissons.  Uerliu,  1H71,  'Mi. 


GENUS  NEBELA— NEBELA  COLLARIS. 


151 


In  all  other  respects,  the  forms  agree  vitli  the  varieties  of  N.  collaris,  but  I 
have  never  met  with  specimens  in  which  the  shell  was  otherwise  than  com- 
pressed. 

Mr.  Carter,  in  the  same  work,  described  a  form  under  the  name  of 
Difflngia  peltigcmcea,  which  probably  also  belongs  to  the  same  animal  as 
Nebcia  collaris. 

The  nature  of  the  singularly  varied  shell  of  Nehela  collaris  I  have  not 
been  able  to  determine  with  any  satisfaction.  In  the  characteristic  forms, 
the  elements  of  structure,  the  disks  and  plates,  appear  to  be  intrinsic, 
and  not  of  a  foreign  character.  They  appear  to  be  cemented  together  or 
conjoined  at  the  borders,  and  not  implanted  upon  or  incorporated  witli  a 
distinct  chitinoid  membrane.  In  breaking  the  shell,  the  line  of  rupture 
follows  the  outlines  or  intervals  of  the  disks  and  plates.  The  shell  ajjpears 
to  be  silicious,  as  it  remains  unchanged  when  exposed  to  +he  action  of 
heated  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids. 

Dr.  Wrllich,  in  referring  to  the  structure  of  the  shell  of  the  transitional 
forms  of  Difflngia  symmetrica,  which,  as  previously  intimated,  1  suspect  to 
belong  to  Nehela  collaris,  calls  the  peculiar  elements  colloid  disks  and  plates. 
He  remarks  of  them  that  they  are  derived  from  the  animal,  and  not  directly 
from  the  medium  in  which  it  lives.  He  supposes,  however,  that  they  are 
formed  through  the  coalescence  of  diatoms  and  other  mineral  elements 
with  the  chitinoid  basal  substance  of  the  shell, 
which  then  undergo  metamorphosis  into  all  the 
colloid  forms  that  occur.*  Of  this  process  I  have 
been  unable  to  satisfy  myself;  but  the  exceed- 
ingly varied  specimens  which  have  come  under 
my  notice,  of  shells  composed  of  elements  appar- 
ently intrinsic  and  of  regular  bu+  widely  different 
forms,  of  others  apparently  of  extrinsic  'ements 
regular  and  irregular,  witli  many  (Others  of  a  transi- 
tional character,  would  appear  to  justify  the  con- 
clusion of  Dr.  ^yallicll. 

Since  the  foregoing  went  to  press,  in  sphag- 
num from  the  cedar  swamp  of  Malaga,  Gloucester  Count}-,  New  Jersey, 
among  nudtitudes  of  characteristic  specimens  of  Nehela  collaris,  together 

*  Annals  and  Mag.  of  Nat.  Hist.  1864,  xviil,  p.  234,  pi.  xvi,  flgs.  27-33. 


Curved  variety  of  X<;beUi  volluris. 


•  1 


■jlf 


152 


FlIESn  WATER  KHIZOI'ODS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


with  many  other  rhizopods,  I  observed  .1  Nebela,  agreeing  with  the  former, 
except  tliat  it  had  a  curved  or  retort-shaped  shell,  as  represented  in  the  ad- 
joining woodcut.  It  was  a  living,  active  individual,  and  the  only  one  of 
the  kind  detected.  The  shell  was  composed  mainly  of  circular  [)lates  of 
variable  size.  Its  length  was  0.15  mm.;  its  greater  breadth  0.072  ami., 
and  its  less  breadth  0.03fi  mm. 

NKBELA  FLAIJELLULUM. 

Pi.ATK  XXII£,  figs.  8-19. 

Difflugia  (Nebela)  flabellulum.    I.cidy:  I'loe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,1.57. 
Ncbclaflaitllul,im.     Leidy  :  Proc.  Ac  Nut.  Sc.  1870,  118,  figs.  0,7;  1877,201. 

Shell  compressed  ])yriform  or  spheroid,  usually  broader  than  long, 
sometimes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  greater  b-eadth;  transverse  section 
oval,  with  rounded  angular  poles ;  neck  short  or  none ;  mouth  transversely 
oval,  slightly  convex  downward  in  the  long  diameter.  Shell  in  color  and 
structure  like  that  of  Nebela  coUaris.  Sarcode  and  pseudojiods  like  those  of 
the  latter. 

-Sii'f.— Length  0.0G8  mm.  to  0.09(j  mm.;  breadth  0.072  mm.  to  0.104 
mm. ;  thickness  0.032  mm.  to  0.048  mm. ;  mouth  from  0.024  mm.  by 
0.012  mm.  to  0.02  mm.  by  0.012  mm. 

Locality. — Sphagnous  swamps  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 
Tobyhanna,  Pocono  Mountain,  Monroe  County ;  Broad  Mountain,  Schuyl- 
kill County;  Swarthmoro,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania;  Absecom, 
Longacoming,  Kirkwood,  and  other  places  in  Now  Jersey. 

IVebela  flabellulum,  represented  in  figs.  8-19,  pi.  XXIII,  may  be 

regarded  as  a  variety  of  N.  collaris  in  which  the  breadth  in  one  direc- 
tion is  greater  than  the  opposite  one,  and  approaches  nearly  or  exceeds 
the  length.  It  is  not  so  common  as  the  characteristic  varieiies  of  the 
latter,  but  in  some  localities  occurs  abundantly.  It  is  a  beautiful  object 
as  ordinarily  seen,  and  reminded  me  of  a  delicate  lace-covered  fan  Usually, 
as  it  lies  in  the  field  of  the  microscope,  it  presents  a  broad  jiyriform  outline, 
with  convex  fundus,  and  the  sides  more  or  less  inflected,  so  as  to  produce 
a  neck  of  niodorato  length.  Sometimes  the  sides  .slope  in  ,<;traight  lines,  so 
as  to  leave  no  distinction  of  body  and  neck.  Occasionally,  also,  specimens 
occur  in  which  th(n*e  is  no  prolongation  of  the  oral  pole,  so  that  the  shell 
is  slightly  oblate  spheroidal  in  outline,  as  seen  in  fig.  15. 


GENUS  NEBELA— NEBELA  FLABELLULUM. 


153 


' 


The  transverse  section  of  the  shell  is  broadly  oval,  with  the  poles 
angularly  rounded,  as  seen  in  fig.  10. 

In  the  narrower  lateral  view  of  the  shell  it  is  elliptical,  with  the  oral 
pole  tapering  at  the  sides.  The  mouth  is  transversely  oval.  In  the 
broader  view  of  the  shell  it  is  slightly  convex  downward,  but  in  the  narrow 
view  it  appears  as  a  concave  notch. 

The  shell  of  Nehela  flabellulum  has  the  same  constitution  and  variety 
of  elements  as  in  N.  coUaris.  It  is  most  frequently  composed  of  oval  or 
circular  disks,  as  seen  in  figs.  8,  12,  17,  or  of  the  two  together  intermingled 
in  different  proportions.  Sometimes  the  larger  circular  or  oval  disks  are 
more  or  less  regularly  distributed,  and  the  intervals  filled  in  with  small 
disks,  as  seen  in  fig.  IG. 

Sometimes  narrow  rectangular  plates  in  different  proportions  are  inter- 
mingled with  the  disks,  and  occasionally  the  former  greatly  predominate, 
as  seen  in  fig.  14. 

Occasionally  I  have  found  specimens  in  which  quadrate  plates,  like 
those  of  Quadrula  symmetrica,  were  mingled  with  the  more  usual  structural 
elements,  as  seen  in  fig.  19. 

Tlie  size  and  })roportions  of  the  shell  o(  Nchcla  flabellulum  vary  but  little, 
compared  with  N.  coUaris.  Commonly  the  length  is  less  than  the  breadth, 
and  this  is  nearly  twice  in  one  direction  what  it  is  in  the  other.  Often  the 
length  and  breadth  are  about  equal,  or  the  former  measuren\ent  is  a  little 
greater  than  the  latter.  Through  varieties  which  are  longer  than  broad,  N. 
flabellulum  merges  into  N.  coUaris;  but  the  former  is  sufficiently  distinct  and 
prevalent  in  some  localities  to  make  it  convenient  to  name  it  as  a  separate  form. 

Of  the  pyriform  variety,  or  that  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  neck,  the 
size  ranges  from  ^ijtli  to  .^th  of  an  inch  in  length,  the  .ji-jth  to  .,]^t\\  of  an  inch 
in  breadth,  ^-Jyth  to  ~j\\  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  with  the  mouth  ^^.J\i  by  g^gyth 
to  fjj^th  by  ,,;,„tli  of  an  inch. 

The  oblate  s[)heroidal  forms  range  from  ^J^^th  to  J^th  of  an  inch  long, 
.^)j\i  to  yjjitli  of  an  inch  broad,  itii  to  ^J^th  of  an  inch  thick,  with  the  mouth 
the  same  as  in  the  former. 

The  sarcode  has  the  same  conformation,  kind  of  attachments,  and  con- 
stitution as  in  Nebcla  coUaris.  The  endosarc  ordinarily  contains  a  multi- 
tude of  yellowish  and  brownish  food-balls,  u)any  of  which  often  have  a 
hig'.ily  oleaginous  appearance. 


p 

I" 


I  :' 


154 


FUKSII  WATKU  UHIZOPODS  OK  NOUTII  AMKIMCIA 


In  ii  sptM'iiiHMi  tVoiii  tlut  gr(>at.  Hpliii^'iioiiH  M\vinii|)  of  IjOti^ucotiiiii^, 
Caintlcii  ('ouiity,  New  .ItTHoVi  r(>|)n'H(>nitMl  in  ii;;'.  14,  \\w  H.-in'odo  nmsH  wan 
oncystiMl,  and  tho  month  of"  tho  hIicII  closed  willi  a  luniinaled  <>|)i|ilnii;rni. 
Tiio  slit'II  was  composed  mainly  ot"  short,  narrow,  n^ctan^'nlar  plates  laid 
together  in  small  patches,  and  arran^yed  in  dia^^onals,  with  intervals  occnpied 
1)V  ronnd  and  oval  disks.  Tin*  sarcode  hall,  ahont  (he  '.th  of  an  inch  in 
hreadlh.  contained  a  larii-e  and  nnil'orndv  ;;iaiMdar  s|)h<'re,  occniwin;;  ahont 
three  ionrlhs  ol' its  capacity,  and  measnrin^-  the  ||',.lli  olan  inch  in  diameter. 
Tho  material  of  the  hall  exterior  to  the  ;;raindar  sphcM't^  iippeared  to  consist 
of  a  portion  of  the  ori^^in-d  sarcod*',  re1ainin<f  a  nnmhei  of  tho  brownish 
food-halls. 

Nebt'hi  JhihvUulnm  1  Inivo  fonnd  most  ahnndantly  in  the  extensive 
8phap;nons  swamps  of  Tohyhanna,  Pocono  Monntain,  Monroe  (^onnty, 
1'ennsylvania.  Here  especially  1  fonnd  the  ohlate  spheroidal  or  neckless 
variety.  The  species  was  associated  with  A',  col/aris,  lliKilosjihrnid  inijnUo, 
11.  vJciidus,  etc.  In  the  same  ^w^nnp  ^rew  proiiisoly,  ill  the  margin  of  poiuls, 
the  Water  Arnm,  CnUa  luihw^trks. 

NKl^KLA  CAIHNATA. 
ri.AiT.  \xiv, «««.  1-10. 

Viffliigia  corimUa.     \uAwv:  V\M\  Onlv  Mio.  Club.  IVc.  lS(i(i.  I'A'.     (.UmiI.  .hmr.  Mic.  Sr.  vi.  1H(i7,  178; 

i\.  lrt«).  (il.  XX.  (l)j.  1'^;  \ii.  \>^'i.  l!l.">. 
Srhfla  cirinntii.     I.oid.v  :  Vnw.  \,:  Niil.  S.'.  1STC>.  IIS.  li^rs.  Kt,  l|. 

Shell  re.semhlin};  in  .^jhape  and  strnctnro  that  of  Xchrhi  rolldris,  hut 
provi«led  with  a  tliin  keel  of  chitinoid  membrane.  comnuMicin^  above  the 
neck  and  extendiny-  alon^-  the  lateral  borders  of  the  body  over  the  fundus. 
Sarcode  also  resembliui;'  that  o(  X.  colloiis  in  c(dor,  arran^'^emeiit,  and  con- 
stitution. 

6''?>, . — Length  from  0.114  mm.  to  0.24  mm.;  breadth  from  O.O.SS  mm. 
to  0.168  mm.;  thickness  0.04  mm.  to  0.072  mm.;  month  0.0,'U5  mm.  by 
0.02  mm.  to  0.028  mm.  by  0.028  mm. ;  carina  from  0.004  mm.  to  0.02  mm. 
deep. 

TAicalifi/. — ^Toderately  frequent  in  the  si)hn^nous  swamp  of  Absocom, 
Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey ;  occasionally  elsewhere  in  sphagnum. 

IVebola  rnriiinin,  represented  in  tip:s.  1-10,  pi.  XXIV,  is  a  bountiful 
species,  tirst   eliscovered  by  Mr.  Archer  in  Ireland.     It  is  frequent  in  the 


I 


OENITH  NRIUniA— NEnKLA  OAUINATA. 


155 


jiKt'iHt,  HitliJigmiiii  (if  tlio  ('(^liir  hwanip  of  AbHocom,  Now  JorHoy,  and  I  Iiavo 
obtainoil  it  from  H[)liiifriiiiiii  bonbu-iiif,'  a  Hpiiii^r  in  tho  vicinity  of  Hwartli- 
nion*  (Jollofro,  Dolawnro  County,  INftinHylvania,  ))iit  liiivft  nindy  found  it 
dwnvlion*.  It  \h  UHiiiiiiy  lar<f(fr  than  Nebela  roUaris,  with  wliicli  it  iw  foniid 
aHHociat(Ml,  and  vvhicJi  it  cloHoly  roHCMnbicH  in  Hbapo  and  coriHtitiition. 

Tlio  hIi<!|I  h  tniiisparont  and  (•olorl<;HH,  and  is  coniprcHHcd  pyriforni, 
tiHiudly  bciii}^  providiid  with  ii  nioro  or  Ichh  distitu^t  ncirk  of  variablo  hmj^th. 
]''roni  that  of  Nrhria  rollnri.s  it  difforw  in  tho  poHH(!HHit)n  of  n  woll-n)iirl«;d 
ko((l,  (ixtcnchnfT  from  tho  hitoral  bonh'rH  and  fnnduH,  and  iiHuaily  comnmnc- 
in<f  about  ono  tiiird  tho  hiiifrtli  of  tho  hIioII  above  the  montli.  Tho  kool  ]h 
oonunonly  of  conHidisrabh)  (h^pth,  but  iH  rmt  proportioiuid  in  oxtont  to  tlio 
Hizo  of  tho  Hholl.  It  i«  a  thin  niond»rano  tonniniitirij;  by  a  HJiarp  froo  odj^o, 
and  by  tranHinittcMl  lif,dit  \h  ({(^linod  from  tho  (cavity  of  th(!  kIk!)!  by  tho 
doid)h(  ("((ntour-nno  of  tho  wall  of  tho  lattor.  It  usually  |)r(;H(!ntH  a  moro  or 
IcHs  indistinctly  ^ranuliir  !ispo(;t,  but  not  tho  (htfinod  olomonts  of  Ktructuro 
of  tho  Hhcfll,  of  which  it  is  an  oxpnnsion,  oxcopting  ocrasionally  obscuro 
tnuufs  of  tho  saino  tnay  bo  dotoctod.  In  tho  transvorHO  section  of  tho  Bhcll, 
which  is  oval,  tho  k(!ol  Jippoars  as  acuminjito  points  to  tho  polos. 

Tho  mouth  (tf  tho  sludl  is  transvorsoly  oval  arul  convex  downward, 
as  in  N.  coUuHh. 

Tho  structuro  of  tlu!  sluill  exhibits  tho  same  fonri,  variety,  and  arranj^o- 
jiient  of  ohtmonts — roimd  and  ov;d  disks,  narrow  roctan^nliir  platcis,  and 
broader  angular  plates,  as  in  Nelwla  collnris. 

In  a  singhf  instance,  1  observed  n,  specimen,  rcj)resentod  in  fif^.  4,  in 
which  somo  comparatively  largo  rpjartz  particles  adhered  to  tlio  shell,  scat- 
tered on  tho  fundus,  and  cs[)ecially  alonjr  the  border  from  which  emanated 
tho  carina. 

As  before  mentioned,  Nehela  cnrinata  is  larger  than  N.  collnris,  and  its 
range  of  size  is  not  so  great  as  in  this.  In  tw(;nty  specimens  measured  at 
different  times,  six  were  ,,'|„th  of  an  iiu-h  long,  live  were  longer,  and  niru) 
shorter.  Tho  smallest  specimen  measured  tho  ^\.\\\.  of  an  inch  long,  ^.^.th  of 
an  inch  broad,  „'.th  of  an  inch  thick,  with  the  oral  end  ^'^^th  of  an  inch  by 
jijyth  of  an  inch.  Tho  largest  specimen  was  ^Ji\\  of  an  inch  long,  ,I,,th  of  an 
inch  broad,  ,,l„th  of  an  inch  thick,  with  the  oral  end  .'„th  by  j^^^th  of  an  inch. 
Tho  carina  i-anges  from  ;J,^th  of  an  inch  to  ,.'.j,th  of  an  inch  deep. 

Tho  sarcode  of  Nebcin  curinatn  exhibits  the  same  characters  as  that  of 


'i   :.  J 


156 


FRESn-WATEU  ERIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMPIUICA. 


Nchela  coUaris.  It  is  colorless,  except  that  the  endosarc  is  more  or  less 
brownish  or  yellowish,  from  the  usual  abundance  of  food-balls  and  dif- 
fused material  of  the  same  nature. 

I  have  also  observed  N.  carinata  with  the  sarcode  mass  in  an  encysted 
condition  and  the  shell  closed  with  an  ep.phragni.  A  specimen  of  this  kind 
is  rej)resented  in  fig.  5. 

NEBELA  IIIPPOCREPIS. 

rLATK  XXV,  figs.  !>-14. 

Difflui/ia  (A'lfce/n)  cquicalanK.    Lt'idy:  Proc.  Ac,  Niit.  8c.  1871,  l,'i(i, 
Nrliela  cquicaleeui).     l.eidy:  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Se.  187(i,  118,  I'lg.  I'J. 

Shell  compressed  pyriform,  with  a  thick,  blunt,  solid  carina  extending 
around  the  body  at  the  fundus  and  lateral  borders,  and  ending  in  long 
digitate  processes  projecting  downward  into  the  interior  of  the  cavity. 
IMouth  transversely  oval,  convex  downward.  Shell  transparent,  colorless, 
composed  of  circular  disks;  the  carina  pale  straw-colored,  homogeneous, 
indistinctly  granidar.  Sarcode,  in  color,  structure,  and  arrangement,  as  in 
iV^  collaris  and  N.  carwafa. 

Sue. — Length  0.2o2  mm,  to  0.26  mm,;  breadth,  including  carina, 
0.14  mm.  to  0. IH  mm.;  thickness  0.068  nmi.  to  0.072  mm.,  with  the 
mouth  0.04  mm.  by  0.028  mm.,  and  the  carina  0.016  mm.  deep  and  0.008 
mm.  thick. 

Locality. — AVet  sphagnum  at  the  borders  of  Absecom  pond.  New 
Jersey. 

]¥ebe]a  hippocrepis,  a  remarkable  species,  represented  in  figs.  9-14, 
pi.  XXV,  is  related  to  Nehela  carinata,  which  it  resembles  in  shape,  but  is 
larger.  It  is  rare,  as  I  have  observed  but  six  specimens  in  four  years, 
and  these  were  found  only  in  the  wet  sphagnum  at  the  edge  of  Absecom 
pond,  New  Jersey. 

The  shell  is  compressed  i)yriform  and  variable  in  the  proportions  of 
breadth  to  length,  and  a  longer  specimen  may  be  of  less  breadth  than  a 
shorter  one. 

The  top  of  the  fundus  and  lateral  borders  of  the  body  of  the  shell  are 
occupied  by  a  thick  horseshoe-like  keel,  the  ends  of  which  project  down- 


GENUa  NEBKLA— NEBELA  HIPPOCREPIS. 


157 


ward  and  inward  into  the  cavity.  Tho  whole  extent  of  this  pecnliar 
appendage  to  the  shell  occiii)ies  about  two-thirds  its  length.  Its  projecting 
digit-like  ends  divide  off  from  the  general  cavity  of  the  shell  a  pair  of 
elongated  conical  recesses  extending  upward  and  outward  along  tho  lateral 
border.  At  the  fundus,  tho  keel  is  about  half  the  thickness  of  its  depth, 
but  becomes  thinner  to  its  temiination.  It  is  pale  straw-color  and  indis- 
tinctly granular. 

The  structure  of  tho  shell,  independent  of  the  keel,  is  the  same  as  in 
the  other  species  of  Nebela;  but,  in  the  few  specimens  observed,  it  was  in 
all  composed  of  circular  disks  of  nearly  uniform  size. 

The  sarcodo  has  tho  same  color,  relations,  kind  of  attachment,  and 
structure  as  in  N.  collaris.  A  cleai'er  space  in  the  centre  of  the  endosarc 
indicates  the  presence  of  the  usual  nucleus. 

When  Nebela  hippocrepis  Avas  disturbed,  ordinarily  it  would  withdraw 
the  pseudopods,  but  the  sarcodo  mass  would  remain  connected  Avith  the 
mouth  of  the  shell.  When  obliged  to  leave  tlie  latter  in  receding,  it  would 
sometimes  retain  a  connection  with  the  ends  of  the  horseshoe-like  appendage 
of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  fig.  14. 

The  smallest  specimen  observed  was  ~t\\  of  an  inch  long,  j^th  of  an 
inch  broad,  ^J^th  of  an  inch  thick,  and  had  tho  mouth  ^J^th  by  ^^th  of  an 
inch,  "^"^he  carina  was  j'gth  of  an  inch  deep  at  the  fundus,  and  had  the 
digit-like  ends  gj-^th  of  an  inch  long. 

The  largest  specimen  was  ^^\  of  an  inch  long,  j^th  of  an  inch  broad, 
jjijth  of  an  inch  thick,  with  tho  mouth  jj.th  by  ^^i\\  of  an  inch,  and  the  carina 
was  j-r-^th  of  an  inch  deep  and  gjl^th  of  an  inch  thick. 

In  two  instances  I  found  specimens  of  empty  sliells  of  a  Nebela, 
evidently  related  with  that  described,  though  they  did  not  possess  the 
horseshoe  appendage.  The  shells  had  the  same  shape  and  structure  as  N. 
hippocrcjns,  but  were  smaller.  In  one,  represented  in  fig.  13,  pi.  XXIV, 
two  long  conical  horn-like  recesses,  or  hollow  processes,  extended  from  the 
lateral  borders  of  the  fundus  downward  into  the  cavity  of  the  shell.  In 
the  other  specimen,  the  horn-like  recesses  were  intei'rupted  in  their  course,  so 
that  the  lower  third  was  separated  from  the  upper  portion.  If  these  horn- 
like recesses  were  solid  and  continuous  by  a  horseshoe  appendage  in  the 
interval  around  the  fundus  of  the  shell,  we  Avould  have  the  condition 
ordinarily  presented  by  Nebela  kippocrcpls. 


158 


FRESH  WATER  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


r 


\m' 


NEBKLA  ANSATA. 

Pmte  XXV,  flKH.  1-8. 

Difflu(ii<i  (Xvbehi)  aiinala.     Leidy :  I'r.  Ac.  Nsit.  Sc.  1H74,  15(i. 
ytbela  aiiKdtii.     I.ri<l  ••  I'r.  Ac.  Nut.  He.  lH7i!,  UH,  li;;.  II. 

Shell  compressed  pyrifonn,  with  a  pair  of  lateral  conical  offsets  diverg- 
ent upwardly  from  the  neck,  but  in  other  respects,  in  structure,  color,  and 
in  the  shape  of  tiie  mouth,  as  in  Nchela  collaris.  Sarcode  likewise  as  in  the 
latter. 

Size. — Smallest,  0.216  mm.  long,  0.132  nmi.  broad  between  the  ends 
of  the  lateral  horns,  0.104  mm.  broad  at  the  fundi;s,  0.0(5  mm.  thick,  with 
the  mouth  0.04  mm.  by  0.028  mm.;  largest,  0.26  mm.  long,  0.164  mm. 
broad  at  the  ends  of  the  lateral  horns,  0.12  nmi.  broad  at  the  fundus,  0.064 
mm.  thick,  with  the  mouth  0.052  nmi.  by  0.028  nun. 

Locality. — Moderately  frequent  in  the  8j)hagnum  of  the  cedar  swamp 
of  Absecom,  New  Jersey. 

IVebela  aiimntn,  represented  in  figs.  1-8,  pi.  XXV,  another  remarkable 
form,  is  distinguished  by  the  spur-shaped  appendages  projecting  from  the 
sides  of  the  neck.  It  gives  the  impression  of  Nchela  hippoctcpis  devoid 
of  the  horseshoe-like  body,  which  is  the  striking  peculiarity  of  the  latter. 
The  general  shape  of  the  shell  is  like  that  (i  hippocrepis,  and  it  is  also 
.about  the  same  size.  The  lateral  horns  diverge  upwardly  at  the  conjunction 
of  the  neck  and  body  of  the  shell.  They  are  hollow,  acute,  conical  offsets 
of  the  latter,  and  are  usu.ally  more  or  less  incurved,  but  are  sometimes 
neai'ly  straight  or  slightly  recurved. 

The  structure  of  the  shell  is  like  that  of  the  other  species  of  Nebela, 
and,  like  that  of  N.  collaris,  presents  great  variety.  Usually  it  is  composed 
of  circular  disks  nearly  uniform  or  of  more  or  less  variability  in  size. 
Frequently  the  disks  appear  to  overlap  one  another  at  the  contiguous 
borders,  a  condition  also  observed  in  the  other  species,  though  compara- 
tively rarely. 

Occasionally  specimens  occui,  as  represented  in  tig.  1,  in  which  a 
number  of  partially  detached  disks  are  seen  projecting  along  the  inner  mar- 
gin of  the  lateral  horns  and  on  the  opposite  border  of  the  body  of  the  shell. 

The  sarcode  in  all  respects  is  like  that  in  the  previously  described 


(lENUS  NIOKKLA— NKHKLA  ANHATA. 


159 


species  of  Nohola.  Usually  it  presents  the  ordinary  form,  but  sometimes 
indivifluiils  are  observed  in  wliioli  processes  of  it  extend  into  the  lutenil 
horns,  'riioso  processes  are,  however,  not  persistent,  and  the  animal  may 
retract  them  entirely  into  the  sarcodic  mass,  as  it  does  the  psoudopods,  or 
the  threads  of  attachment  to  the  fundus  of  the  shell. 

Ncbcla  ansata  is  a  large  species,  and  its  shell  measures  from  ,J.th  of  an 
inch  to  j^th  of  an  inch  in  length,  ,^th  inch  to  ,J^th  inch  in  l)readth  at  tlio 
points  of  the  lateral  horns,  and  ^th  inch  to  .^J^th  inch  in  breadth  at  the  fun- 
dus, with  the  thickness  ^J^th  inch.  The  mouth  averages  about  J„tli  of  an 
inch  by  ith  of  an  inch. 

1  have  found  Nehcla  ansata  in  the  moist  sj)hagnum  of  the  cedar  swamp 
of  Absecom  every  year  since  my  first  notice  of  it  in  1874.  It  is  about  as 
frequent  as  Nehela  carinata,  with  which  it  is  found  in  association,  as  well  as 
with  the  other  species  described. 

In  September,  1874,  I  observed  a  specimen  in  which  the  month  of  the 
shell  was  closed  by  a  doubly  convex  epiphragm,  the  sarcode  was  contracted 
into  a  mass  nearly  filling  the  body  of  the  shell  above  the  position  of  the 
lateral  horns,  and  the  interval  was  nearly  filled  with  yellowish  dirt,  appa- 
rently the  food  remains  discharged  from  the  sarcode  mass.  The  following 
morning  the  sarcode  had  extended  itself  so  as  to  comjn-ess  the  dirt  within  a 
smaller  space  against  the  epiphragm.  The  third  day  the  specimen  was 
found,  as  seen  in  fig.  4,  with  the  sarcode  contracted  into  a  compressed 
spheroidal  ball,  and  with  the  dirt  occupying  a  still  smaller  space  than  pre- 
viously within  the  neck  of  the  shell. 


NEBELA  BARBATA. 


Plate  XXIV,  Hgs.  14-17. 

Difflugia  (Xebela)  harbala.    Lcidy  :  Proc.  Ao.  Nut.  So.  1874, 1,')7. 
Ncbcla  barbata.    Lcidy:  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  1870,  119,  lig.  IS. 

Shell  bottle-form  .slightly  compressed,  with  the  neck  cylindroid,  and 
about  as  long  as  the  ovoidal  body ;  fundus  obtuse,  oral  end  slightly  expand- 
ed, and  in  the  longer  diameter  convex  downward ;  mouth  oval,  entire. 
Shell  transparent,  colorless,  composed  of  circular  disks,  and  furnished  with 
short  stiff  cilia. 

Size. — Length  0.08  mm.  to  0.12  mm.;  breadth  of  body  0.044  mm.  to 


Hi 


100 


FIJESII-WATKU  IMIIZOrODH  OF  NORTH  AMKUICA. 


'I 


O.Ofjfi  mm.;  tliicknesH  of  tho  siinio  O.Oi^O  mm.  to  0.018  imn.;  breadth  of  neck 
0.014  mm.  to  0.024  mm.;  tliickness  of  tho  same  0.012  mm.  to  0.02  mm.; 
month  0.01(5  nmi.  to  0.024  mm.  wide. 

LociiUtij. — Wet  Mphivgnum  of  tho  cedar  swamp  of  Absecom,  and  similar 
hx-alities,  New  Jersey. 

IVebeln  barbata,  roprosented  in  ii<rH.  14-17,  ])1.  XXIV,  lias  a  slightly- 
compressed  bottle-shaped  shell,  with  a  cylindroid  neck,  which  is  about  as 
long  as  tho  ovoidal  body.  In  the  view  of  tho  broader  sides,  the  neck  is 
more  abruptly  defined  from  tho  body,  tho  fundus  is  broadly  convex,  and 
tho  oral  end  is  slightly  expanded  and  convex  downward.  In  tho  narrower 
view,  tho  neck  is  more  gradually  produced  from  the  body,  tho  fundus  is 
more  sloping  from  an  obtusely  angular  summit,  and  tho  oral  end  is  con- 
cave downward. 

In  comi)osition,  tho  shell  accords  with  that  of  other  species,  being 
colorless  and  transparent,  but  I  have  observed  it  only  composed  of  circular 
disks.  The  surface  of  tho  shell  is  furnished  with  short  rigid  oils,  projecting 
straight  outwardly,  apparently  from  tho  intervals  of  tho  disks.  The  cils 
usually  cease  within  a  short  distance  of  the  mouth. 

The  sarcode  and  its  habits  in  all  respects  are  like  those  of  Nehela  col- 
laris  and  other  species. 

Nehela  harhata  approximates  in  size  average  specimens  of  N.  coUaris. 
Tlie  shell  measures  from  ith  to  i th  of  an  inch  in  leufrth,  with  the  body 
jj^th  to  ^th  of  an  inch  in  breadth  and  j^th  to  .'^jth  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 

Nehela  harhata  is  not  of  unfrequent  occui'renco  in  wet  sphagnum  of 
the  cedar  swamp  of  Absecom  and  similar  places  in  New  Jersey. 

Rarely,  I  have  found  specimens  of  Nebela,  in  the  same  locality,  which 
have  the  form  and  constitution  of  N.  harhata,  but  are  entirely  devoid  of  the 
cils.     They  may  be  regarded  as  a  transitional  variety  toward  Nehela  collaris. 

NEBELA  CAUDATA. 

Plate  XXVI,  figs,  ai-24. 
XeMa  eaudatii.    Lciily :  Pioc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1876, 58. 

Shell  compressed  ovoid,  with  from  four  to  five  narrow,  blunt,  conical  or 
clavate  processes  projecting  from  the  luteral  borders  and  summit  of  the  fun- 


UuL-,.^ 


GEKU8  NEIJELA— NKIIKLA  (JAIIDATA. 


161 


du8.  Mouth  transversely  oval.  Shell  transparent,  colorless,  with  tho 
fltrueture  reseinblhig  that  of  Nebela  coUaris,  but  unnally  less  distinct,  Sur- 
codo  colorless. 

Size. — Length  of  the  shell,  exclusive  of  processes,  0.08  nun. ;  breadth 
O.OG  mm. ;  thickness  0.032  mm. ;  breadth  of  mouth  0.02  mm.  by  \01 6  mm. 
Length  of  processes  0.01  G  mm.  to  0.024  nmi. 

Locality. — Rare,  in  sphagnum  of  the  cedar  swamps  of  Absecom  and 
Malaga,  Now  Jersey. 

IVebcIa  ciiidafa,  represented  in  figs.  21-24,  pi.  XXVI,  is  compara- 
tively rare,  as  I  have  not  seen  more  than  half  a  dozen  specimens,  and  none 
of  these  were  in  an  active  condition.  It  was  found  in  association  with  tho 
more  common  forms  in  the  sphagnum  of  tho  cedar  swamps  of  Absecom 
and  jMalaga,  New  Jersey. 

The  shell  is  compressed  ovoid,  but  in  the  narrower  view  appears  more 
pyriforni.  From  the  lateral  borders  and  summit,  as  seen  in  the  broad  view 
of  the  shell,  there  projects  an  unsymnietrical  row  of  four  or  five  long  cau- 
date appendages.  These  are  narrow  conical  or  clavate,  hollow  prolonga- 
tions of  the  shell,  straight  or  curved  and  blunt.  Grsidually  expanding  ri.t 
the  base,  they  give  a  somewhat  polyhedral  outline  to  the  shell.  Tho  mouth 
of  the  latter  is  transversely  oval  and  convex  downward. 

Tho  shell  is  colorless  and  transparent,  and  appears  to  have  the  same 
structure  as  in  Nebela  collaris,  but  usually  less  distinct. 

In  one  of  the  specimens  observed,  f»f  N.  caudata,  tho  shell  was  com- 
posed of  comparatively  large  circular  disks  overlapping  at  their  contigu- 
ous borders.  Another  specimen,  an  empty  shell,  was  made  Tip  of  circidar 
and  oval  disks  mingled  with  narrow  rectangular  plates.  In  a  third  specimen, 
the  shell  was  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane  indistinctly  granular  and 
with  no  decided  appearance  of  disks  or  rectangular  plates.  Tho  caudate 
jn'ocesses  are  chitinoid  extensions  of  the  shell. 

In  the  specimens  observed  which  were  not  dead,  the  sarcode  was  in  an 
encysted  condition,  appearing  as  a  compressed  spherical  ball,  occupying 
the  central  part  of  tho  body  of  the  shell,  while  the  mouth  of  the  latter  was 
closed  with  a  thick  epiphr.agm.  The  sarcode  ball  was  colorless,  and  filled 
with  fine  granides  and  clear  globules. 

lour  specimens  mea.sured  tho   same  lengtli,    ^J^th  of  an   inch;    two 

11   KHIZ 


1G2 


FIJESII  WATKU  KUlZOPOnS  OF  NOUTIl  AMKHIOA. 


(    ,  i 


>  t 


!  i 


moasinvd  ,jj.t]i  of  an  inch  in  the  {rrontov  broadtli,  and  two  ^^tli  of  an 
inrli;  tho  less  breadth  was  .J^tli  of  an  inch.  Tlio  month  was  ,^Vyth  by  ,(rJjyLh 
of  an  inch. 

lIETiEOPERA. 

Gri'ck,  hiliis,  a  l>i>({;  jura,  it  bug. 

Shell  eonioresacd  ovoid,  (•oinj)o.><ed  of  caiicellated,  chitinoid  niendn-ano 
proseatln*^  a  retienlated  appearance  of  mostly  dotted  or  interrnpte<l  lines, 
often  at  the  fundus  incorporated  with  ]iartieles  of  sand.  Mouth  inferior, 
tonninal,  lar<>e,  transversely  elliptieal.  Sareodo  and  its  constituents  as 
usual  in  llyalosplienia  anil  Nebela.     rseudopods  numerous,  diyitiform. 

IIELKOPKKA  riCTA. 

Plate  XXVI,  «};».  l-ll. 

Kffliiflia  (SrMa)  njihaiini.     I.t'idy;  I'roo.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  1^7•l,  157. 
.V.(.<7(i  Kiihiiijiii.     I.iMdy:  rroc.  \i\  Xat.  So.  ISTC,  U!»,  lifis.  1(>,  17. 

Shell  compri'ssed  ovoid,  with  the  oral  polo  narrower;  month  tenninal, 
forming'  a  broad  narrow  ellipse  with  aouto  commissures,  convex  downward 
in  the  lengtii,  and  appearin<;'  as  an  acute  notch  from  the  narrow  sides. 
Shell  conip-osed  of  a  yellowish,  transparent  chitinoid  membrane  with  a 
reticular  struck  'e;  the  meshes  of  tho  not  being*  polygonal  and  tho  lines  of 
tho  net  doited.  Sarc^de  with  Itright-green  endosarc  from  the  multitude  of 
chl(vro|)hyl  corpuscles  entering  into  its  constitution.  Pseudopods  numerous, 
long,  digitate,  simple,  and  branched. 

.:><>(■— Length  U.()!»2  mm.  to  O.IHS  mm.;  breadth  0.076  mm.  to  0.13(5 
mm.;  thickness  0.044  nun.  to  0.072  mm.;  mouth  0.036  mm.  by  0.016  mm. 
to  0.072  nnr.  by  0.032  mm. 

Localitii. — Frequent  and  abundant  in  tho  spluignous  swiimps  of  Penn- 
sylvania     d  Now  Jersey. 

ia('l«'(»iK'rn  |»ir<a,  represented  in  figs.  1-11,  pi.  XXVI,  I  formerly 
inchuled  in  the  genus  Nebela  ns  Ncheh  spJh,gni,  but  now  regard  it  as 
!  ufi!  •i"ntly  jJOv  uliar  to  consider  it  as  tho  typo  oi  another  gonna. 

The  animal  is  found  abundantly  hi  almost  every  extensive  sphagnous 
swamp  in  association  with  various  species  of  Ilyalosphenia,  Nebela,  and 
other  rliizopods.  It  has  the  same  bright  coloring  as  Hyalosph  tiia  pap'lio, 
but  has  apjiearcd  to  me  of  less  graceful  proportions  and  beauty. 


■  JHJi-LPIHJ  LM      1  .11   .!'U-i'L 


OENUS  FlKI.KOrKKA— !IKM'X)I»K1{A   I'KTA. 


163 


Tlio  sl:t>ll  of  IMfopca  picta  ia  comitrcssiMl  ovoid,  and  novor  presontn 
the  ityrifonu  sliapo  so  conunon  in  Ncbola.  In  tho  broad  v'ww  of  tho  shell, 
it  has  an  ejif^-like  ontlino,  tl>e  naiT?)w  end  foiinin<^  tho  convex  lino  of  tiio 
mouth.  In  the  narrower  view  of  the  shell,  the  outline  is  elliptic^ul,  and  tho 
month  appears  as  a  deep  angular  notch.  The  mouth  is  transversely  (dlip- 
tical,  with  angular  eonnnissures,  as  represented  in  lig.  11 

The  shell  is  composed  of  chitinoid  mend)rane,  and  is  transparent  and 
of  a  y(dlowisli  or  jjale  raw  sienna  color.  It  presents  a  reticulated  struc- 
ture with  jiolygonal  meshes.  Under  higher  powers,  the  lin(>s  of  the  reticu- 
lation appear  to  be  composed  of  rows  of  gramdes,  or  they  have  a  beaded 
arrangement.  The  surface  of  the  shell  is  not  perfectly  even,  but  is  slightly 
undulating,  a|)parently  from  elevation  of  tho  reticulation  above  the  level  of 
tin*  intervening  meshes. 

Occasionally  irregular  ])articles  of  hyaline  quartz  are  in'',orporated 
with  the  shell  at  the  summit  of  the  fundus,  as  seen  in  figs.  (!,  7,  10. 

'l"ho  sarcode  of  Ilelcopera  picta  has  a  bright  green  ohdosarc  from  the 
abundance  of  chlorophyl  which  enters  into  its  composition.  The  chloro- 
])liyl  corpuscles  usually  measure  from  j„J^,th  to  ,,J[^th  of  an  inch  in  diameter; 
but  in  ditlerent  specimens  and  conditions  of  thche,  they  range  from  j^'ni^th  to 


•iuub*''  ^^  *'"  '"^'''  '"  diameter. 


A  large  clear  nucleus  occupies  the  centr<>  of  the  sarcode,  but  is  usually 
more  or  h^ss  (d)scured  tn-ni  view  by  the  surroumlhig  chloroj)!!}!  ('orpuscles 
and  other,  uncol<)red,  elements. 

Tho  sarcode  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  inttn-ior  of  the  shell, 
usually  leaving  but  a  small  interval  at  the  siuea  and  fundus,  as  seeu  in 
tho  view  of  the  broad  surfaces  of  the  aninial.  It  has  the  same  means  of 
attachment  to  the  fundus  by  threads  of  ectosarc  as  in  Nebela  and  other 
genera. 

('ontractile  vesicles,  three  o\  four  at  the  sanu)  tmw,  occujiy  the  ordinary 
))osition,  at  the  periphery  of  the  sarcode  coutigutuis  to  the  nucleus,  as  in 
IIyalos])heniii,  etc. 

The  ))seudopods  are  large  and  nunuTous,  and  may  bo  seen  extending, 
and  often  writhing  snake-like,  in  all  directl(m8,  from  tho  capacious  mouth. 
They  are  connnoidy  simple  and  cylindrical,  with  blunt  ends,  but  they  fre- 
(pientlj'  branch,  and  at  times  ))reH<'nt  pointed  ends.  Th(fy  not  unfrequently 
extend  the  length  of  the  shell,  with  a  thickness  of  about  J^„th  of  an  inch. 


1    h] 


I'.JI 


t4S 


It 


164 


niESn  WATIOR  IMIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


%, 


Commonly  the  size  of  Ildcopera  picta  varies  but  little,  a  frequent  size 
being  about  ^tli  of  an  inch  in  length  by  .^.V^th  of  an  inch  in  breadth;  but 
indiviiluals  are  met  widely  differing  at  different  places  and  seasons.  It  ranges 
from  ^,'yth  to  ,l|,th  of  an  inc,h  in  length  ;  .,.'^th  to  ,J,tli  of  an  inch  in  the  greater 
breadth,  and  .l„th  to  r^.th  of  an  inch  in  the  less  l)rea<lth.     The  mouth  varies 

^  i)70  .(.ri) 

from  ..'..th  by  ,.',,th  of  an  inch  to   '„th  by  .'„th  of  an  inch. 

lleleopcra  picta  is  freipuMitly  found  in  the  encysted  condition,  in  which 
state  the  aperture  of  the  shell  is  closed  by  a  double  convex  laminated 
epiphragm  of  a  yellowish  or  brown  color,  as  seen  in  figs.  2,  4-7.  The 
ency8te(|  sarcode  is  compressed  spherical,  occupying  the  centre  of  the 
sltiiil,  US  seen  in  the  view  of  fho  broader  surfaces,  and  in  contact  with 
them,  as  seen  in  tlie  vie  ^  of  the  n.'irrower  surfaces.  The  encysted  ball 
Vetallis  iiii(|lange(|  llie  j»r  sion  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  which  ordinarily 
ouscure  from  view  almost  everything  else.  Commonly  a  clearer  central 
spot  of  the  ball  betrays  the  presence  of  a  nucleus 

(Jo|i(3)'i||)}'  tli{«  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  mingled  with  colorless  granules, 
form  a  closi^ly  agglomerated  ;nii8»  enveloped  with  a  stratum  of  coloi'less 
granular  proroplasm  of  variaide  thickness.  Most  of  the  chlorophyl  cor- 
puscles appei..  of  nearly  uniform  size,  and  in  different  specimens  commonly 
range  from  J^^jth  to  .J^,,th  of  au  iiu-h  in  diameter. 

(1u  the  !)th  of  April,  1877,  I  observed  an  individual  of  //  pi'la,  ob- 
tained from  sphagiMun  |)reserved  all  winter  in  n  glass  case,  with  tilve 
appearance  reiu'esented  in  lig.  2  The  interior  fncysted  ball  was  about 
,!^ith  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  and  contained  the  usual  agglomeration  /)f  chlo- 
rophyl corpuscles,  of  comparatively  uniform  size,  including  a  nudeiiH. 
The  agglomeration  was  tapped  on  one  side  by  a  large  accumulation  of  ftne 
molecules,  which  by  reilcted  light  appeared  milk-white. 

Iiulividuals  of  //.  p'uia  are  found,  as  rcpr(;.><entcd  in  (ig.  H,  in  wlijcji  the 
mouth  of  the  shell  is  closed  by  an  epiphragm  ;  but  the*  usual  sarcode  mass 
is  replaced  by  a  nuiltitude  of  nu>re  or  less  scattered  chhu'ophyl  corpuscles, 
like  those  wiiich  ordinarily  occur  within  the  sarcode.  These  are  probably 
spores  or  geru»s  deiived  fr(y\u  tlio  breakiug-tip  of  the  latter". 

Sometimes,  also,  individuals  are  seen  in  which  the  shell,  wlHi  the 
aperture  open  or  closed,  contains  a  uuiltituth*  of  yello\vi.sh  l)odies,  as  seen 
in  fig.  10,  which  resend)U'  the  chlorophyl  corpuscles  deprived  of  their 
bright  green  hue. 


GENrs  III:LI:0PEUA— IIELEOrEUA  PETRICOLA. 


165 


In  the  encysted  condition  of  //.  picUt,  tlio  compressed  globular  ball  !3 
more  or  les^^s  proportionate  in  size  with  that  of  the  capacity  of  the  shell ;  in 
different  individuals  it  ordinarily  ranges  from  ^',,th  to  ._^j\i  of  an  inch  in 
breadth. 

The  mouth  of  the  shell  in  the  encysted  condition  of  the  animal  is  not 
only  dosed  by  an  epiphragm,  but  is  more  or  less  narrowed  by  the  approx- 
ination  of  the  'ips,  and  sometimes  these  appear  closely  glued  together. 

IIELEOPERA  PETUICOLA. 

I'l-ATK  XXVI,  iigs.  12-ao. 

Shell  compressed  oval;  mouth  terminal,  br<;ad,  ellii)tical,  convex  down- 
ward, with  acute  commissures ;  fundus  convex,  loaded  with  quartz-sand. 
Structure  of  shell  of  chitinoid  membrane,  reticular,  with  polygonal  or 
rounded  meshes,  traiisj)arent  and  colorless,  but  sometimes  brownish.  Bar- 
code colorless ;  2)seudopods  numerous. 

Size. — Length  from  O.ODG  nun.  to  0.15  nun.;  greater  breadth  0.0G8  mm. 
to  0.09  nun.;  less  breadth  0.048  nun.  to  O.OG  nun.;  breadth  of  moi  ^i  0.052 
nun.  to  O.OG  mm.  by  0.015  mm. 

LocaVdji. — Sphagnous  swamps  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  Ab- 
secom,  nanunonton,  and  Longacoming,  New  Jersey;  Broad  Mountain, 
Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Helcopera  pefricoln,  n^presented  in  figs.  12-2(1,  pi.  XXVI,  is  found 
in  sphagnum  in  as,sociation  with  the  former  species,  l)ut  is  comparatively 
rare.  A  few  individuals  I  have  met  witli  every  year  since  1874,  in 
large  swamps  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  In  most  cases  I  have 
observed  the  animal  in  the  ijuiescent  or  encysted  condition,  and  rarely  have 
I  seen  it  in  iin  active  state. 

'I'lie  shell  is  compressed  f)val,  with  a  very  wide  terminal  mouth,  the 
line  of  whicli,  in  the  broad  vl'nv  of  the  shell,  is  convex  downward.  The 
fiiudiiH  is  convex,  and  Ih  hiviiriiilily  more  iw  jess  hmded  with  large,  hyaline, 
H/jg(dar  ijnartz-sand. 

In  stmctuiG  the  slioll  ((|)|nmrB  to  bo  composed  of  chitinoid  mendmme, 
with  a  reticular  arrMngcmciif,  ho/iicHuM'S  well  mark«'d,  at  others  rather 
iniiistinct.  It  is  usually  coioriesH,  Imj|  |s  s^i^iotimcs  of  a  {tale  ferruginous 
brown,  probably  du»s  lo  the  infiltration  or  Iron  nxyd,  which  is  n(»t  unfrc- 
(pu'iit  in  sphagnous  swamps. 


I   1 

II 

■  I 

1 

•4 

'^)1 


il 


166 


FUKSIl  WATKI{  RIIIZOl'ODH  OV  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


Tho  sarcode  is  colorless,  except  that  the  endosarc  may  ho  more  or  less 
colored  by  tho  presence  of  food,  as  seen  hi  fi<>-.  12.  The  form,  arranj^e- 
ment,  and  mode  of  attachment  of  tho  sarcode  masa  are  the  same  as  in  the 
species  of  Nebela,  etc.  The  psendopods  are  many,  and  variable  like  those 
of  J[.  j)icta. 

In  the  encysted  state  of  II,  petrkola,  the  sarcode  forms  a  compressed 
oval  or  spherical  body,  nearly  colorless  or  [jale  yellowish,  with  a  granular 
constitution,  often  minyled  with  globules  of  various  sizes  of  an  t)leaifinous 
appearance.     The  mouth  of  the  shell  is  closed  by  a  laminaced  oj)i))hra<;m. 

The  shell  of  Jleleopcra  ^wtricohi  ranges  from  ..'i^th  co  ^\j\\  of  an  iu(!h  in 
length,  ^J^tli  to  ^j^th  of  an  inch  in  the  greater  breadth,  and  ^.,^{\\  to  ^'^th  of  an 
inch  in  the  less  breadth.  The  mouth  is  from  .'„th  to  .l„th  of  an  inch  broad 
by  j-J^th  of  an  inch  in  the  opposite  diameter. 

ARCELLA. 

Dimimitivo  of  tlio  I.aliii,  una,  an  ark. 

Shell  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane,  with  a  minutely  hexagonal 
cancellated  structure,  translucent  and  conmionly  of  a  bi'own  color,  variable 
in  shape,  but  usui.lly  more  or  less  campanulate,  with  a  circular  base  con- 
cavely  infundibuliform  and  convex  at  the  border,  a;id  with  the  mouth 
central.  Sarcode  occupying  the  central  portion  of  the  shell,  connected 
with  the  month  by  a  cylindrical  necU,  and  by  means  of  threads  of  ectosarc 
with  the  dome  of  the  shell.  Pseudo})ods  few,  digitate,  blunt,  simple  or 
branching.  Conunonly  two  nuclei,  situated  one  on  each  side  of  tho  sar- 
code mass.  Contractile  vesicles  several,  occuj)}  ing  the  peripheiy  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  latter. 

The  genus  Arcclla  was  discovered  and  first  described  by  Ehrenberg 
in  18i50.  In  its  varied  forms,  it  is  among  the  conunonest  of  the  shell-bearing 
fresh-water  rhizopods.  Ehrenberg  and  others  have  described,  figured,  and 
named  a  number  of  varieties  as  so  many  different  species,  which,  however, 
apj)ear  to  graduate  into  one  another  by  those  of  intermediate  or  transi- 
tional character.  Claparcde  and  Lachmanu  say  they  have  jn'oved  that  an 
Arcella,  of  the  form  described  by  Ehrenberg  as  A.  vitl(/aris,  sometimes  con- 
structs for  itself  a  new  shell  of  one  of  the  forms  to  which  Perty  gives  the 
names  of  .4.  angulosu^  A.  ikntata,  and  A.  Okerii.     They  add,  that  there  can 


GENUS  ARC  ELLA. 


167 


therefore  bo  no  doubt  as  to  the  specific  identity  of  these  different  fonns. 
Ilertwig  and  Lesser  further  remark,  that  they  were  able  to  distinguisli  only 
a  single  species  to  the  genus. 

It  has,  nevertheless,  appeared  to  me  convenient  to  designate  those 
which  are  widely  different  by  separate  names,  as  is  done  with  other  organic 
forms  more  positively  regarded  as  distinct  species.  In  this  view  T  have 
described  the  more  coiispictious  forms,  and  have  ii<l<)pt('(l  the  iiinncs  applied 
to  them,  grouping  with  each  those  of  intenmediate  characters  which  most 
nearly  approximate  them. 

The  .sh(!ll  of  Arcella  is  usually  more  or  less  campanulate,  and  varies 
gr(;atly  in  the  proportion  of  height  and  breadth, — sometimes  being  so  low  as 
to  appec'ir  shield-like,  sometimes  so  high  and  expanded  as  to  be  balloon-like. 
Usually  it  is  widest  at  the  circular  base,  but  often  is  widest  near  or  at"  the 
middle.  It  has  an  even,  convex  dome,  or  this  may  be  divided  into  fa(;ets 
defined  by  more  or  less  prominent  folds,  or  else  it  is  impressed  with  rows  of 
concave  pits.  The  base  is  convex  at  the  border,  and  forms  an  inverted 
concave  funnel,  with  the  circular  mouth  in  the  centre. 

The  shell  is  usually  of  some  shade  of  brown :  pale  or  darker  raw 
sienna,  to  burnt  siemia  or  deep  brown,  or  oven  almost  black.  The  younger 
the  shell  apparently  the  paler  it  is,  and  in  the  earliest  condition  is  colorless 
and  transparent. 

The  shell  is  composed  of  a  more  or  less  translucent  or  transparent 
chitinoid  membrane,  with  a  minutely  hexagonal  cancellated  structure.  It 
is  intrinsic  to  the  animal,  and  never  has  incorporated  with  it  quartz-sand, 
diatom  shells,  or  other  extraneous  matters. 

The  hexagonal  cancelli  are  about  joJ|,„th  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
According  to  Ilertwig  and  Lesser  tluty  are  hollow.  This  was  proved  by 
an  ingenious  experiment.  The  shell,  after  treatmelit  with  sodiiun  carbonate, 
was  treated  with  acetic  acid,  when  the  cancelli  became  fdled  with  minute 
bubbles  of  gas. 

The  sarcode  mass  occupies  the  interior  of  the  dome  of  the  .shell  cen- 
trally, and  is  ordinarily  attached  to  the  mouth  by  a  short  neck.  The 
periphery  of  the  mass  is  attached  by  divergent  threads  of  ectosarc  to  the 
interior  of  the  dome  and  base  of  the  shell. 

The  pseudopods  are  usually  few,  simple,  cylindrical,  and  rounded  at 
tho  end. 


WR 


i  ul 


i  1  m 


168 


FRESH  ^vAT^;ll  kiiizopods  of  noutii  ameuica. 


Auerbach*  states  that  he  has  found  in  a  sinj^lo  Arcella  as  many  as 
forty  nuclei.  Claparcdo  and  Lachnianjif  remark  that  indivichials  arc  fre- 
quently found  with  a  single  nucleus ;  but  it  is  not  rare  to  see  as  many  as 
twelve  or  fifteen.  Ilertwij^  and  Lesser f  confirm  the  statemen  of  these 
observers,  and  state  that  inider  favorable  circumstances  they  obsei  d  a  very 
variable  number  of  nuclei,  mostly  more  than  five.  Carter§  says  tliat  there 
are  but  two  nuclei,  one  on  each  side  of  the  sarcode  mass,  and  this  accords 
with  my  own  observations.  Usually  I  have  been  able  to  detect  two  nuclei, 
occasionally  one  only,  and  rarely  three.  Perhaj)s,  however,  in  some  of  the 
larger  specimens,  what  1  have  casually  assimied  to  be  food-balls  or  contrac- 
tile vesicles,  may  have  been  in  jjart  rather  of  the  nature  of  nuclei. 

In  the  usual  views  of  Arcelia  from  above  or  from  beneath,  two  or  three 
to  half  a  dozen  or  more  contractile  vesicles  are  seen  along  the  circular 
border  of  the  sarcode  mass,  some  slowly  enlarging,  one  or  more  collapsing, 
and  several  reappearing.  The  Arcellas  feed  on  various  alga;  and  decaying 
vegetal  matters,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  determine  Avhether  they 
feed  on  infusoria.  They  are  found  in  all  standing  waters,  in  the  superficial 
sediment,  and  also  on  the  surface  of  submerged  plants.  A  favorite  resort 
is  the  under  surface  of  floating  leaves  of  aquatic  plants. 

A  singular  condition  not  unfrequently  occurring  in  Arcella  is  the  pro- 
duction of  one  or  more  conspicuous  air-bubbles  within  the  sarcode  mass. 
These  I  have  observed  gradually  to  erdarge,  and  then  slowly  to  diminish 
and  disappear  without  the  evident  escape  of  anything.  In  a  single  indi- 
vidual I  have  observed  as  many  as  six  l)ubblcs  at  once.  They  appear  to 
be  due  to  the  develojjment  of  gas,  and  their  disappearance  to  its  absorption. 
From  experiments  of  Biitschli,  he  suspects  the  gas  to  be  carbonic  dioxide.|| 

Olaparede  and  Lachmami  declare  that  Arcella  changes  its  shell  several 
times  during  the  course  of  its  life.  When  the  animal  becomes  too  large 
for  the  shell,  it  constructs  a  new  one.  In  this  condition,  the  Arcella  almost 
entirely  passes  out  of  its  old  shell,  and  at  the  aperture  forms  a  large  mass, 
which  secretes  upon  its  surface  a  new  shell.  In  such  a  case,  two  shells 
are  observed  ajiplif^d  to  one  another,  mouth  to  mouth,  the  one  thick  and 
dark,  the  other  delicate,  and  at  first  perfectly  colorless,  but  later   pale 

*Zcils(  liiil'l  f.  wissiMS.  /(ii)I()j;ii',  vii,  I'J,"!. 
tCtildi'h  siir  Ics  Iiil'iisoircs  ct  Ics  l{liiz()|iO(les,  i,  III. 
tAroliiv  f.  iiiik.  Aiiiitoiiiii',  x,  Sup.  1>7. 
4Aii.  Miig.  Niit.  IliHt.  xviii,  1.*>1,  )iil. 
II  Arrliiv  I",  iiiik.  Anal,  xi,  l.-<7.''>.  4.W. 


GENUS  AKCELLA, 


109 


m 


yellowisli.  The  former  is  the  old  shell;  the  latter,  the  new  one.  The 
Arcolla  passes  alternately  from  one  shell  to  the  other,  leaving  always, 
however,  a  ])art  of  its  body  within  the  old  shell.  Finally,  when  the  new 
shell  has  assnmed  duo  consistence,  the  Arcella  passes  entirely  into  it,  and  in 
the  violent  8e))aration  which  occurs  at  the  moment  between  the  two  shells, 
the  old  one  is  split.* 

individuals  of  Arcella  are  often  met  with  in  pairs  ajiplied  base  to  base, 
and,  in  common  with  other  rhizopods  in  a  similar  position,  are  generally 
supposed  to  bo  in  conjugation,  that  is  to  say,  in  a  condition  akin  to  sexual 
intercourse.  Sometimes  the  two  individuals  present  the  same  appearance 
of  form,  size,  and  color,  but  fre(piently  exhibit  marked  difference  in  color, 
while  the  size  and  shape  are  the  same  or  very  nearly  so.  Often  the  one 
shell  is  colorless  or  faintly  yellowisih,  while  the  other  exhibits  a  more  or  less 
decided  yellow  or  brown  color.  Between  these  extremes,  couples  are  mot 
with  exhibiting  differences  of  color  of  every  siiade  of  those  just  mentioned. 
Frequently  the  sarcode  of  the  conjoined  Arcellas  may  be  observed  to  form  a 
single  mass,  rapidly  streaming  to  and  fro  between  the  shells.  Subsecpiently 
the  mass  separates  into  two  portions,  which  retire  into  their  respective  shells. 
I'hese  finally  separate,  and  the  animals  move  away  without  showing  any- 
thing conspicuously  different  from  what  is  ordinarily  observed  in  them. 

Many  of  the  instances  of  paired  Arcellas  1  have  looked  upon  as  prob- 
able cases  of  conjugation;  but  others,  especially  those  presenting  wide 
differences  in  the  color  of  the  shells,  I  have  suspected  to  be  cases  of  repro- 
duction, in  which  the  individual  with  the  colorless  or  nearly  colorless  shell 
was  the  offspring  derived  by  division  from  the  sarcode  mass  of  the  individual 
with  the  colored  shell.  This  view  accords  with  that  of  Ilertwig  and  Lesser,t 
as  1  understand  them,  in  relation  to  the  same  kind  of  cases.  I  have  never 
observed  the  final  result  in  the  manner  described  by  Claparede  and  Lach- 
mann,  that  is  to  say,  the  occupation  of  the  apparently  new  shell  by  all  the 
sarcode  mass  of  the  old  one,  and  the  rupture  of  this.  The  new  shell,  instead 
of  being  larger  than  the  jiarent  shell,  is  often  slightly  smaller,  but  is  more 
delicate  and  flexible,  and  perhaps,  therefore,  also  more  capable  of  expansion. 
It  assumes  color  and  becomes  darker  and  stronger  with  age.  At  first,  the 
cancellated  structure   is  barely  visible,  but  soon  becomes  more  distinct. 

•  I5liiilrs  Mir  Us  liifiisoiics  <■!  Icn  Ithi/(>l)(»li'K,  i,   ll.'). 

t  Aii'hiv  I'.  iiiikroskopiHchi'  AuiUoiiiic,  x,  ISTl,  SuppliMiU'iit,  \\.  1)7. 


i  !  i 


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170 


FUESIJ  AVATKR  IlIII/OrODS  OF  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


Biitschli,*  after  observing  three  individuals  together,  of  Arcella  vidgaris, 
in  conjugation,  saw  them  separate  without  evident  change,  but  later  noticed 
in  one  of  them  a  number  of  cell-like  bodies -which  occupied  the  space 
between  the  sarcode  mass  and  the  shell  The  cell-like  bodies  afterward 
assumed  the  appearance  and  movements  of  Amoebas,  and  escaped  from  the 
mouth  of  the  shell.  He  suspected  them  to  be  the  young  brood  of  the 
Arcella,  but  their  subsequent  fate  he  did  not  determine. 

ARCELLA  VULGARIS. 

Plates  XXVII;  XXVIII,  figs.  1-7. 

Arcella  vulgaris.  Ehrcnberg:  Alih.  Ak.  Wis.  Uerliii.  ISiO,  40,  5:1,  61.  f>9,  70,  75,  Taf.  i,  Fig.  vi;  IP31,  'JO; 
1871,  231.  InfiiNionsthicrclicn,  IHlif,  IH;;,  Tiif.  ix,  Fig.  v.— Diijiirdin:  InfusoiroH,  1H41,  247, 
pi.  ii,  figs.  :j-.5.— I'lTty :  Kfiiiit.  klcinst.  I.clu'nsformon.  16.")2, 183, 18li,Tiif.  ix.  Fig.  1-3. — Carter: 
Aii.Wag.  Nat.  Hist.  xviii,lf.-,(),l-i.-i,  221,  jil.  vii,lig.7y;  xiii,  1804,30,  pi.  ii,lig.  14.— Claparedo 
and  Lachniaiin:  f.tudcs  Iiifiis.  Kliizo]).  li-.'if*,  i>,  i,  444.— riitcliard:  Hist.  Infusoria,  IPdl,^!,^, 
1)1.  xxi,  ligs.  7-9.— Wa'.licli:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  18u4,  pi.  xvi,  ligs.  34-37.— H-.Ttwig  and 
Lessor :  Ar.b.  niik.  Anat.  1874, 90.— Lcidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nnt.  Sc.  1874,  II ;  187(i,  55.— Biltscbli :  Arch, 
mik.  Anat.  1875, 4.59,  Taf.  xxv. 

Arcella  dentata.  Ehrcnbcrg:  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1830,40;  1831,90.  InfiisionHthierobon,  1838,  134,  Taf. 
ix,  Fig.  7,  cxeejit  «. — Perty:  Ki  nnt.  kleinst.Lebcnsfoniien,  1852, 186. 

Arcella  hcmispherica.    Perty :  Kennt.  kleinst.  l.eben.si'ornien,  18,52, 180,  jil.  ix,  iig.  5. 

Arcella  angulosa.     IVrty:  Il)ideni,  186. 

ArcfUa  ririilin.     PertyT:  Ibidem. 

ArnUina  viiltjurin.     Carter :  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xviii,  18ij6, 247. 

.1.  SlichDlqiiti  riilguriH.     Ebrenberg:  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  Iterliii,  1871,244. 

A.  Jlomaochlamys  angulosa.    Ehreubcrg:  Ibidem. 

Shell  hemispherical  or  campanulate;  height  about  half  the  breadth 
and  more  or  less,  widest  across  the  usually  slightly  expanded  and  circular 
base,  which  is  inferior,  convex  at  the  border,  and  concavely  inverted  infun- 
dibuliform  centrally  to  the  mouth.  Dome  evenly  convex  or  angularly 
faceted  or  concavely  pitted  at  the  summit  and  sides;  the  facets  or  pits 
variable  in  number,  bounded  by  prominent  folds  and  ranged  in  two  or 
three  circles.  Mouth  circular,  mostly  entire,  rarely  slightly  crenulated  at 
the  border.  Sarcode  mass  ol)lately  spheroid,  colorless  independently  of 
the  color  of  the  endosarc  derived  from  the  food,  connected  with  the  n;out]i 
by  a  short  cylindroid  neck,  and  attached  by  divergent  threads  of  ectosarc 
to  the  inner  surface  of  the  dome.  Pseudo])ods  digitate.  Color  of  the  test 
passing  from  completely  colorless  in  the  earliest  condition,  through  various 
shades  of  brown,  to  the  deepest  hue. 

5«>c.— Breadth  0.048  mm  to  0.152  mm.;  height  O.OiJG  mm.  to  0.072 
mm.;  breadth  of  mouth  0.012  mm.  to  0.048  mm.;  elevation  of  mouth  0.006 
mm.  to  OOIG  mm. 


"Areliiv  f.  niik.  Anat.  xi,  1875,  459. 


VI 


GENU8  AROELLA— ARCELLA  VULGARIS. 


171 


Locality. — Common  in  the  ooze  of  almost  all  standing  fresh  waters, 
and  on  submerged  portions  of  aquatic  plants.  Nova  Scotia,  Maine,  Now 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama,  Florida,  and  in  the  llinta  Mountains  and 
valley  of  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming  Territory. 

Arcella  vulgaris,  represented  in  pi.  XXVII,  and  figs.  1-7,  pi. 
XXVIII,  is  one  of  the  most  common  of  the  shell-bearing  Fre.sh-water 
Rhizopods,  and  is  found  in  almost  every  pond,  ditch,  or  long-stunding  pool 
in  boggy  places,  creeping  in  the  soft  ooze  of  the  bottom  or  in  the  floc- 
culent  matter  adherent  to  .submerged  plants. 

As  ordinarily  seen  (fig.  2,  pi.  XXVII)  beneath  the  microscope,  it 
appears  as  a  brown  circular  disk,  with  a  paler  circular  central  ^spot  corre- 
sponding with  the  mouth.  In  a  side  view  (fig.  1 ),  the  outline  is  usually 
low  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical,  with  the  basal  border  rounded  or  slightly 
prominent  and  rounded.  The  height  is  about  half  the  breadth  of  the  shell, 
but  is  often  more  or  less,  and  the  greatest  width  is  at  or  just  above  the  base. 
The  latter  is  mostly  circular,  coii\ex  downward  at  the  periphery,  and 
concave  centrally,  so  as  to  appear  like  an  inverted  funnel.  The  mouth 
is  central,  circular,  and  situated  at  the  top  of  the  inverted  funnel-like 
base.  The  border  of  the  mouth  is  entire  (fig.  2),  but  sometimes  is  more 
or  less  crenulated,  as  seen  in  fig  9. 

The  dome  of  the  shell  may  be  evenly  convex  to  the  rounded  or 
slightly  prominent  base.  Often  its  summit  and  sides  are  depressed  into 
a  variable  number  of  shallow  concavities  or  more  or  less  angular  facets 
defined  by  folds  of  the  shell.  The  depressions  are  ranged  into  two  or 
three  series,  usually  one  on  the  dome  and  oue  or  two  at  the  sides,  or 
there  may  be  a  single  depression  on  the  dome  and  one  or  two  series  at 
the  .sides. 

Sometimes  the  shell  appears  like  a  truncated  pyramid,  or  a  tent  sup- 
ported by  poles,  as  represented  in  figs.  8-l>^,  pi.  XXVIII.  Such  a  form  is 
indicated  by  Ehrenberg  as  one  of  the  varieties  described  under  the  name 
of  Arcella  dentata,  and  referred  to  a  particular  species  by  Perty  with  the 
name  of  A.  a:',gulosa.  A^arieties  occasionally  occur  with  a  transversely 
oval  or  quadrately  oval  outline,  with  depressed  summit  and  sides,  as  seen 
in  figs.  4-7  of  the  same  plate. 

The  shell  of  Arci'lla  viilyaris  is  usually  of  some  shade  of  ochre-yellow 


172 


FRKSn-WATKU  HIIIZOl'ODS  OF  NOUTII  AME1M(!A. 


i  IT 


or  brown,  but  is  found  from  a  colorless  transparent  condition  through  ovoiy 
tint  of  raw  and  bxu'nt  sienna  to  dark  umber  brown,  and  so  opaque  as  to 
obscure  the  contents  from  view. 

The  sarcodo  of  ArccIIn  vulgaris  is  colorless,  independently  of  the  color 
imparted  to  the  endosarc  by  the  presence  of  food.  In  the  side  view  of 
the  animal,  it  usually  appears  as  an  oblate  spheroidal  ball  resting  on  the 
inverted  funnel  of  the  mouth,  and  attached  by  a  variable  number  of  diver- 
gent threads  of  ectosarc  to  the  inside  of  the  dome  of  the  shell. 

Generally  I  have  been  able  to  detect  two  nuclei,  and  only  two,  in  the 
sarcode,  one  situated  on  each  side.  A  number  of  contractile  vesicles 
also  are  visible  at  the  p('i'i])hery  of  the  sarcode  mass.  Among  the  food 
contents  of  the  emlosarc,  yellowish-brown  and  green  food-balls  are  to  be 
detected,  and  sometimes  with  these  small  diatoms  and  desmids. 

Sometimes  individuals  are  seen  with  the  sarcode  detached  from  the 
mouth  and  retracted  to  the  top  or  to  one  side  of  the  fundus  of  the  shell. 
Sojnetimes  the  sarcode  mass  assumes  an  irregular  form,  as  represented  in 
fig.  14,  pi.  XXVII.  In  this  individual,  the  sarcode  subsequently  assumed 
the  ordinary  aiipearance,  as  seen  in  most  of  the  accompanying  figures.  Its 
shell  was  so  delicate  and  flexible,  that  the  summit  would  become  depressed 
with  the  protrusion  of  the  pseudopods,  and  would  again  assume  an  even 
convex  conditioix  on  their  retraction. 

Occasionally  I  have  foxnid  ArceUa  indgaris  with  the  sarcode  in  an 
encysted  condition,  presenting  the  appearance  of  a  spheroid  ball,  resting 
upon  the  position  of  the  mouth,  as  seen  in  fig.  33.  In  this  individual,  the 
ball  was  surrounded  with  a  flocculent  granidar  matter,  probably  excrement 
discharged  from  the  sarcode  as  it  assumed  the  quiescent  state.  The  ball 
was  white  and  granular,  and  enclosed  in  a  mend)rane. 

Sometimes  I  have  observed  the  encysted  ball  of  sarcode  so  large  that 
it  produced  a  complete  eversion  of  the  base  of  the  shell,  as  represented  in 
fig.  3,  pi.  XXVIII. 

Frequently  I  have  observed  pairs  of  individuals  of  ArceUa  vulgaris 
ap])lied  with  their  bases  together,  and  with  the  shells  alike  in  form,  though 
often  differing  in  color,  and  sometimes  slightly  in  aize.  The  coxtples  have 
exhibited  various  degrees  of  difference  in  hue,  and  sometimes,  while  one 
shell  is  colored,  the  other  is  completely  colorless,  or  presents  only  the 
faintest  straw-yellow  tint.     See  figs.  17,  24,  pi.  XXVII;  fig.  1,  pi.  XXVIII. 


UL„_ 


GENUS  ARCELLA— AUCI:LLA  DISCOIDKS. 


173 


The  shell  of  Arcclla  vulfjar'is  riingea  from  ^]j\\  to  jj^th  of  nn  inch  in 
breadth,  ^lj\\  to  ,l^th  of  an  inch  in  hoiglit,  with  tho  mouth  ,J|^th  to  ^J\\  of 
an  inch  in  breadth,  and  elevated  ^,^th  to  j^th  of  an  inch. 

ARCKLLA  DISCOIDES. 

Plati;  XXVIII,  Ogs.  14-:t'*. 

Arrella  (UacoiilcK.     Klironborg :  Moiiatsb.  Ak.  WIh.  Hor'-in,  18t;t,  139;  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  It.iliri,  1H7I,  aTiO, 

Tiif.  iii,  Fij;.  1.— I.-nly :  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sr.  1P7(>,  r>(>. 
,■(.  llomiiiivMiimji"  liimtidcK.     1:Iii<'ii1)iT({;  All.  Ak.  WIh.  1871,  !ilJ. 

AreeUa  pvii'lirlH.     Kliri'tilMT); :  Microirei.ldjrip,  18r).»,  ;t:il ;  Al).  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  200,  Tiif.  iii,  I'ij,'.  11,  Vi. 
A.  ITeUrocosmia perulicla.     KUrenbcrj;  :  Ali.  Ak.  AViH.  1871,  24.'). 

Shell  mOHtly  circular,  shield-shaped,  usually  with  the  height  from  ono 
fourth  to  ono  third  of  the  breadth  ;  dome  low,  evenly  convex  to  the  rounded 
or  slightly  exj)anded  and  rounded  basal  border;  base  and  mouth,  and  like- 
wise color  of  the  shell,  as  in  Arcclla  vulgaris.     Sarcode  as  in  the  latter. 

Size. — Breadth  from  0.072  mm.  to  0.204  mm. ;  height  from  0.02  mm.  to 
0,08  mm  ;  width  0.02  mm.  to  0.08  mm. ;  elevation  of  mouth  0.L08  mm.  to 
0.02  mm. 

LocalUi/. — Everywhere  in  association  with  Arcclla  vulgaris.  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  Jersey,  Florida,  Alabamii,  and  Fort  Bridger  and  Uinta  Mount- 
ains, Wyoming  Teiritory. 

Ai'oella  diKcoideN  (pi.  XXVIII,  figs.  14-38)  I  view  as  tho  variety 
of  A.  vulgaris  in  which  the  shell  presents  a  greater  proportionate  reduction 
in  height  compared  with  the  breadth;  but  the  one  graduates  into  tho  other. 
Usually  with  t'u'  height  from  a  littht  loss  than  a  fourth  to  little  more  than  a 
third  of  tho  breadth,  the  shell  appears  shield-shaped,  with  an  even  convex 
surface,  neither  faceted  nor  pitted.  The  base  has  the  same  character  as  in 
A.  vulgaris.  The  mouth  varies  gre.itly  in  its  size  in  proportion  to  that  of 
the  shell,  ranging  from  ono  fourth  to  one  half  the  corresponding  diameter 
of  the  latter. 

From  the  comparative  shallowness  of  depth  of  the  shell,  especially  in 
the  colorless  condition,  Arcclla  discoides  is  especially  well  adapted  for  tho 
investigation  of  its  contents. 

The  description  and  figure  of  A.  discoides  of  Ehrenberg  appear  to 
apply  to  a  large-mouthed  colorless  individual. 

The  sarcodo  mass  usually  forms  a  disk,  convex  above,  with  rounded 
or  obtusely  angular  border,  and  impressed  below,  where  it  rests  on  the 


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174 


FRESU-WATER  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


inverted  funnel  of  tlie  mouth.  As  many  as  a  dozen  contractile  vesicles  may 
sometimes  be  detected.  Commonl}'  I  observed  two  nuclei,  sometimes  one, 
and  sometimes  three. 

The  size  of  the  shell  of  Arcella  discoides  usually  ranges  from  about 
i^^th  to  ^.th  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  j.*^th  to  jj^th  of  an  inch  in  height,  with 
the  mouth  ^-^ih.  to  jj^th  of  an  inch  wide,  and  elevated  above  tlie  base  from 
,„Vrth  to  r.'^th  of  an  inch. 

Among  some  Utricularia  from  Jacksonville,  J^lorida,  I  found  a  num- 
ber of  specimens,  viewed  as  pertaining  to  A.  discoides,  in  which  the  base  of 
the  shell  was  more  widely  and  deeply  concave  than  usual,  as  represented 
in  figs.  33,  36.  In  some  of  the  individuals,  the  shell  v/as  circular;  but,  in 
others,  it  was  oval  or  quadrately  oval.  The  mouth,  also,  was  oval,  but  with 
the  long  diameter  crossing  that  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  fig  35. 

I  have  also  occasionally  met  with  Arcella  discoides  having  an  oval  shell 
in  Absecom  pond.  New  Jersey,  as  represented  in  fig.  34.  From  the  same 
locality  I  obtained  several  specimens,  in  which  the  shell  had  a  somewhat 
trilobate  outline,  as  seen  in  fig.  38. 

In  em^ity  shells  of  Arcella  discoides  I  have  generally  noticed  a  cii'cle 
of  bright  dots  surrounding  the  mouth,  as  seen  in  figs.  34-38.  Whether 
these  dots  are  pores  or  minute  tubercles  I  have  not  ascertained.  When 
present  in  living  specimens,  they  are  entirely  obscured  from  view  by  the 
granular  sarcode  within  the  shell.  Similar  dots  I  have  likewise  noticed 
in  some  of  the  specimens  attributed  to  Arcella  vidgaris,  as  represented  in 
figs.  4,  6. 

Occasionally  1  have  observed  small  discoid  Arcellas,  measuring  about 
;,J^th  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  such  as  are  represented  in  figs.  30,  31,  which 
I  have  supposed  to  be  the  young  of  Arcella  discoides.  The  shell  is  trans- 
parent, has  a  pale  yellowish  tinge,  and  is  so  delicate  that  traction  of  the 
tlu-eads  of  attachment  of  the  sarcode  draws  parts  of  tiie  shell  out  of  phape, 
or  at  times  bends  the  two  sides  toward  each  other.  The  mouth  is  indis- 
tinctly seen ;  a  cancellated  structure,  if  existing,  is  not  evident ;  and  even 
the  shell  itself,  at  times,  requires  attention  to  perceive  it. 

The  sarcode  is  colorless  and  granular,  and  usually  oxliibits  two  or 
three  contractile  vesicles  at  a  time.  Mostly  1  detected  no  nucleus ;  but 
in  seveval  specimens  I  observed  what  I  supposed  to  be  oi,e,  measuring 
3^^th  of  an  inch.     The  pseudopods  are  few  and  digitate.     Specimens  of 


ill 


1 


GENUS  AKCELLA—AIiCELLA  MITRATA. 


175 


the  kind  just  desciibed  appear  to  me  to  resemble  the  PseudoMamys  patella 
of  Chaparide  and  Lachmann,*  and  I  have  suspected  tliat  they  may  be  the 


.same. 


AllCELLA  MITRATA. 

Plate  XXIX. 

Arcella  milrala.  ■  Lcjdyi  Pioc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  1876,  m. 

Shiill  mitriform  or  baloon-shaped,  obpyriform  or  polyhedral,  higher 
than  the  breadth  of  the  base,  widest  at  or  near  the  middle,  more  or  less 
contractpd  or  sloping  inwardly  toward  the  base ;  dome  mostly  inflated ; 
summit  and  sides  evenly  rounded  or  depressed  into  broad  angular  facets, 
bounded  by  prominent  folds ;  base  rounded  at  the  border,  inverted  con- 
cavely  infundibuHform ;  mouth  circular,  crenulated,  mostly  everted  into 
the  inverted  funnel.  Sarcode  mass  spheroidal,  usually  connected  with 
the  mouth  by  a  cylindrical  neck,  and  attached  by  threads  of  ccto.«arc 
to  the  interior  of  the  shell.     Pseudopods  up  to  half  a  dozen  or  more. 

-Si.e-f?.— Height  from  0.08  mm.  to  0.18  mm. ;  breadth  at  base  0.072  mm. 
to  0. 1 G8  mm. ;  breadth  at  dome  0.084  mm.  to  0.2  mm. ;  width  of  mouth  0.02 
mm.  to  0.08  mm.. ;  elevation  of  mouth  from  base  0.02  mm.  to  0.024  mm. 

locff%.— Abundant  in  Absecom  pond ;  also  found  in  ponds  at  Atco, 
Malaga,  and  other  places.  New  Jersey;  Tobyhanna,  Pocono  Mountain, 
Pennsylvania;  and  ponds  in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory. 

Arcella  milrafa,  though  by  no  means  so  common  as  the  forms 
which  have  'leen  viewed  as  characteristic  of  A.  vulgaris  and  A.  discoides, 
is  rather  frequent  in  the  ponds  of  sphagnoas  and  cedar  swamps  of  New 
Jersey.  I  have  found  it  especially  abundant  in  Absecom  pond,  so  rich  in 
other  rhizopods.  I  found  it  also  in  a  pond  in  which  grew  a  profusion  of 
the  Yellow  Pond-lily,  Nujihar  advena,  at  an  altitude  of  about  10,000  feet, 
in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Arcella  mitrata,  as  represented  in  the  figures  of  pi.  XXIX,  departs 
from  the  form  of  A.  vulgaris  in  a  direction  opposite  fo  that  of  ^.  discoides. 
Viewed  from  above  or  below  (figs.  1,  3,  5,  7,  10),  it  is  coumionly  circular, 
though  often  more  or  less  modified  by  angular  projections  of  the  base  or 

*Et.ul<.s  H.  1.  Infim.  ct  Rhv-opodoN,  18GS,  9,  443,  pi.  xxii,  lig.  5.  IlL.rtwigTii<rL.mer:  Awl.iv 
f.  mikr.  Aunt.  1H74,  10C»,  Tnf.  iii,  Fig.  1. 


17G 


FllESII-WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


prominent  sides  of  the  body  of  the  sh.ell.  Viewed  from  the  side  (figs.  2,  4, 
C.  ,,  9,  11),  it  is  variable  in  shape,  though  ordinarily  it  is  more  or  less 
balloon-like  or  rounded  mitriform,  commonly  of  greater  height  than  the 
breadth,  and  narrowed  at  or  near  the  base. 

The  dome  is  mostly  inflated,  and  is  round  and  even,  or  both  it  and  the 
sides  may  bo  depressed  into  a  variable  number  of  faces  defined  by  folds. 
The  base  is  circular,  and  sometimes  irregularly  and  widely  dentate  in  out- 
line, and  it  is  more  or  less  deeply  inverted  in  a  funnel-like  manner  toward 
the  mouth.  The  latter  is  circular,  with  a  variably  crenulated  border,  and 
is  everted  into  the  top  of  the  inverted  funnel-like  base  of  the  shell. 

The  color  of  the  shell  of  A.  mitrata  presents  all  the  shades  of  difibrence 
occnrring  in  xi.  vulgaris. 

Tiie  sarcode,  as  in  the  latter,  is  colorless.  It  usually  forms  an  oblate 
spheroidal  mass  connected  with  the  mouth  by  a  cylindroid  neck  of  variable 
length.  Sometimes  the  sarcode  mass  is  prolate  spheroidal,  and  often  demi- 
spheroidal  ou'  demioval,  in  which  case  the  base  mostly  rests  upon  the  posi- 
tion of  the  mouth  of  the  shell.  The  body  of  t-io  sarcode  is  ordinarily 
attached  by  a  multitude  of  diverging  threads  of  ectosarc  to  all  parts  of  the 
interior  of  the  shell. 

Pseudopods  appear  comm^ily  to  be  more  numerous  in  A.  mitrata  than 
in  the  other  foi-ms,  but  in  other  respects  do  not  difl^er. 

Generally,  the  size  of  A.  mitrata  exceeds  that  of  Arcella  vulgaris.  It 
ranges  in  height  from  about  jj^ih  to  j^th  of  an  inch;  in  breadth  at  base 
from  „4tli  to  rktli  of  an  inch;  in  breadth  near  the  middle  from  ..^th  to  .-^th 

3.)0  150  '  oOO  ]*Ju 

of  an  inch.  The  mouth  ranges  in  width  from  ^^^\\\  to  ^J^th  of  an  inch,  and 
its  elevation  above  the  base,  exclusive  of  the  eversicn,  is  from  jl^th  to  ~i\\ 
of  an  inch. 

I  am  uncertain  v.hether  a  foim  like  that  oi  Arcella  mitrata  has  been 
previously  recognizel.  I  had  suspected  that  it  might  be  the  same  as 
Arcella  costata  of  Ehrenberg,  but  this  is  doubtful  from  the  absence  of  ribs, 
and  its  being  more  than  three  times  the  size  Since  first  describing  it,  in 
looking  lip  the  literature  of  the  rhizopods,  I  met  witli  Mr.  Archer's  descrip- 
tion of  Arcella  glohosa,  with  which  it  aj)])ears  best  to  agree,  and  perhaps  it 
may  bo  the  same. 


GENUS  AECELLA— AllOELLA  DENTATA. 


177 


ARCELLA  DENTATA. 

Plati:  XXX,  figs.  10-ia. 

Arcella  denlata.  Ehrcnberg:  Ab.Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  ISCO,  40;  1831,90;  1871,204.  Infiisionstliicrchen,  1838, 
134,  Taf.  ix.  Fig.  vii  (tlio  first  figure  only  of  the  series).— Leiily:  Prop.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874, 14; 
1876,  .56. 

Ar-xlla  stcUaria.     Perty  :  Mittlicil.  Natnrf.  Gesells.  Bern.  1849, 120. 

Arcella  Okcni.     Pcrty :  Kennt.  kleinat.  Leben.sfonncn,  IS.'i.i,  182, 186,  Taf,  ix.  Fig.  4. 

Arcflla  Htcllata.     Eliren'^rg:  Microgeologie,  1854, 192.     Ab.  Ak.Wis.  1871  261,Taf.iii,Fig.  10. 

A.  Homaochlamya  dcntata.    Ehrenberg:  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,244. 

A.  Btterocomnia  stcllata.    Ebrcnberg:  Ibidem,  245. 

A,  Stkho'-.piii  atcUaris.    Ehreuberg:  Ibitleni,  244. 

Shell,  as  seen  from  above  or  below,  circular  and  more  or  less  dentated ; 
in  the  side  view,  crown-like;  breadth  more  than  twice  the  height;  dome 
convex  and  even,  or  depressed  at  summit  and  broadly  fluted  at  the  sides; 
base  centrally  inverted,  concavely  infundibuliiorm,  at  the  periphery  more 
or  less  everted,  and  divided  into  points  of  variable  length.  Mouth  circular, 
entire.     Sarcode  resembling  that  of  Arcella  vulgaris. 

Size. — Breadth  between  joints  of  base  from  0.132  mm.  to  0.184  mm.; 
breadth  of  base  to  position  of  eversion  O.lO-l  mm.  to  0. 14  mm.;  height  from 
0.44  mm.  to  0.048  mm.;  width  of  month  from  0.04  mm.  to  0.044  mm.; 
elevation  of  mouth  above  the  base  0.01  mm.  to  0.016  mm. 

Locality. — Same  as  for  Arcella  vulgaris,  but  comparatively  rare.  The 
most  characteristic  iound  at  Lake  Hattacavvanna,  Morris  County,  New 
Jersey.     Obtained  also  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  dentated  form  (figs.  10-1 D,  pi.  XXX)  only  of  the  Arcella  denlata 
of  Ehrenberg  I  have  regavded  as  characteristic,  while  the  others  I  have 
viewed  as  subordinate  forms  of  Arcella  vulgaris.  While  the  latter  appear 
to  me  as  comparatively  slight  modifications  from  the  evenly  convex  form 
of  A.  vulgaris,  perhaps  produced  by  unequal  traction  of  the  threads  of  the 
sarcode  mass  on  the  shell,  the  fonner  could  only  be  produced  from  the 
same  form  of  A.  vulgaris  bj'^  evolution  or  growth  of  the  dentate  processes. 

Perty  has  figured  and  described  the  same  form  from  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, under  the  name  of  Arcella  Oleni  and  A.  stellaris. 

Arcella  dcntata,  represented  'a  figs.  10- U),  pi.  XXX,  occurs  in  the 
same  localities  as  A.  vulgaris,  but  m  comparatively  rare.  I  have  found  it 
in  the  ditches  below  Philadelphia,  and  sparingly  in  a  number  of  other 
places.  The  most  extreme  forms  I  found,  in  considerable  numbers,  in 
Lake  llattacawanna,  Monroe  County,  New  Jersey. 

IL'   lUlIZ 


1''       1 


I 


■  U' 


178 


FKKSII  WATEU  UIIIZOPODS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


The  shell,  as  in  other  named  forms,  occurs  colorless,  and  of  every 
shade  of  brown,  from  the  palest  to  the  deepest. 

^^iewed  from  above  or  beneath  (figs.  10,  12,  14,  16),  the  shell  resem- 
bles a  wheel  with  pointed  cogs.  Viewed  from  the  side  (figs.  11,  13,  16,  17, 
18),  it  resembles  a  crown,  sometimes  with  evenly  rounded  top  and  turned- 
up  rim  edged  with  conical  points,  sometimes  with  the  top  depressed  and  a 
series  of  radiating  ridges  curving  to  the  points  of  the  rim.  The  latter  is 
formed  by  an  eversion  of  the  border  of  tlie  base  prolonged  into  points  of 
variable  length.  Sometimes  these  are  quite  short,  sometimes  so  long  that 
they  even  reach  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  shell.  They  vary  in  number, 
usually  from  nine  to  a  dozen. 

The  base  of  the  shell  from  a  level  forms  an  inverted  concave  funnel,  at 
the  top  of  which  is  situated  the  circular,  entire  mouth. 

The  sarcode  of  Arcclla  dcntata  is  in  all  respects  like  that  of  Arcella 
vulgaris,  except  that  it  has  a  more  depressed  or  more  oblate  spheroid  form, 
due  to  the  greater  shallowness  of  the  shell. 

Usually  the  shell  of  Arcella  denfata  Is  more  than  three  times  the  breadth 
of  the  height,  and  in  this  respect  is  more  like  A.  discoidcs  than  A.  vidyaris, 
as  I  have  distinguished  them. 

The  size  of  the  shell  of  A.  dentata  presents  but  little  variation.  It 
usually  ranges  from  ^,J\\  to  jjvth  of  an  inch  in  breadth  between  tlie  points 
of  the  rim,  ,-J„th  to  jj^th  of  an  inch  at  the  level  of  the  base,  j^yth  to  (j.V„th  of 
aa  inch  in  height,  with  the  mouth  ^'^th  to  ^th  of  an  inch  wide,  and  elevated 
from  n^th  to  ji^th  of  an  inch. 

ARCELLA  ARTOCREA. 

Plate  XXX,  ligs.  1-9. 
Arcella  arlocira.    Loidy :  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1870,  57. 

Shell  from  a  fourth  to  less  than  half  the  height  of  the  breadth;  dome 
convex  and  even,  or  mammillated  or  pitted;  basal  border  everted  and 
rising  from  a  fourth  to  nearly  half  the  height  of  the  shell,  obtusely  angular 
and  entire;  central  portion  of  the  base  inverted  in  the  usual  concavely 
infundibuliform  manner;  mouth  circular,  entire,  surrounded  with  a  circle  of 
minute  tubercles.  Sarcode  having  the  same  general  form  and  relationships  as 
in  other  Arcellas,  but  rendered  bright  green  from  the  pre.'ionce  of  abundance 
of  chlorophyl  corpuscles  ia  the  endosarc.     Pseudopods  colorless,  digitate 


J 


11 


OENUS  AR(7ELLA-ARCKLLA  AHTOfntEA.  179 

She.-Bvo^Mx  at  lateral  bolder  0.144  mm.  to  0.1 7G  mm.;  breadth  at 
W  0.1 12  mm.  to  0.136  mm.;  hei^bt  0.04  mm.  to  0.06  mm.;  width  of  mouth 
0.0.  mm.  to  0.028  mm.;  elevation  of  the  same  0.012  mm.  to  0.024  mm. 

LocaUtjf. — Absecom  pond,  Nc  w  Jersey. 

Arcella  arfcrea  (pi.  XXX,  %s.  1_9)  is  „oet  nearly  related  to 
A.  d^cotdes,  but  the  sarcode  mass  is  of  a  bright-green  color  from  the 
presence  of  an  abundance  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles  entering  into  the  com- 
position of  the  endosarc.  It  is  rare,  as  I  have  found  it  only  in  Absecom 
pond,  and  m  the  wet  sphagnum  skirting  the  same,  and  here  seldom 

The  shell  is  comparable  in  shape  to  an  ordinary  pie,  a  turban,  or  to  a 
low  and  round-crowned  hat,  and  is  of  a  bright  raw  sienna-brown  color  of 
varied  shades. 

The  shell  is  commonly  between  a  fourth  and  a  third  of  the  height 
of  the  breadth,  but   also  occurs  of  greater  or  less  proportionate  height. 
View-d  from  above  or  below  (figs  1,  3,  5,  7),  the  outline  is  mostly  cir- 
cular, but  is  sometimes  oval,  quadrately  oval,  or  more  or  less  constricted 
.0  ns  to  be  biscuit-shaped.     The  lateral,  prominent,  more  or  less  angular 
border  is  elevated  from  a  fourth  to  nearly  half  the  height  of  the  shell 
rhe  dome  is  evenly  convex,  or  it  is  mammiUated  or  conversely  pitted.' 
Ihe  base  is  centrally  inverted  in  a  concave   funnel-like  .^anner      The 
mouth  IS  circular,  or  sometimes  oval,  and  is  entire.     It  is  elevated  from  a 
fourth  to  nearly  half  the  height  of  the  shell,  -md  sometimes  appears  slio-htly 
everted  into  the  funnel  formed  by  the  base  of  the  shell.      Around  the 
mouth  there  is  a  circular  row  of  bright  points  which  appear  to  be  minute 
tubercles. 

The  sarcode  forms  a  lenticular  mass  of  variable  proportionate  size 
occupying  the  central  portion  of  the  shell  (fig.  1).  It  is  attached  in 
the  usual  manner  by  threads  of  ectosarc,  and  the  pseudopods  are  like 
those  of  other  forms  of  Arcella.  The  endosarc  is  bright  green,  from  the 
presence  of  chlorophyl  corpuscle,  measuring  about  ^th  of  an  inch  in 
aiameter. 

Arcella  artocrea  is  a  comparatively  larg.  form,  in  this  respect  also  ' 
related  to  A  dlscoides.  It  ranges  in  breadth  from  j|.„th  to  Mh  of  an  inch,  ' 
and  111  height  from  4th  to  4 th  of  an  inch.  - 


' 


180 


FUICaiT  WATEU  KlllZOPOna  OF  NOTlTn  AMERICA. 


CENTIIOPYXIS. 

Gn'olt,  kcnlron,  n  iiricUlc^ ;  pitjcin,  a  box. 

Aroella:  Elironbcrjj.     Diffliigia  :  Pcrty.     Ctiilropiijii:  Stt'iii,  1857. 

Kehinopjiiin :  Cla|iari'^(Io  ami  Lachiiiiiiiii,  IWli).     IIomiciicMamijn :  Elirenbors,  1871. 

Shell  discoic',  circular,  oval,  or  ovoid,  deepest  or  thickest  and  most 
obtuse  posteriorly,  with  the  base  on  a  level  interiorly  and  deeply  inflected 
to  the  mouth,  with  the  dome  hif^hest  posteriorly,  gently  curving  or  sloping 
forward,  more  abruptly  convex  backward;  mouth  and  fundus  eccentric, 
in  opposite  directions,  the  former  anterior  and  inferior,  the  latter  posterior 
and  even,  or  furnished  with  a  variable  number  of  conical  spines.  Mouth 
circular  or  oval  and  entire,  or  with  the  border  more  or  less  deeply  sinuous, 
and  extending  into  appendages  within  the  shell  toward  the  dome.  Shell 
usually  of  various  shades  of  brown,  but  sometimes  colorless,  composed  of 
chitinoid  membrane  mostly  incorporated  with  variable  proportions  of 
quartz-sand,  and  often  to  such  an  extent  as  to  assume  the  structure  common 
in  Difflugia.     Sarcode  colorless;  pseudopods  digitate. 

Centropyxis,  according  to  my  experience,  always  appears  distinctly 
separated  from  Arcella,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  it  appears  more  closely 
related  with  Difflugia  through  I),  constrkta.  The  shell  of  Centropy.xis,  as 
in  the  latter,  has  the  mouth  and  fundus  eccentric  in  opposite  directions, 
while  in  Arcella  they  are  both  central  in  the  same  longitudinal  axis.  The 
shell  of  Arcella  is  chitinoid,  with  a  distinct  hexagonal  cancellated  structure, 
and  is  always  free  from  extraneous  particles,  whereas  in  Centropyxis  the 
shell,  though  often  membranous  or  chitinoid,  does  not  exhibit  a  cancellous 
structure,  and  is  mostly  incorporated  with  moi'e  or  less  extraneous  matters, 

CENTROPYXIS  ACULEATA. 

Plates  XXX,  Hg3.  20-34;  XXXI;  XXXII,  figa.  29-37. 

Areella  (KiiJeata.    Ehronbers:  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.Bprlin.lSaO,  40;  1841,3fi8,Taf.  iii,Fig..5.    Infiisionstliierclien, 

1838, 13;!,Taf.  ix.Fig.  vi. 
ArceUa  ecornis.     EhronUerg:  Ab.  Ak.AVis.  Berlin,  1841,31)8,  Taf.  i,  Fig.  9;  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  4G.    Microgcologio, 

1854,  Taf.  xxxlv,  ii,  l"ig.  1. 
Difflugia  aculcala.     I'erly :  Kcuut.  klcinst.  Lcbcnsformen,  1852, 186. 
Centropyxis  uniilenta.     Stein:  SItz.  Bohm.  Gesplls.  Wis.  ?  \S^>7. 
Echinopijxis  aeuleala.    ClapnrMo  and  Lai'hniaiin :  l^tiulcs  Infus.  18.')9,  447. — Carter:  Au.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 

xiii,  Iflfl'!,  29,  pi.  i,  fig.  8.— Barnard:   Proo.  Am.  As.  Adv.  Sc.  xxiv,  1876,  241.     Am.  Quart. 

Mic.  ,Tonr.  1879,  83,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3. 
A.  Centropyxis  aculcala.     Ebrenberg:  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  245. 
A.  IIoma:ochlam!is  ecornis.     Ebrenberg:  Ibidem, 244. 
A.  Centropyxis  Diadcma.     Elirciiberg:  Ibidem,  245. 
Arcella  IJiatkma.     Ebrenberg:  Ibidem,  2!J9,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  7,  8. 
Centropyxis.     Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1870,  57. 
Centropyxis  tcornis,  variety.     Leidy, 


GENUS  CENTROPYXIS— CENTROPYXIS  A(;ULI:ATA. 


181 


Cetitropi/xis  aculeata  (pi.  XXX,  iigs.  20-34;  pi.  XXXI;  pi.  XXXII, 
tigs.  29-37)  is  one  of  the  most  ctminion  of  the  Loboso  Protc^plasts,  and  is 
foiind  everywhere  in  the  usual  localities  of  Arcella  vulyarls  It  is  exceed- 
ingly variable  in  character,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  distinguish  more 
than  the  one  species.  This  is  to  be  sure  not  alwajs  aculeate,  as  expressed 
by  the  name;  but  the  spineless  form  is  evidently  a  mere  variety. 

The  spinous  forais  may  be  regarded  as  the  more  characteristic,  as 
represented  in  the  figures  of  pi.  XXXI,  except  the  last  two  of  the  series, 
and  as  seen  also  in  figs.  29-34  and  37  of  pi.  XXXII.  The  spineless  forms, 
constituting  the  Arcella  ecornis  of  Ehrenberg,  represented  in  figs.  20-34,  pi. 

« 

XXX,  figs.  33,  34,  pi.  XXXI,  and  figs.  35,  3(7,  pi.  XXXII,  may  be  regarded 
as  a  variety  with  the  name  of  Ccntropyxis  ecornis. 

Si^e. — Length  of  shell  transversely  from  0.088  mm.  to  0.26  nun.; 
breadth  0.072  mm.  to  0.22  mm. ;  height  0.03G  mm.  to  0.08  mm. ;  diameter 
of  mouth  0.028  mm.  to  0  1  mm  ;  length  of  spines  0.02  mm.  to  0.06  mm. 

Locality. — Everywhere  in  association  with  Arcella  vulgaris  and  quite  as 
common.  Abundant  in  ditches  and  ponds  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Rhode  Island,  Massachuretts,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Colorado,  Wyoming 
Territory,  Utah,  and  Nova  Scotia, 


The  shell  of  Centropyxis  aculeata  as  commonly  observed  reminds 
one  of  an  Arcella  with  the  fundus  pressed  to  one  side,  so  as  to  render  the 
mouth  eccentric.  As  usually  seen  beneath  the  microscoj^e,  from  above  or 
below,  it  appears  with  a  more  or  less  broadly  ovoid  outline,  with  the 
mouth  nearer  the  narrower  pole  and  a  variable  number  of  spines  diverging 
from  the  opposite  pole  mid  sides. 

In  the  lateral  view,  the  shell  is  cap-shaped,  like  the  shell  of  Difflugia  con- 
stricta,  but  commonly  more  depressed.  The  mouth  and  fundus  being  eccen- 
tric in  opposite  directions,  the  former  is  anterior  and  inferior,  and  the  latter 
posterior  and  more  elevated  than  the  fore  part  of  the  shell.  The  greatest 
perpendicular  depth  of  the  shell  is  back  of  its  middle,  and  its  shallowest 
portion  forms  the  anterior  border,  which  often  is  somewhat  depressed  below 
the  general  curvature  of  the  front  of  the  dome.  The  base  of  the  .shell 
vests  on  a  level  at  its  anterior  two-thirds,  and  is  inverted  funnel-like  as  in 
Arcella.  The  fundus  of  the  shell  is  obtusely  rounded,  and  is  usually 
furnished  with  a  '<ariable  number  of  divergent  spines  arranged  in  a  single. 


li 


182 


FRESHWATER  RIIIZOPODS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i 


'  ii 


1 


somewhat  regular  row,  along  the  smniiiit  posteriorly  and  at  the  sides.  The 
spines  range  from  one  to  nine,  but,  as  previously  indicated,  may  be 
altogether  absent.  They  are  straight  or  curved,  awl-shaped,  hollow  jiro- 
cesses  of  the  shell.  In  one  instance,  as  represented  in  fig.  '^h,  pi.  XXXI, 
a  curved  spine  projected  from  tlu  front  of  the  shell. 

The  shell  of  Cenfropixis  aculenta  is  commonly  composed  of  a  yellowish 
or  brown  chitinoid  membrane,  incorporated  with  variable  proportions  of 
quartz-sand.  Often  finer  particles  of  this  material  are  scattered  over  the 
shell,  while  usually  the  largest  grains  accunnilate  in  variable  quantity  along 
the  position   of  the  spines  on  the  fundus.     Rarely,  the  shell  is  entirely 

* 

devoid  of  adherent  or  incorporated  sand  or  other  particles,  as  seen  in  the 
specimens  of  figs  29-;i.'5,  pi.  XXXII.  Ofte'^  the  shell  appears  composed  of 
sand  particles,  as  is  ordinarily  the  case  in  Difflugias,  and  as  represented  in 
figs.  17-30,  pi.  XXXI.  Sometimes  the  sand  is  substituted  by  thin  plates, 
probably  diatom  fragments,  as  seen  in  fig.  3.  and  sometimes  by  more  dis- 
tinctly marked  diatoms,  as  seen  in  figs.  31-34,  pi.  XXXI,  and  fig.  34,  pi. 
XXXII. 

Especially  in  ilie  Centropyxis  ecornis  is  the  shell  composed  of  quartz- 
sand,  as  seen  in  the  figures  of  that  variety  in  pi.  XXX. 

The  spines  of  Centropyxis  aridcata  are  almost  always  composed  of  chit- 
inoid membrane,  even  when  the  body  of  the  shell  consists  of  sand,  but 
sometimes  these  processes  have  particles  incorporated,  and  not  unfrequently 
they  are  terminated  by  a  sharp  quartz  flfike. 

Mostly  the  shel'  of  Centropyxis  is  of  some  shade  of  brown  or  dull 
yellow,  but  may  also  be  colorless.  Not  unfrequently  the  specimens  com- 
posed of  sand  appear  to  have  the  cementing  substance  stained  while  the 
sand  is  colorless,  or  the  former  may  be  of  a  darker  hue  than  the  latter. 
Such  specimens  appear  as  if  invested  by  a  colored  net  with  lighter  meshes. 

The  construction  of  the  mouth  of  Centropyxis  acuhata  appears  to  be 
of  more  complex  character  than  in  most  other  Lobose  Protoplasts,  and  its 
condition  seems  to  have  escaped  the  notice  of  previous  investigators.  This 
has  no  doubt  been  due  to  the  fact  that  the  orifice  of  the  mouth  is  so  deeply 
inverted,  and  is  commonly  more  or  less  obscured  from  view  by  the  sand 
composing  or  incorporated  with  the  walls  of  the  shell. 

In  many  specimens,  the  mouth,  as  seen  through  the  shell,  from  beneath 
or  above,  appears  large,  and  simply  circular,  as  represented  in  figs.  21,  25, 


.IL. 


GENUS  CENTUOPYXI8— CENTKOPYXIS  AOULBATA. 


183 


pi.  XXX,  figs.  17-3H,  1)1.  XXXI,  and  figs.  34,  37,  pi.  XXXII.  Commonly, 
in  the  same  view,  the  mouth  is  more  or  less  sinuous,  as  represented  in  moat 
of  the  remaining  figures  of  Centropyxis  in  the  same  plates.  The  bordering 
sinuses  of  the  moutli  have  seemed  to  me  to  be  variable  in  number — ranging 
from  two  to  eight. 

When  the  shell  is  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane,  and  is  sufficiently 
translucent  and  clear  of  sand,  in  the  lateral  view,  as  represented  in  figs.  7, 
10,  pi.  XXXI,  figs.  29,  31,  32,  3G,  pi.  XXXII,  the  mouth  is  seen  to  com- 
municate Avith  the  cavity  of  the  shell  at  the  upper  extremity  of  the  inverted 
funnel-like  base  of  the  latter. 

Tlie  borders  of  the  orifico  of  the  mouth  appear  to  be  extended  in  broad 
bands,  corresponding  in  position  with  the  sinuses  of  the  mouth  above  indi- 
cated. From  the  difficulty  of  getting  and  maintaining  the  shell  of  Cen- 
tropyxis in  a  favorable  position  for  the  purpose,  I  could  not  satisfactorily 
determine  the  exact  arrangement  of  the  .ascending  bands;  but  they  seemed 
to  me  to  expand  at  the  upper  extremity,  in  some  cases  to  remain  free,  in 
others  to  come  into  contact  with  the  interior  of  the  roof  of  the  shell.  Mostly 
the  upper  ends  of  the  bands  appeared  to  be  notched. 

At  times,  in  examining  sjoecimens,  and  causing  them  to  roll  about  in 
the  animalcula-cage,  from  the  mouth  beneath,  a  glimpse  could  be  caught  of 
one  or  two  of  the  notched  ends  of  the  bands,  as  seen  in  fig.  5,  pi.  XXXI. 
Rarely,  a  specimen  would  occur  in  which  a  pair  of  the  bands  would  be 
distinctly  visible,  through  the  mouth  from  below,  as  seen  in  fig.  30,  pi. 

XXX,  and  fig.  35,  pi.  XXXIII. 

While  spineless  specimens  of  Centropyxis,  composed  of  chitinoid  mem- 
brane, approximate  Arcella  in  character,  I  never  could  satisfy  myself  that 
the  shell  of  the  former  exhibited  the  cancellated  structure  of  the  latter.  In 
some  chitinoid  shells  of  Centropyxis,  as  those  represented  in  figs.  6,  14,  pi. 

XXXI,  I  observed  a  punctated  appearance  of  some  uniformity,  but  it  did 
not  display  the  clear  cancellated  arrangement  so  characteristic  of  the  shell 
of  Arcella. 

Centropyxis  seems  a  decidedly  more  shy  creature  than  Arcella,  and  is 
very  much  less  disposed  to  put  forth  its  pseudopods.  The  sarcode  is  color- 
less and  transparent,  and  its  constituents  are  usually  much  less  evident 
than  in  other  ordinary  Lobose  Protoplasts.  Abundant  as  the  animal  is,  I 
rarely  have  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  it  under  favorable  conditions, 


It 


184 


FUK811  WATEU  KMIZOl'ODS  OF  NOUTU  AMKltlCA. 


to  see  the  sarcodo  so  as  to  diHtinjrnish  its  diflerent  elements.  Mostly,  the 
structiiro  of  the  shell  was  such  as  to  ohseiiro  i\w  interior  ;,ol't  stnietiire, 
and  generally  it  has  ho  happened  that  in  specimens  in  which  the  shell  was 
transparent,  it  was  almost  invariably  empty. 

Centropyxis  is  frequently  found  among  lloating  conferva.',  or  among 
the  tlocculent  materials,  with  desmids,  diatoms,  and  other  alga;,  adherent  to 
aquatic  plants.  The  sj)ine8  of  the  shell  would  a|)poar  to  enable  it  to  main- 
tain its  position.  According  to  Claparede  and  Luchniann,  delicate  pseudo- 
pods  are  transmitted  by  the  spines ;  but  this  fact  I  have  not  observed.  The 
ordinary  pseudopods  are  protruded  usually  a  few  at  a  time,  and  they 
jM'esent  the  same  appearance  as  in  IJiHlugia  and  Arcella. 

Smaller  specimens  of  the  variety  Centropyxis  ecornis,  so  far  as  the 
shell  is  concerned,  become  undistinguishable  from  the  smaller,  spineless 
kinds  of  Difflugia  constrida. 

Forms  recently  described  by  Professor  Barnard,  under  the  names  of 
Echinopyxin  tentorium  and  E.  hemisplierica  (Am.  Quart.  Micros.  Jour.  1871), 
84,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  2),  found  in  association  with  Centropyxis  aculeata,  in 
creeks  and  ponds  of  New  York,  I  have  not  observed.  The  figures  of  the 
former,  E.  tentorium,  remind  me  of  the  single-spined  variety  of  Difflugia  con- 
stricta,  as  represented  in  fig.  51,  pi.  XVIII. 

COCHLIOPODIUM. 

Greek,  cochlii,  a  bIioII  ;  pous,  a  foot. 
Amoeba:  Anethach.    Amphizonella :  Axclier.     CovUiopoditim  :  Hertwig  iiinl  Lessor. 

Animal  minute,  provided  with  a  flexible,  chitinoid  shell  thinning  away 
to  the  broadly  exjiansive  mouth,  and  exhibiting  a  minutely  cancellated 
structure.  Sarcode  intimately  adherent  to  every  part  of  the  interior  of  the 
shell,  pale  granular,  mingled  with  variable  proportions  of  highly  refractive 
corpuscles,  often  crystals  and  other  elements,  to^gther  with  a  large  central 
nucleus  and  one  or  more  contractile  vesicles.  Pseudopods  delicate,  hya- 
line, conical,  pointed,  and  sometimes  forking. 

COCHLIOPODIUM  BILIMBOSUM. 

Plate  XXXII,  tgs.  1-25. 

Amaha  biUmbona.    Anerhacli :  Zcifs.  wis.  Znol.  vii,  1856,  374,  Taf.  xix,  Fig.  1-13. 
Amaba  avtiiiophoia.    Aiierb.ich  :  Ibitlciii,  \i'J'i,  Taf.  xx, 
Amal'n  zonalin.    Lcidy :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Se.  1874,  87. 

ViKhliopwUum  ]>iltucUlum.     Hertwig  aud  Lesser:  Arch,  niikr.  Aiuvt.  x,  1874,  Suppl.  6(5,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  7.— 
Sehiilze:  Ibidem,  xi,  1875,  337,  Taf.  xix.  Fig.  1-5. 


GENUS  COOULKil'ODIUM— COCHLIOPODIUM  BILIMB08UM. 


185 


Body  when  at  rest  splicroid  or  ovoid ;  by  tninsniitted  light,  viewed 
from  above,  iippeariiif''  as  a  UHually  tmnsbiceiit,  gninidar,  protttphismic 
mass,  with  coarser,  darkly  outliiiod  granules,  closely  invested  by  a  trans- 
parent, colorless,  doubly  contoured,  more  or  less  distinctly  punctate  or 
cancellated  membrane,  like  the  young  colorless  shell  of  Arcella.  When 
in  movement,  and  viewed  in  the  saiue  direction,  usually  appearing  more  or 
less  completely  surrounded  by  a  delicate  transparent  zone  of  variable 
width,  and  finely  and  regularly  punctate.  In  the  lateral  view,  usually 
appearing  nnore  or  less  widely  bell-shaped  in  outlinq,  with  the  fundus  and 
sides  defined  by  a  doubly  contoured  dotted  line,  and  at  the  mouth  with  a 
wide,  more  translucent,  and  more  or  less  delicately  punctate  band  defined 
by  a  scarcely  perceptible  dentated  edge.  Interior  protoplasm  with  a  large 
round  nucleus  toward  the  fundus,  with  variable  proportions  of  highly 
refractive  cor[)Uscles,  crystals,  vacuoles,  and  usually  one  or  more  contrac- 
tile vesicles.  PseudopoJs  mostly  few,  hyaline,  of  variable  proportions, 
conical,  often  irregular  and  sometimes  furcate. 

Size. — In  the  splieroidal  condition  from  0.024  mm.  to  0.056  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Locality — In  springs,  ponds,  ditches,  and  other  quiet  bodies  of  clear 
fresh  water,  among  algae  and  In  uuise.  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Florida, 
Fort  Bridger,  Wj'oming  Territory,  and  New  Brunswick. 

The  genus  Cochliopodium  was  first  clearly  characterized,  and  its  often 
enigmatic  appearances  satisfactorily  interpreted  by  those  able  investigators 
of  the  Rhizopods,  Drs.  Hertwig  and  Lesser.  The  species  under  considera- 
tion was  named  by  them  C.  pellucidum ;  but,  as  the  same  appears  to  have 
been  previously  described  by  Auerbach  under  the  name  of  Amce^  ^nlim- 
bosa,  .iccording  to  the  rules  of  scientific  nomenclature  I  have  felt  it  obliga- 
tory to  adopt  the  latter  specific  name. 

Cochliopodium  bilinibosum,  represented  in  figs.  1-25,  pi  XXXII, 
is  common  among  algoe  floating  in  the  water  of  ditches  and  ponds,  espe- 
cially with  Zygnema,  Spirogyra,  etc.  From  its  minuteness  it  Is  easily 
overlooked  ;^  and  in  the  younger  condition,  from  the  transparency  and 
undeveloped  structural  character  of  the  shell,  it  is  apt  to  be  mistaken  for 
an  Amoeba. 

At  rest  the  animal  may  appear  as  a  sphcioidal  or  ovoidal,  translucent, 


w 


186 


FKESU AA'ATi^Il  KUIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


pale  granular,  colorless,  or  fointly  yellowish  ball,  invested  with  o  colorless 
membrane  seen  at  the  border  as  a  distinctly  double  contour-line.  When 
the  creature  begins  to  mo^'e,  a  clear,  delicate,  transparent  zone  is  seen  to 
extend  from  the  body  on  one  or  another  side  or  all  around 

An  attentive  study  of  Cochliopodium  in  its  various  movements  indi- 
cates the  animal  to  bo  bell-shaped,  with  a  flexible  shell,  which  it  is  capable 
of  widely  expanding  at  the  mouth.  At  the  fundus  and  sides,  the  membrane 
is  comparatively  thick,  and  is  observed  at  the  borders  as  a  double  contour- 
line.  Th*;  lower  part  of  the  shell  is  exceedingly  thin  and  delicate,  and 
may  be  inflected  or  more  or  less  widely  reflected,  the  mouth  contracting 
or  enlarging  proportionately  with  tho  inflection  and  reflection  of  the  part 
of  the  shell  surrounding  it.  The  interior  sarcode  is  continuous  with  its 
chitinoid  membranous  investment,  and  at  no  time  appears  to  become 
separated  so  as  to  leave  spaces  filled  with  water,  as  in  Ilyalosphenia 
or  Euglypha. 

Cochliopodium  in  form  may  be  compared  with  an  Arcella,  and  the 
shell  of  this  rtfould  be  like  that  of  the  former,  if  its  basal  portion  were  very 
thin  and  capable  of  reflection  beyond  the  border  oi  the  base. 

The  broad  zone  surrounding  Cochliopodium,  as  seen  i;;  figs.  1,  IG,  17, 
21-23,  in  the  upper  or  under  view  of  specimens,  or  tne  broad  crescentic 
band  spreading  more  or  less  on  one  side  in  corresponding  views,  as  seen  in 
figs.  2-4,  12,  lo,  19,  are  due  to  the  reflection  or  turning  outwardly  of  the 
thin  basal  band  of  the  shell  surrounding  tho  mouth.  In  the  lateral  view  of 
specimens,  the  same  band  may  be  likewise  observed  more  or  less  reflected, 
as  seen  in  figs.  ,"3-9,  11,  18,  20.  When  the  thin  baial  band  is  closed  or 
completely  inflected,  specimens  appear  as  in  figs.  13,  14. 

In  the  maturer  specimens  of  Cochliopodium,  the  shell  exhibits  a  punc- 
tate appearance,  due  to  a  minutely  cancellated  structure,  probably  like  that 
of  the  shell  of  Arcella.  The  structure  is  especially  to  !)e  detected  in  the 
double  contour-line  seen  bordcing  the  bod}-,  and  in  the  basal  band  of  tho 
shell.  In  the  intermediate  position  it  i.^  obscured  by  the  granular  structure 
of  the  sarcode.  The  punctated  structure  is  sometimes  exceedingly  indis- 
tinct, and  can  be  detected  only  under  the  best  defining  power  of  the  micro- 
scope, together  with  the  most  fav(»rable  disposition  of  light.  In  young 
specimens,  as  in  those  represented  in  figs.  21-23,  I  could  detect  no  evi- 
dence of  tho  cancellated  structure,  and  infer  that  it  is  developed  only  at  a 
later  period. 


(lENUS  COCnLIOrODIUM— COCHLIOPCJIUM  BILIMBOSUAr. 


187 


The  sarcode  of  Cochliopodiim  is  so  closely  adherent  to  the  tloxlble 
and  elastic  investing  shell  that  in  all  its  changes  of  form,  the  shell  accommo- 
dates itself  to  those  changes.  It  consists  of  a  pale,  finely  granular  proto- 
plasm, having  scattered  through  the  mass  variable  proportions  of  clear  and 
divrkly  outlined  round  and  oval  corpuscles,  which  have  an  oleaginous  or  a 
starch-like  a))pearance.  Mingled  with  these  there  are  co.nmonly  a  few 
liquid  globules  or  vacuoles,  of  which  one  or  two  may  from  time  to  time  be 
recognized  as  contractile  vesicles.  Among  the  coarser  elements  of  the 
sarcode,  crystals  are  often  present.  The  usual  food  contents  consist  of 
diatoms  a:}d  one-celled  alga%  together  with  some  sand  grains. 

A  large  round  nucleus  with  a  large  pale  granular  nucleolus  occupies 
the  sarcode  toward  the  fundus  of  the  shell. 

The  more  conspicuously  granula.'  portion  of  the  sarcode  ordinarily 
remains  confined  v>'ithin  the  thicker  portion  of  the  shell,  while  only  a  clearer 
portion  spreads  outwardly  within  the  thin  basal  band  of  the  shell. 

The  pseudopods  of  Cochliopodium  are  usually  seen  as  hyaline  awl- 
shaped  extensions  of  the  sarcode,  of  variable  proportions,  generally  simple, 
but  not  unfrequently  forking  or  moderately  branching  at  the  end.  They 
often  appear  as  delicate  conical  cr  more  acuminate  extensions  from  beneath 
the  e  fpanded  border  of  the  shell,  and  look  as  if  they  were  actually  processes 
of  the  latter.  They  also  appear  as  more  granular  or  darker  extensions 
from  the  chief  mass  of  the  sarcode,  seen  through  the  basal  band  of  the 
shell  and  projecting  beyond  it,  as  represented  in  figs.  6,  7,  15-17,  21-23. 

Individusils  are  frequently  observed  in  which  the  pseudopodal  exten- 
sions seem  to  perforate  the  shell,  as  represented  in  figs.  10,  12.  Auerbach, 
in  describing  the  animal  as  Anmba  hUmbosa,  siq)posed  that  it  actually  had 
the  power  of  forcing  its  pseudopods  tluough  the  investing  membrane;  and 
this  view  appears  to  have  been  heUl  by  Grceffand  Archer  in  Anqdiizoneil;'. 
Ilertwig  and  Lesser,  and  afterward  Schulze,  explained  the  true  nature  of 
this  appearance  which  seems  to  bo  duo  to  the  pseudoj)odal  extensions  pro- 
truding from  between  narrow  folds  of  the  bottom  of  the  investing  sliell. 

Cochliopodium  bilimbosum  is  commordy  observed  gliding  slowly  over 
the  surface  of  objects,  as  a  round  or  oval  granular  body,  included  by  a 
delicate  zone  or  crescentic  band  of  variable  extent.  The  body  is  often  so 
minute  and  transparent  as  roadily  to  escape  notice.  The  zone  or  band  is 
of  such  extreme  transparency  and  tenuity  as  scarcely  to  bo  visible  with 


V."";'v'a  '7*tT-C"i*T"'^;'  " 


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5 


188 


FKSSH-WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  IJOETH  AMERICA. 


out  a  frtvorablo  light.  It  is  usually  widest  in  tlie  direction  of  movement  of 
the  animal,  and  often  is  seen  only  on  the  side  of  movement.  It  is  inces- 
santly changing,  seems  defined  by  a  more  or  loss  irregularly  dentated 
edge,  and  gives  the  impression  of  being  a  thin  pseudopodal  expansion 
of  the  sarcode.  The  true  pseudopods,  projecting  from  beneath  the  edge 
of  the  disk,  are  so  little  differentiated  as  to  appear  like  pointed  processes  of 
the  disk  itself 

Cochliopodium  seems  to  be.  a  hungry  animal,  and  is  not  unfrequently 
observed  in  the  attempt  to  swallow  diatoms  or  other  algae  too  large  for  its 
capacity-  as  represented  in  figs.  18,  19.  The  discharge  of  matters  from  the 
body  occurs  as  in  other  rhizopods.  In  one  instance,  as  represented  in  fig. 
4,  I  observed  a  mass  of  matter  discharged,  looking  like  a  portion  of  the 
sarcode  itself,  in  which  was  contained  a  diatom. 

COCHLIOPODIUM  VESTITUM. 

Plate  XXXII,  figs.  2«-28. 

Am})hi2oneVa  vcsfita.    Archer:  Quart.  Jour.  Mic.  Sc.  1871, xi,  118, 135,  pi.  vi,fig8.  1-6. 
Cochliopodium  pilonum,    Hrrtwig  and  Lesser:  Arch.  mik.  Anat.  x,  1874,  Suppl.  78. 

Cochliopodium  vcalitum.    Archer:  Quart.  Jour,  Mic.  8c.  1877,  334.     lu  part,  includiug  onl^  tho  hirsute 
form,  mostly  with  interior  chlorophyl-like  granules. 

Body  constructed  as  in  the  preceding  species,  but  moi'e  or  less  covered 
with  minute  rigid  cils  or  fine  hair-like  appendages.  Sarcode  containing 
variable  proportions  of  chlorophyl  granules,  which,  however,  may  be  absent. 

Sige. — From  0.04  mm.  to  0.06  mm.  in  diameter. 

Locality. — Absecom  mill-pond,  New  Jersey;  China  Lake,  Uinta  Mount- 
ains, Wyoming  Terrltor)-.     Ireland,  Mr.  Archer. 

Cochliopodium  vestifnin  (figs.  2G-28,  pi.  XXXIl),  discovered  by 
Mr.  Archer,  was  at  first  attributed  to  the  genus  AmphizoncUa  of  Professor 
Greeff";  but  subsequently,  recognizing  its  difference,  he  accepted  the  posi- 
tion given  to  it  in  the  former  genus  by  Hertwig  and  Lesser.  These  authori- 
ties, without  evident  reason,  substituted  for  it  the  name  of  CocJiUopodimii 
pilosum.  Mr.  Archer  regards  both  this  and  the  riore  common  form  described 
in  the  preceding  article  as  varieties  of  the  same  species,  and  includes  both 
under  the  name  of  Cochliopodium  vcstitum.  While  admitting  that  this  view 
may  be  correct,  and  certainly  it  is  so  in  the  light  that  tho  so-called  species 
of  rhizopods  merge  into  one  another,  yet,  according  to  the  plan  adopted,  I 
think  it  desiniblo  to  consider  the  two  forms  as  distinct. 


PROTOPLASTA  FILOSA. 


189 


CocJiUopodkim  vestitum  is  comparatively  rare.  Mr.  Archer  found  it  in 
pools,  both  in  the  green  and  colorless  state,  in  two  localities  in  Ireland; 
but  Ilertwig  and  Lesser,  and  Schulze,  who  describe  the  more  common  form, 
C.  pellucidum,  do  not  appear  to  have  met  with  this  one.  I  have  found  it 
only  in  two  localities,  and  these  very  remote  from  each  other: — in  light 
ooze,  in  Absecom  pond,  New  Jersey,  September,  1874;  and  in  the  same 
kind  of  material,  in  China  Lake,  Uinta  Mountains,  AVyoming  Territory, 
August,  1877. 

Sever.al  specimens  obtained  at  the  former  locality  were  of  a  bright- 
green  color  from  the  large  quantity  of  chlorophyl  diffused  throughout  the 
sarcode,  as  represented  in  fig.  26,  pi,  XXXII.  Others,  associated  with  the 
bright  green  ones,  were  much  less  colored  from  the  lesst  ^yroportion  of 
chlorophyl;  and  somr  had  no  color  whatever,  as  represented  in  fig.  27. 
The  investing  shell  or  membrane  was  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with 
short,  delicate,  rigid  cils;  !.ut  in  all  other  i-espects,  excepting  the  green 
color  of  the  sarcode  when  present,  these  specimens  M'ere  like  those  of  C. 
bilimbosum. 

The  specimens  from  the  Uinta  Mountains,  as  seen  in  fig.  28,  hc^d  the 
same  character  as  the  colorless  ones  of  Absecom  pond,  but  the  shell  had  a 
yellowish  tinge. 

PROTOPLASTA  FILOSA. 

The  Filose  Protoplasts,  or  the  Protoplasts  with  extremely  delicate 
thread-like  pseudopods,  have  the  same  general  constitution  and  form  as  the 
shell-covered  Lobose  Protoplasts. 

The  sarcode  or  protoplasmic  mass  never  exhibits  so  clear  a  differen- 
tiation of  ectosarc  and  endosarc  as  that  of  the  Lobose  Protoplasts,  but 
appears  generally  of  more  homogeneous  character  and  exclusively  like 
the  endosarc  of  the  latter.  The  pseudopods  never  occur  as  coarse  lobate 
or  digit-like  extensions  of  the  sarcode,  but  invariably  as  exceedingly  deli- 
cate threads,  acutely  forking,  and  becoming  finer  and  finer  as  they  branch. 
They  rarely  or  do  not  at  all  anastomose,  and  only  at  times  become  more 
or  less  confluent  through  the  entanglement  of  portions  of  food.  In  compo- 
sition, the  pseudopods  appear  as  fi'aments  of  the  finely  granular  protoplas- 
mic basis  of  the  aarcodcj  and  are  commonly  devoid  of  .  onspicuous  granules 
or  fine  oil-like  molecules. 

Like  in  most  shell-covered  Lobose  Protoplasts,  the  sarcode  contains  a 


,«^,*J!pi«ffl[P*™RJ^P,W,,JJ|||,IW}J..WI^l«U- 


190 


FllESH-WATEE  KHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i! 


large  clear  nucleus,  which  occupies  a  central  position  of  the  fundus.  Mostly 
several  contractile  vesicles  occupy  a  position  peripherally  in  the  intermedi- 
ate part  of  the  sarcodc  mass,  just  below  the  position  of  the  nucleus. 

The  Filose  Protoplasts  are  usually  more  sensitive  or  shy  than  the 
Lobose  forms,  and  it  is  often  difficult  to  induce  the  animals  to  project  their 
delicate  pseudopods.  These  are  more  numerous  than  in  the  Lobose  Proto- 
plasts, and  ai*e  possessed  of  all  the  power  and  capabilities  of  movement  and 
change  of  the  digitate  pseudopods. 

Ordinarily  the  sarcode  of  the  Filose  Protoplasts  occupies  a  greater 
proportion  of  the  interior  of  the  shell  than  in  the  Lobose  forms ;  and  when 
retracted  from  the  interior  surface  they  remain  attached  by  much  fewer 
threads,  and  oftener  appear  separated  altogether. 

The  shell  of  the  Filose  Protoplasts  exhibits  similar  varieties  of  construc- 
tion and  chemical  composition  as  in  the  Lobose  forms. 

I  have  learaed  almost  nothing  in  relation  to  the  modes  of  reproduction 
of  the  Filose  Protoplasts.  I  have  many  '.mes  seen  pairs  of  individuals 
conjoined  by  the  mouth  in  the  so-called  condition  of  conjugation,  but  ascer- 
tained nothing  of  the  results.  Besides  observing  certain  genera  and  species 
in  the  encysted  condition, — that  is  to  say,  the  sarcode  contracted  into  a  ball 
within  the  shell  and  enclosed  in  one  or  a  pair  of  additional  egg-shaped 
shells, — I  have  from  time  to  time  seen  individuals  containing,  instead  of  the 
ordinary  mass  of  active  sarcode,  a  variable  number  of  globular  spore-like 
bodies,  which  I  hfive  suspected  to  have  resulted  from  the  breaking-up  of 
the  sarcode  mass. 

PAMPHAGUS. 

OTeek,pamph<igo8,  all-dcvoiinng. 

Areella:  Ehrenberg,  1838.  Gromia:  ScUlumborgor,  1845.  Coryde:  Diijardin,  1852.  Pamphagus:  Bai- 
ley, 1853.  Difflugia:  Sclincider,  1854.  Corycia  (Diijarilin) :  Claparfedo  aud  LucUmuni}, 
1858.    Homaochlamys :  KUrcnborg,  1871.  I'lagiophri/a ;  Lecgihium  :  Hertwig  and  Lesser,  1874. 

Animal  colorless,  transparent,  invested  with  a  hyaline,  structureless 
membrane,  wliich  is  flexible  and  elastic  and  concurs  strictly  with  any 
changes  of  form  of  the  body,  but  ordinarily  restricts  such  changes,  and  is 
not  voluntarily  extensible.  Sarcode  always  completely  occupying  the 
investing  membrane,  and  appearing  to  be  structurally  continuous.  A  large, 
clear  nucleus.  Contractile  vesicles  not  distinctly  determined.  Mouth  small, 
terminal.  Pseudopods  filamentous,  long,  exceedingly  delicate,  branching 
dichotomously,  not  anastomosing. 


GENUS  PAMPILVGUS— PAMPUAGUS  MUTABILIS. 


191 


PAMPHAGUS  MUTABILIS. 

Plate  XXXIII,  (igs.  1-9. 

Corycie.     Diijurdin:  An.  Sc.  Nut.  1852,  xviii,240. 

Pamphagua  mutabilia.     Bailoy :  Am.  .Tour.  S(^i.  Arts,  1853,  xv,  341. — Archer :  Quart.  Jour.  Mic.  Sc.  1871, 

xi,  101;  1872,  xii,  195,42:$.— Loiily :  Pr.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  1878,  172. 
Corycia  (Dujardiu).     Clnpartdo  and  Lacbiiiuiin  :  Ilhidt's  Iiifua.  ct  Ehiz.  1858-59,  i,  453. — Fritchard :  Hist. 

Infiis.  18(il,  .V>0.— Leidy  :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,  227. 
Pumphagus  (Uailuy).     Pritcliard  :  Ibiduni,  551. 
Coryria  Dujardini.     Ga)(liardi:  Quart.  , Tour.  Mic.  Sc.  1871,  xi,  SO. 
Plaijiophrya  scuHformU.    Hortwig  and  Lessor:  Arcbiv  mile.  Auat.  1874,  x,  Suppl.  115,  Taf.  3,  Pig.  2. 

Animal  compressed  ovoid,  ovate,  or  sub-pyriform ;  lateral  borders  ex- 
tending to  the  fundus,  acute;  fundus  in  the  greater  breadth  obtusely  rounded, 
more  or  less  acute  or  even  acuminate;  mouth  small,  transversely  oval,  with 
a  thickened  border.  Sarcode  pale  granular,  colorless,  or  faintly  yellowish, 
with  diffused  minute  oil  molecules,  often  with  darkly  defined  oil-like  glob- 
ules in  the  upper  region,  and  frequently  water  vacuoles  in  the  lower  region. 
Nucleus  large,  clear,  compressed  spherical.  Food  usually  of  various  one- 
celled  algae.  Animal  in  movement  upright,  with  the  mouth  downward, 
and  the  pseudopods  divergent  and  spreading  horizontally ;  at  rest,  lying 
upon  the  broader  sides. 

Size. — Ranging  from  0.04  mm.  long  by  0.028  mm.  in  the  greater  breadth 
to  0.1  mm.  long  by  0.068  mm.  in  the  greater  breadth. 

Locality. — The  ooze  of  springs  and  ponds,  and  pools  in  sphagnous 
swamps.  Observed  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Fort  Bridger,  Wyo- 
ming Territory. 

Dujardin  described  a  rhizopod  under  the  name  of  'Corycie,'  in  1852, 
from  specimens  found  in  rain-water,  expressed  from  Jungermannia,  collected 
in  November  and  December.  He  observes  that  it  is  a  very  remarkable 
Amoeba,  on  account  of  its  membranous  integument,  which  folds  in  various 
directions,  according  to  the  movemants  and  contractions  of  the  animal,  and 
frequently  presents  the  appearance  of  being  twisted  when  it  turns  on  itself. 
The  membranous  envelope  is  perfectly  extensible  and  elastic.  The  size  of 
the  animal  is  from  0.08  mm.  to  0.2  mm. 

The  following  year.  Professor  Bailey  described  what  seems  to  be  the 
same  animal  under  the  name  of  Pamphagus  nmtabilis.  It  was  found  in  great 
number  in  an  aquarium  which  had  been  supplied  with  material  from  pools 
and  streams  in  the  vicinity  of  West  Point,  New  York.     Bailey  adds :  "  I 


f:  ^1  •T'_W  ■""V'TTy*  :  ■  - 


T"^"' 


192 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!i 


i'i! 


have  thousands  of  these  animals  now  living  in  midwinter."  Tlie  description 
is  accompanied  with  many  woodcuts  representing  various  changes  of  form 
and  conditions  of  the  animal. 

Professor  Bailey  remarks:  "If  the  reader  will  imagine  a  bag  made  of 
some  .soft  extensible  material  so  thin  as  to  be  transparent  like  glass,  so  soft  as 
to  yield  readily  by  extension  when  subjected  to  internal  pressure,  and  so 
small  as  to  be  microscopic;  this  bag  filled  with  particles  of  sand,  shells  of 
diatoms,  portions  of  alga;  or  desmids,  and  with  tragments  of  variously 
colored  cotton,  woolen,  and  linen  fibres,  will  give  a  picture  of  the  animal ; 
to  complete  which  it  is  only  necessary  to  add  ."  few  loose  strings  to  the  bag, 
to  represent  the  variable  radiant  processes  which  it  possesses  around  the 
mouth." 

In  the  normal  condition  the  animal  appears  to  be  compressed  obcordate 
or  pyriform,  with  the  filamentous  bnanching  pseudopods  projecting  from  the 
broader  extremity.  The  animals  observed  by  Professor  Bailey  were  in  a 
very  active  condition,  and  they  are  described  and  figured  as  gorged  with  a 
variety  of  food.  Many  are  represented  in  different  states  of  distortion  due 
to  the  materials  swallowed  being  so  much  longer  than  the  usual  length  of 
the  animal.  A  number  of  the  figui'es  further  represent  the  creature  either 
in  the  state  of  conjugation  or  of  division,  in  which  process  from  a  pair  to 
as  many  as  five  individuals  are  engaged  together.  Professor  Bailey  refers 
to  the  condition  as  probably  being  one  of  spontaneous  fission,  though  he 
says  he  did  not  see  it  actually  occur.  Single  undistorted  individuals  appear 
to  have  been  about  0.1  mm.  in  length.  One  is  represented  extended  on  a 
swallowed  fibre  reaching  the  length  of  0.25  mm.  Another  is  represented 
in  which  a  swallowed  fibre,  in  the  extension  of  the  animal,  has  perforated 
the  fundus. 

Hertwig  and  Lesser,  in  their  recent  admirable  researches,  have  de- 
scribed, as  it  seems  to  me,  the  same  animal  as  the  Pamphagus  mutabills,  under 
the  name  of  Plagiophrtjs  scidiformis. 

I  Itave  repeatedly,  though  rarely,  observed  specimens  of  what  I  have 
considered  to  be  the  Pamphagus  mutahilis  of  Professor  Bailey,  but  usually  iso- 
lated, and  never  in  anything  like  the  number  and  variety  described  by  the 
latter.  Those  I  have  met  with  presented  some  variety  in  size,  proportions, 
and  shape,  but  I  have  viewed  them  as  pertaining  to  the  same.  I  have 
adopted  Professor  Bailey's  name  of,  Pamphagus  mutahilis,  as  this  was  pre- 


iii  m>»m 


GENUS  PAMl'HAGTTa—PAMPIIAOIJS  MUTAHTLIS. 


193 


ceded  only  by  the  vernacular  one  of  '  Corycie,'  and  not  until  several  years 
later  was  that  of  Corycia  employed. 

Paniphagus  mutabilis  is  a  remarkable  creature,  comparable  to  an 
Amoeba  in  which  the  ectosarc  had  become  coagulaiod,  and  retained  its 
elasticity,  but  lost  its  voluntary  power  of  extension.  The  investing  mem- 
brane or  shell  is  so  thin,  transparent,  and  elastic,  and  yet  so  intimately 
adherent  or  continuous  with  the  interior  fluent  sarcode,  that  it  appears 
scarcely  more  differentiated  than  the  limiting  ectosarc  in  Amwha  verrucosa. 

The  animal  is  commonly  of  a  compressed  oval  or  ovate  form  (figs.  1,3,.^, 
7,  8,  9,  pi.  XXXIII),  and  in  transverse  section  lenticular  (figs.  2,  G).  The 
fundus  is  mostly  more  or  less  acute  and  sometimes  acuminate,  but  is  also  in 
a  variable  degree  obtusely  rounded.  The  lateral  borders  are  acute,  extend- 
ing to  the  fundus.  The  oral  pole  is  usufilly  the  narrower  ;  and  the  mouth 
is  terminal,  small,  transversely  oval,  and  boimded  by  a  thickened  border. 
At  times  this  has  appeared  continuous ;  at  others,  interrupted  on  one  side, 
as  represented  in  fig.  3.  Above  the  mouth,  at  a  variable  distance,  the 
membrane  often  exhibits  a  circular  line,  apparently  due  to  a  temporary 
folding,  as  seen  in  figs.  7-9.  The  animal  moves  slowly  in  an  upright  posi- 
tion, with  the  mouth  downward,  and  the  delicate,  long,  filamentous  pseudo- 
pods  radiating  in  any  and  all  directions,  but  mostly  on  a  plane  at  right 
angles  to  the  mouth.  In  movement  the  body  of  the  animal  is  sometimes 
bent,  curved,  or  twisted,  and  the  investing  membrane  becomes  variously 
inflected  and  wrinkled.  The  pseudopods  usually  diverge  in  straight  lines, 
acutely  branching,  and  often  extend  to  a  length  even  gi-eater  than  that  of 
the  body.  The  angles  of  the  forked  branches  often  appear  webbed  from 
expansions  of  the  protoplasm  ;  and  the  terminal  branches  become  more  and 
more  delicate.  Occasionally  the  pseudopods  assume  a  tortuous  aj^pearance, 
as  seen  in  figs.  1,  2,  and  sometime"  one  or  more  are  seen  suddenly  and 
abruptly  to  bend  in  a  geniculate  manner,  as  seen  in  figs.  F),  7.  When  the 
pseudopods  are  entirely  withdrawn,  the  animal  falls,  and  lies  upon  one  of  its 
broader  sides,  as  usxial  'vith  most  of  the  shell-covered  protoplasts  of  com- 
pressed form. 

The  interior  sarcode  of  Pamphagus  mutabiUs  always  completely  fills 
and  is  continuous  with  the  delicate  investing  integument,  never  leaving  any 
vacant  space,  such  as  is  frequently  observed  in  Euglypha  and  most  shell- 

13  BUIZ 


mm 


194 


FItESIl  WATRU  lUIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


covered  Protoplasts.  Tlie  sarcodo  is  formed  of  a  basis  of  \m\o,  granular, 
colorless  protoplasm,  not  imfrequontly  presenting  a  feeble  yellowish  hue. 
Diffused  through  the  jirotoplasm  there  are  numerous  fine  oil-like  molecules, 
and  often  an  accunuilation  of  these  occupies  an  intermediate  zone.  The 
fundus  of  the  sarcodo  mass  is  occupied  centrally  by  a  large,  clear,  homo- 
geneous nucleus,  as  seen  in  figs.  1-G.  Rarely,  as  in  fig.  7,  I  have  seen  the 
nucleus  occupy  a  lateral  position. 

Contiguous  to  the  nucleus  frequently  the  earcode  is  mingled  with 
variable  jjroportions  of  scattered  oil-like  globules,  as  represented  in  figs,  i), 
7,  9,  but  these  are  often  absent  or  minute  and  inconspicuous,  as  seen  in 
figs.  1-4,  8. 

The  lower  region  of  the  sarcode,  intermediate  to  the  nucleus  and  the 
month,  is  commonly  occupied  with  more  or  less  food  materials,  consisting 
of  green  one-celled  alga?,  diatoms,  etc.  The  green  algae  turn  red,  as  a 
result  of  digestion.  With  the  food  there  are  often  mingled  colorless 
globules  of  various  sizes.  Some  of  these  appear  to  consist  of  water ;  and 
occasionally  I  have  seen  one  or  more  enlarge  and  collapse.  In  one  instance 
I  observed  such  a  globule  approach  the  mouth  (fig.  3)  and  have  its  liquid 
contents  expelled.  Independently  of  these  water  globules,  not  always 
present,  I  detected  no  distinct  contractile  vesicle. 

The  pseudopods  of  Pamphagus  mutahilis  appear  as  filamentous  exten- 
sions of  the  protoplasmic  basis  of  the  sarcode,  finely  and  obscurely  granu- 
lar in  constitution,  and  without  oil  molecules.  I  could  never  detect  any 
appearance  of  circi  'ation  of  gi-anules  In  the  pseudopods. 

The  investing  membrane  or  shell  of  Pamphagus  mutahilis  is  colorless, 
transjjarent,  and  structureless.  It  is  highly  elastic,  so  that  it  yields  to  the 
extension  <lf  rigid  food,  and  returns  to  its  normal  condition  when  the  extend- 
ing force  is  removed. 

PA^rPHAGUS  HYALINUS. 

Platk  XXXIII,  iigs.  i;!-17. 

Arcetta  fhyaUna.  Elirenl>crg:  Infii8iou.stliic"rchcn,  1838,  134,  Tnf.  ix.  Fig.  viii.  Abli.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin, 
1871,  235,  aG4.— Fresciiius ;  Abh.  Sonck.  Gcsells.  18SG-u8,  ii,  S19,  Taf.  xii,  Fig.  1-24. 

(iromia  h;iaUna.     Schluinberger  :  An.  Sc.  Nat.  1845,  iii,  255. 

Viffliijlia  Eneheiys.    Schneider:  Mliller's  Arcliiv,  1854,  204,  Taf.  ix,  Fig.  16-24. 

A.  lloiiiwochlaiiii/n  hi/'iUiw.     Ehreiiborg:  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  244. 

Lecythium  hyalinum.  Hcrtwig  anil  Lesser:  Arch.  niik.  Anat.  1874,  x,  Suppl.  177,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  8. — Archer; 
Qnart.  Jour.  Mic.  Se.  1877,  xvii,  197,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1,2. 

Animal  spheroidal,  and  feebly  produced  at  the  lower  pole  into  a  short, 


GENUS  PAMPMAdUS— PAMI'UAGUS  IIYAMNITH. 


195 


broad  neck,  torminatiii};f  in  n  circular  mouth.  Shell  membranous,  trans- 
parent, colorless,  structureless,  and  elastic.  Barcode  intimately  adherent 
to  the  interior  of  the  shell,  finely  granular,  with  variable  proportions  of 
oil-like  molecules,  usually  more  or  less  accumulated  in  a  median  /one,  and 
with  more  or  less  vacuoles  at  the  lower  part.  Nucleus  large,  and  commonly 
with  a  large  and  distinct  nucleolus.  Pseudopods  filamentous,  delicate,  and 
furcate. 

Size — From  0.032  mm.  in  diameter  to  0.048  mm.  in  length  and  0.044 
mm.  in  breadth. 

Locality. — In  the  superficial  ooze  of  ponds,  ditches,  and  lakes.  Ob- 
served in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Wyoming  Territory. 

In  his  great  work,  the  '  Infusionsthierchen,'  Ehrenberg  describes  a 
small  rhizopod  imder  th  name  Arcella  hyalina,  almost  spherical,  and  with 
a  smooth  hyaline  membranous  shell.  It  ranges  from  jith  to  ^th  of  a  line. 
It  exhibited  within  many  vesicles,  and  possessed  many  filamentous  pseudo- 
pods.  Later  what  appears  to  be  the  same  animal  was  described  by 
ISchlumberger  with  the  name  of  Gromia  hyalina,  and  by  Schneider  with 
that  of  Dijfflugia  hyalina.  Recently  Hertwig  and  Lesser  have  also  described 
the  creature,  and  have  referred  it  to  a  new  genus,  with  the  name  of  Lecy- 
thvxm  hyalinum.  In  what  respect  this  genus  differs  from  Pamphagus  I  am 
unable  to  see,  and  therefore  have  considered  it  as  pertaining  to  the  same. 

Pamphagus  hyalinns,  as  I  take  it  to  be,  I  have  occasionally  found, 
though  I  suspect  it  is  not  uncommon,  but  on  account  of  its  inconspicuous 
chai-acter  is  readily  overlooked  It  is  a  minute,  spheroidal,  translucent, 
colorless  creature,  represented  in  the  magnified  views  of  figs.  13-17,  pi. 
XXXIII.  The  shape  is  nearly  spherical,  or  it  is  slightly  tapering  at  the 
oral  pole,  or  feebly  prolonged  so  as  to  be  sub-pyriform.  The  mouth  is 
inferior,  terminal,  comparatively  large,  circular,  and  dilatable,  and  its 
margin  is  entire  and  thin.  The  shell  or  membranous  investment  is  struc- 
tureless anfl  elastic,  but  not  voluntarily  extensible  or  contractile. 

The  sarcode  is  like  that  of  Pamphagus  mutabilis,  but  usually  contains  a 
greater  proportion  of  oil  molecules  collected  in  the  intermediate  zone,  and 
a  greater  number  of  clear  vacuoles  in  the  lower  portion.  Sometimes  the 
large  nucleus  is  clear  and  homogeneous,  as  seen  in  fig.  14,  but  in  others  it 
has  appeared  of  ptale  granular  constitution,  and  contained  a  lai'ge  distinct 
nucleolus,  as  represented  in  figs.  15-17. 


li|    ; 


ir  ! 


lyr? 


FUKHH  WATKK  UinZOPODS  OF  NOUTn  AMRUICA. 


I'dwplidffus  hf/oUiim  is  ji  peculiarly  dolicato  and  sensitive  creature,  and 
readily  undergoes  deconjposition.  In  repeated  instances,  I  have  observed 
the  animal  project  from  the  mouth  of  the  shell  portions  of  the  sarcode,  which 
would  gradually  swell  up  and  become  more  or  less  filled  with  ditferent-sizcd 
vacuoles,  as  seen  in  figs.  15-17.  The  projected  protoplasm  would  sometimes 
increase  to  more  than  half  the  bulk  of  the  animal  in  its  normal  condition. 
Suspecting  that  this  condition  was  a  preparatory  stop  to  segmentation,  I 
was  led  to  watch  patiently  several  individuals  for  some  hours  to  learn  the 
result,  which  however,  in  each  case,  proved  to  be  decomposition  or  death. 

PAMPIIAGUS  CURVUS. 

Plai-e  XXXIII,  llgs.  11,  12. 

Animal  retort-shaped,  or  ovoid  with  the  prolonged  narrower  pole 
curved,  and  with  the  body  in  transverse  section  circular.  Mouth  inferior, 
terminal,  circular.  Shell  transparent,  colorless  or  pale  yellowish,  structure- 
less. Sarcode  continuous  with  the  interior  of  the  shell,  and  having  the 
nucleus  as  in  P.  mutahilis.     Pseudopods  likewise  as  in  the  latter. 

Size. — From  0.044  mm.  in  length  by  0.028  mm.  in  breadth  to  0.06  mm, 
in  length  by  0.036  mm.  in  breadth. 

Locality. — Vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  superficial  ooze  of  ponds. 

In  a  few  instances  I  have  met  with  a  small  rhizopod  resembling  in 
structure  and  habit  the  Pamphagus  mutahilis,  but  with  a  shape  like  that  of 
Cyphoderia.  The  shell  is  structureless  and  closely  adherent  to  every  part 
of  the  surface  of  the  interior  sarcode,  from  which  it  appears  to  be  as  insep- 
arable as  in  Pamphagus  mutabilis.  Figs.  11,  12,  pi.  XXXIII,  represent  two 
such  specimens. 

PAMPHAGUS  AVIDUS. 

Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  10. 

l?ody  oval  or  ovoid,  in  transverse  section  circular,  wider  at  the  oral 
pole;  mouth  small,  circular,  expansile  and  contractile.  Nucleus,  etc.,  as  in 
P.  mutabilis. 

Size. — From  0.148  mm.  to  0.22  mm.  in  length  by  0.12  mm  in  breadth. 

Locality. — Cedar  swamp  of  Atco,  New  Jersey. 

In  September,  1877,  in  some  material  collected  in  pools  in  the  cedar 


OENU8  PSEUDODIFFLUOIA. 


197 


and  splmgnoiiH  swamp  oi'  Atco,  New  Jersey,  I  found  several  individuals 
of  a  species  of  Paniphaguis,  larger  and  apparently  different  from  any  of  tiio 
j)receding.  Its  size  accords  with  that  given  for  'Corycie'  by  Diijardin,  and 
perhaps  the  animal  may  be  the  same. 

One  of  the  individuals  observed,  represented  in  fig.  10,  pi.  XXXIII, 
was  HO  replete  with  food  as  greatly  to  obscure  from  view  the  nucleus  and 
other  usual  constituents  of  the  sarcode.  Among  the  food  contents  were  two 
considerable  portions  of  the  alga  Didymopriuni,  which  were  so  long  as  to 
cause  some  distortion  of  the  animal,  making  it  project  beyond  the  normal 
outline  both  in  front  and  behind.  Among  the  contents  of  ihe  sarcode, 
besides  the  ordinary  pale  granular  basis  and  fine  oil-like  molecules,  there 
were  noticed  many  clear  globules  or  water  vacuoles. 

The  pseudopods  were  like  those  of  P.  mutahilis.  In  the  distorted  con- 
dition of  the  animal,  as  represented  in  the  figure,  the  creature  measured 
0.22  mm.  in  length  by  0.12  mm.  in  breadth.  The  longest  pseudopod 
measured  0.2  mm.  in  breadth.  The  following  morning,  after  first  seeing  the 
specimen,  it  had  discharged  the  two  long  portions  of  Didymoprium,  and  ii» 
this  condition  presented  a  cordiform  outline,  with  the  mouth  depressed  and 
puckered,  and  it  measured  0.16  mm.  in  length  by  0.112  mm.  in  breadth. 

Another  individual,  of  ovoid  form,  had  the  mouth  in  the  centre  of  the 
broader  pole.  It  was  0.148  mm.  long  by  0.12  nun.  broad.  It  eonuiined 
many  clear  globules  or  wjiter  vacuoles  from  0.004  mm.  to  0.008  mm., 
together  witn  oil-like  globules  up  to  0.01  mm.  in  diameter.  The  abundant 
food  consisted  of  indistinct  yellowish  granular  material  and  a  number  of 
round,  one-celled,  bright"  green  algse.  A  clear  nucleus  in  the  fundus  of  the 
sarcode  measured  0  028  mm.  in  diameter. 

This  large  form  of  Pamphagus  may  perhaps  bo  the  same  animal  as 
the  Plagiophrys  cylindrica  of  Clapartide  and  Lachmann,  which  approximates 
it  in  size. 

PSEUDODIFFLUGIA, 

Greek,  pscmlos,  false;  Latin,  diffluo,  to  flow. 
Pseudmlifflugia:  Seliliinibcrgcr,  1845.     P/ei(ro/)Ari/s;  ClaparMe  and  LucIiidquii,  1859. 

Animal  provided  with  a  thin  chitinoid  shell  mostly  incorporated  with 
variable  proportions  of  fine  quartz-sand,  or  other  extrinsic  material,  of  inde- 
terminate character,  commonly  distinguished  as  'dirt.'     Mouth  terminal, 


tf    I 


108 


FUKHIl  WATER  IMIIZOI'ODa  OF  NOUTII  AMKUK'A. 


inferior.     Sarcodo  inoHtly  colorless,  with  a  largo  clear  nitclouH,  but  ucually 

with  other  constituents  of  the  former  obscured  by  the  nature  of  the  shrill. 

Pseudopods  numerous,   excec'liiifrly  delicate,  iiluuientous,  and  forking  nt 

acute  angles. 

PSEUDODIFI'^MIGIA  GRi^ClLIS. 

1'I.ATK   XXXIir,    (iRH.    18-tt8. 

IWuiliHlifflujiia  fimnliH.     8cliluml)rr({t'r :  An.  So.  Nut.  lrtir>,  Hi,  ij."i4. 

I'trunijihniii  o/i/irrrjcd.  ('la)iiiirili<  iiiiil  I.iii'hiiiuiiii:  r.tiidcH  ItifiimiircH  ot  lUiir'opcMloii,  1850,  i,  I.^S,  ])1.  xxii, 
Hk.  :t.-  AicIiit:  Qimrt.  .lour.  Mic.  Sc.  |M(H»,  pi.  xx,  lljj.  1,  1870,  I'/l.  — IIi>rtwit{  iinil  I<OHiM<r: 
Anil,  iiiilt.  AiKit.  IH7(,  X,  Siippl  liiri,  Tut",  iii,  l'i(,'.  I.— Schulzn:  ntidoni,  1  <7.\  xi,  IW. 

rirHmphrjint  nmiihilrimoiilrii.  AitIiit;  Quart,  .lour.  Mic.  Sc.  1870,  I'Jl,  pi.  xx,  flg.  ti. — S'.'kulzo:  Arch, 
iiiili.  Aimt.  lH7.'i,  xi,  ia:i,  Taf.  vii,  I'ir.  1. 

VIcurojtlmjHt  J'lilra.     AicIiit:  Iliiili'iii,  IKTO,  l'."-',  pi.  xx,  tl({.  :i.— Schiiizo :  Iliiiloiii,  l'.>4,  fins.  2,  :l. 

/'/(•«(ii/)Ari/ii  com/in «««.     Scliiilzc:  Aicli.  iiiik.  Aiuit.  l!*''',  xi,  lli"),  Tiif.  vii.  Fig.  4,  .'>. 

I'liiiroiiliriix  hiiii-iiijiiniiin.     .'>rliiilz«;  Iliiili'iii,  l'"i)j.  t>-H. 

t'lciirojihryK  nnijulata.     .Mcii'Mi'hkdWNky :  Arch,  iiiik.  Aunt.  1878,  l9i,  Taf.  x,  Fig.  14. 

Shell  of  variable  form,  mostly  spheroidal,  ovoidid,  or  oblong  ovtd,  and 
of  uniform  transverse  diameters,  but  rarely  soinewhtit  compressed,  usually 
straight,  occasioiuUly  slij»htly  curved.  Mouth  terminal,  circular.  Structure 
of  the  shell  mostly  obscurely  g.anular,  often  with  fine  sand,  and  frequently 
almost  or  quite  entirely  composed  of  coarser  sand  ;  colorless  or  brownish. 

Size. — L9ngth  from  0.04  mm.  to  0.1  fi  mm.;  breadth  0.02  mm.  to  0.1  mm. 

Locality. — Fretpient  in  the  ooze  of  ponds,  ditches,  etc.  Vicinity  of 
I'hiladelphia  and  other  places  in  Pennsylvania;  New  Jersey;  Uinta  Mount- 
ains, Wyoming  Territory. 

The  genus  Pseudodifflngia  is  one  of  those  described  by  Schlumber- 
ger,*and  not  usually  recognized  by  succeeding  observers.  It  is  character- 
ized as  having  a  membranous  shell,  ovoid  or  ovo-globular,  smooth  or  rolled, 
Avith  a  wide  round  aperture,  from  which  project  very  long  fine  filaments, 
simple  and  branched.  The  author  remarks  that  the  genus  approaches 
nearly  to  Difflugia,  but  differs  in  the  character  of  its  pseudopods. 

The  species  Picudodifflugia  gracilis  is  described  as  having  an  ovoid, 
bluish  brown  shell,  of  variable  length,  and  encrusted  as  it  were  with  minute 
grains  of  sand.  The  size  is  0.035  mm.  to  0.056  mm  in  length  by  0.029  mm. 
to  0.035  mm.  in  breadth. 

The  characters  assigned  to  Pleurophrys  by  ClaparJide  and  Lachmann 
1  '  me  to  suspect  that  it  is  not  different  from  Pseudodifflugip.  They 
o   -Jive  that  it  IS  rebvted  with  the  Actinophryans  as  Difflugia  is  with  the 

■  AuiLilcs  (tcs  SciOncoH  Nulnrcllos,  1845,  254. 


(JKNtlH  l»HKl'I)(H>IFFI,r<MA— I'HKI'DOIHIM'UMMA  «mA('ll,lS.     HM) 

Ain(i'])as.  Tlicy  fiirtli«'r  rcinnrk  tliat  tlic  imiiniil  is  covfrod  with  n  hIk-U 
composed  of  foreign  Hul)staiic<'H  cemented  tof^ether,  luid  Imvinjr  a  Hingle 
aperture.  The  speeieH  indicated  !iv  tlicni  under  the  nitnio  of  I'Iritro/iltrifs 
sitliarira*  i«  deHcribed  an  poMHeHsinj;  a  .spherical  hIicII  (;oinposed  (tf  Hiliciourt 
paitich's,  an(t  meaHuriiifj;  0.02  nun.  'V\n'  (i<fure  accompanying;  their  di^scrip- 
tion  represents  a  nearly  ;^h>l)ular  shell  of  coarse  sand,  with  ^rniuiilar  fila- 
mentous pseudopods  extendinj^  like  the  rays  of  an  Actinophrys. 

I  have  ni'iny  times  met  with  inconspicuous  rliizopods  with  a  shell 
approximating  in  elmracter  that  of  the  DiHlugias,  hut  with  delicate*  (tlam(>nt- 
ouM  pseudopods.  I  liave  suspected  them  to  belong  to  the  genus  I'seiido- 
diftlugia  of  Schlund)erger  or  of  IMeurophrys  of  Cla[)aredo  and  liachmaim. 
I'hey  occur  in  the  ooze  of  ponds,  and  are  of  such  obscure  character,  that 
xmless  attention  is  directed  to  them,  they  are  liable  to  be  overlooked  or  mis- 
taken for  the  excrement  of  worms  or  other  masses  of  dirt  'i'hey  present 
considerable  variety  in  form,  size,  color,  and  exact  composition  of  the  shell, 
and  sucli  ii.tennediate  gradations  that  I  liavo  been  disposed  to  view  most 
of  them  as  pertaining  to  the  same  species. 

ftieudodifllugia  grraciliM,  as  I  have  su])posed  it  to  be,  is  of  (piite 
variable  form,  proportions,  and  size.  Commonly  it  is  ovoid,  with  tlu*  month 
at  the  narrower  pole,  but  sometimes  is  ovate,  oval,  oblong,  o;-  sub-pyriform. 
See  figs.  18-21,  pi.  XXXIII.  The  mouth  is  circular,  and  appears  to  bo 
contractile  or  dilatable,  so  that  it  varies  in  size  according  to  its  condition. 
Sometimes  it  is  oblique  or  sub-terminal,  as  seen  in  fig.  22,  and  occasionally 
I  have  found  individuals  with  the  shell  somewhat  curved  and  the  mouth 
oblique,  as  represented  in  fig.  24.  Usually  the  shell  is  of  uniform  trans- 
verse diameters,  but  sometimes  is  more  or  less  compressed,  as  represented 
in  the  specimen  of  figs.  2fi,  27.  The  fundus  of  the  shell  is  broad  and 
mostly  evenly  convex,  but  sometimes  rather  flatti^ned. 

The  color  of  the  shell  is  variable,  usually  some  shade  of  bi'own,  but 
often  colorless.  In  composition  it  often  appears  membranous,  and  incorpo- 
rated with  variable  proportions  of  fine  dirt  and  sand.  Sometimes  the  dis- 
tinctly visible  sand  grains  are  minute  and  scattered,  and  sometimes  they  are 
larger  and  closely  cemented  together,  as  is  ordinarily  the  case  in  most 
species  of  Diiflugia,  and  as  seen  in  the  figures  last  referred  to. 

•fitudos  Infiifloirex,  4.').'i,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  It. 


I 


1 


if 


i'l. 


200 


imESn-WATElt  ItUIZOPODS  OF  NORTU  AMEIUOA. 


Ml 


fil 


Ln 


In  severnl  instances  I  found  individuals  which  I  viewed  as  pertaining 
to  the  same  animal,  in  which  the  shell  was  mainly  granular  and  translucent, 
but  had  largo  sand  grains  accumulated  at  the  extremities,  as  seen  in  lig.  25. 

In  those  specimens  in  which  fhe  shell  is  not  too  thoroughly  incorporated 
with  dirt  or  sand,  the  interior  aarcode  becomes  more  or  less  visible,  and  is 
seen  to  be  of  variable  extent  in  relation  to  the  capacity  of  the  shell.  A 
large  clear  spot  in  the  fundus  of  the  sarcode  indicates  the  presence  of  a 
nucleus,  and  a  darker  intennediatc  zone  the  accumulation  there  of  fine  oil 
molecules.  The  lower  region  is  likewise  observed  to  contain  vacuoles  and 
portions  of  food. 

The  pseudopods  of  Pseudodifflugia  gracilis  are  numerous,  finely  fila- 
mentous and  branching.  They  are  sometimes  observed  diverging  from  the 
mouth  in  profuse  bunches  ;  at  other  times  in  a  few  filaments.  See  figs.  18- 
28.  On  one  occasion  I  observed  a  number  of  pseudopods  nm  together  into 
a  ])road  patch  of  protoplasm,  which  involved,  within  a  vacuole,  two  green 
algous  cells,  as  seen  in  fig.  22. 

The  movenvMits  of  the  animal  are  exceedingly  slow,  and  it  often 
requires  long  watching  to  observe  it  pi'oject  the  psendopods. 

Pseudodifflugia  is  more  closely  related  with  Pam'ihagus  and  Cypho- 
deria  than  with  the  ITeliok;oa.  Subsequently  to  ClaparMe  and  Lachmann, 
other  investigators  have  described  Rhizopods  which  they  I'efer  to  species 
of  Pleurophrys,  but  which  I  suppose  to  pertain  to  Pseudodifflugia,  and 
most  ,»f  them  to  P.  gracilis. 

Mr.  Archer*  described  a  form  which  he  refers  to  Pleurophrys  spharira, 
though  of  larger  size  and  otherwise  difi"erent  from  that  of  the  former 
authors.  Schulze  considers  the  determination  incorrect.!  The  shell  is 
represented  as  spheroidal,  brown,  and  composed  of  granular  matter,  with 
a  size  of  jj^th  of  an  inch. 

Fig.  ly  represents  an  individual  of  nearly  the  size  and  constitution 
of  that  just  indicated,  as  described  and  figured  by  Mr,  Archer.  It  is, 
however,  of  ovoid  shape,  and  measures  O.lG  mm.  long  by  0.1  mm.  broad. 
Both  forms  I  vibv»"  as  pertaining  to  Pseudo^'ffliigia  gracilis. 

In  the  same  memoir,  Mr.  Archer  indicated  two  other  forms  as  pertain- 
ing to  Pleurophrys,  with  the  names  of  P.  amph.itremoides  and  P.  fulva.X 

•Quart.  Jour.  Mlcr.  So.  1809,  Rg.  I,  pi.  xx;  1870,131. 
tArcliiv  f.  iiiikr.  Analoiiiio,  lK7r>,  \i,  VH. 
I  Qiioit.  Jour.  Micr.  Sc.  1870,  Vil,  l!W. 


GENUS  OYPUODEUIA. 


2C1 


Both  have  ovoid  ahells,  in  one  incorpomted  with  diatoma,  in  the  other  with 
sand  and  of  a  yellow  color.  Sclmlzo  admits  these  as  species,  and  describes 
oMiers  he  regards  as  the  name,*  but  I  would  regard  all  as  varieties  of 
Pseudodifflufjia  gracilis. 

The  latter  author  has  described  iwo  other  forms  with  the  names  of 
Plcvrophrys  compressa  and  P.  lageniformis,  but  these  also  I  incline  to  believe 
belong  to  the  Pseududifflugia  gracilis  as  mere  varieties. 

Hortwig  and  Lessei-f-  have  described  a  rhizopod  which  they  regard  as 
Pleurophrys  spharica,  to  which  they  also  consider  the  largo  form  pertains 
dercribed  by  Mr.  Archer.  The  specimens  indicated  by  the  former  have  an 
ovoid,  brown,  granular  shell,  ranging  from  0.03  nmi.  to  0.05  mm.  In  struc- 
ture, form,  and  size  they  sufficiently  accord  with  Schlumberger's  description 
to  belong  to  Pseudodijffuigia  gracilis. 

Quite  recently,  since  the  present  work  went  to  press,  Meresclikowsky  J 
has  described  a  forai  under  the  name  of  Pleurophrys  angulata,  which  ap- 
pears to  me  not  to  differ  from  the  former. 

Fig.  28,  pi.  XXXIII,  represents  a  remarkable  variety  obtained  from 
ooze  in  a  lake  of  the  Uinta  Mount-iins,  Wyoming  Territory,  but  the  only 
specimen  of  the  kind  seen,  though  ordinary  forms  were  common  enough. 
The  shell  was  amphora-shaped,  with  a  nipple-like  process  to  the  fundus 
and  a  rim  to  the  mouth,  and  was  composed  of  comparatively  coarse  sand 
grains.  Its  length  was  0.06  mm.;  its  breadth  0.030  nmi.  The  pseudopods 
extended  in  a  dense  bundle.  As  a  conspicuous  variety,  this  might  bo 
appropriately  distinguished  as  Pscudodifflugia  amphora. 

CYPIIODERIA. 

Grcok,  kiiphoa,  ciirvod ;  rfcnw,  tlio  luick. 

IMfflugia:  HhroiihoTg,  1840.  Cyphotleria :  SchhmWrger,  1845.   fhighipha :  Forty,  IKS.  X«ffyni»;  Sohnltzo, 
1854.     AmpuiUiria;  UohffUipha ;  Aamilina:  EIiroiibrrK,  1871. 

Animal  provided  with  a  retort-shaped  shell,  the  mouth  directed  down- 
ward, and  the  long  axis  of  the  body  inclined.  Structure  of  the  shell 
chitinoid,  transparent,  colored  or  colorless,  composed  of  minute  hexagonal 
elements  of  uniform  size  arranged  in  alternating  series  in  parallel  spiral 
rows.     Mouth  minutely  beaded.     Sarcode  |)ale,  granular,  usually  nearly 

•Archiv  iiiik.  Anivtnmio,  1875,  xi,  IIW. 

t  Airliiv  iiiik.  Aimtomip,  1874,  1H5,  Tiif.  Hi,  Fig.  4. 

t  UhiUmii,  KhJ.'raf.  x,  Fig.  U. 


202 


FKESH-WaTEK  RHIZOPODS  of  north  AMERICA. 


I 


Hi 


filling  the  shell  or  slightly  contracted  from  its  sides ;  when  shorter  than  the 
cavity  of  the  shell,  most'y  adherent  io  the  fundus  hy  a  pair  of  pseudopodal 
threads.  Nucleus  large,  clear,  and  usually  homogeneous.  Contractile 
vesicles  occupying  an  intermediate  zone  of  the  sarcode.  Pseudopods  nu- 
merous, forking,  radiating  in  any  direction  from  the  mouth,  but  mostly  on 
a  horiz'  ital  plane,  susceptible  of  a  great  variety  of  movement  and  change 

of  form. 

.       CYPHODERIA  AMPULLA. 

Platk  XXXIV,  figs.  1-16. 

Dtfflugin  Ampulla.     ElirenlicrK:  BoTicOit  Prcus.  \k.  Wis.  lH4n,  199;  Abli.  Ak.  Wis.  1H71,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  11. 

t  IMffliujia  Lagena.     Khrcnbcrg:  Abb.  Al«.  Wis.  1841,  413,  Tii '  iv,Fig.ll;  1871,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  2. 

Cyphoderia  nuirgaHtacea.  Schlumbprgrr:  An.  So.  Nat.  1845,  iii,  Sr>!>. — Freseiiiiis :  Abb.  Sciick.  Naturf. 
GtH.  :-J-.r)-58,  ii,  Ifttt,  Taf.  xii.  Fig.  28-30.— Stein :  Sitzungsb.  Biihin.  Akad.  1857  (fide 
Sc'liulze). — Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1864,  xiii,  33, pi.  ii,  fig.  18. — Hcrtwig  and  Lesser : 
Areh.  niik.  Anat.  1874,  x,  Snp.  132— Leidy:  Pr.  Ae.  Nat.  Se.  1874,  227 ;  1877, 294.— Scbulze : 
Arcb.  niik.  Anat.  1875,  xi,  11K5,  Taf.  v,  Fig.  12-20. 

Eugljipha  ciirraUi.     Perty  :  Kcnnt.  klcinst.  J.ebensformen,  18,")2, 187,  pi.  viii,  flg.  21. 

Lagijnh  halliea.     Scbultze:  Organ.  Pidytbalamien,  1854,  fiO,  Taf.  i.  Fig.  7,8. 

Eiiglyphamargaritacca.  Wallieb  :  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1864,  xiii,  240, 244, 245,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  48. 

Difflngia  mnrgarilacea.     Waliieb :  Ibidem,  245. 

Euglgphabaltirr.     Wallicli:  Ibidem, 

Diffiugia  Seelandka.     Ebrenberg:  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  1869,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  23. 

^m;)i///nrifl  (\\erneck).     Ebrenberg:  Ibidem,  1871,  234. 

Diffiugia  adunca.     Ebrenberg  :  Ibidem,  lb71,  248,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  8,9. 

T  IHffiugia  alabamensin.    Ebrenberg:  Ibiib'm,  Fig.  10. 

Diffiugia  nncinata.     Ebrenberg:  IbiJeni,  Fig.  13. 

Hologlgpha,  sen  D.  Ansulina  adunca,  D.  A.  alabameni>i»,  D.  A.  Ampulla,  D.  A.  margaritacea,  D.  A.  unci- 
nata.     Ebrenberg:  Abb.  1871,  246. 

Euglyplia,  sen  D.  Amulina  Seelantlica.     Ebrenberg :    \bli.  1871,  248. 

Cyphoderia  ampulla.     Leidv  :  Pr.  .Vc.  Nat.  Sc.  187)",  173. 

Shell  retort-shaped,  with  a  short  cylindrical  neck  curving  downward, 
and  truncated  by  a  circular  mouth ;  body  of  the  shell  oblong  oval,  with  the 
longitudinal  axis,  in  the  active  or  moving  condition  of  the  animal,  more  or 
less  inclined,  but  nearly  horizontivl ;  fundus  obtusely  rounded,  sometimes 
flattened,  frequently  more  or  less  prolonged  or  narrowed  at  the  summit 
into  a  nipple-like  process.  Color  of  the  shell  mostly  yellowish,  less  fre- 
quently colorless. 

Size. — Ranging  from  0.112  mm.  to  0.176  mm.  long  by  0.04  mm.  to 
0  08  mm.  broad,  \\'i\\  the  mouth  O.OlG  mm.  to  0.028  nmi.  wide. 

Locality. — The  superficial  ooze  of  springs,  ponds,  lakes,  and  ditches. 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  Florida,  Wyoming  Territory, 
and  Nova  Scotia. 

C3yphoderia  ampulla  has  an  oval  oblong,  retort  shaped  shell,  with  a 
short  cylindroid  neck  curving  downward  to  the  mouth.      See  figs.  1-15,  pi. 


r 


GENUS  CYPnODERIA— CYPHODERIA  AMPULLA. 


203 


XXXIV.  The  long  axis  of  the  shell  forms  a  line  curving  upwardly  and 
backward  from  the  mouth.  In  the  ordinary  position  of  movement  of  the 
animal,  the  mouth  is  directed  downward  on  a  horizontal  plane,  while  the 
body  of  the  shell  -s  directed  backward,  with  but  slight  inclination  from  the 
same  plane. 

The  sides  of  the  shell  are  commonly  evenly  convex,  but  occasionally 
somewhat  flattened  or  slightly  taporing  toward  both  poles.  The  fundus  is 
usually  evenly  convex,  but  sometimes  flattened,  and  frequently  more  or  less 
prolonged  and  narrowed  at  the  summit  into  a  nipple-shaped  process,  as  seen 
in  figs.  4-8. 

The  mouth  of  the  shell  is  circular,  and  exhibits  a  beaded  margin  more 
or  less  distinct.  Schulze  describes  it  as  possessing  a  delicate  and  structure- 
less membranous  expansion  or  zone;*  but  this,  if  it  exists,  escaped  my 
attention,  or  was  taken  for  an  expansion  of  sarcode  at  the  root  of  the 
pseudopods. 

The  shell  is  straw-colored  or  pale  yellov^ish,  and  often  entirely  color- 
less. It  is  transparent,  and  apparently  composed  of  chitinoid  membrane, 
as  in  Arcella.  It  exhibits  a  structure  of  variable  distinctness,  consisting 
of  exceedingly  minute  hexagonal  elements,  alternating  with  one  another, 
and  arranged  in  spiral  rows.  Ordinarily  the  shell  has  a  more  or  less 
uniform  punctate  appearance;  but  when  the  structure  is  more  than  usually 
distinct,  the  arrangement  of  hexagons  is  very  obvious.  The  outlines  of 
the  hexagons  will  appear  single  and  dark,  or  double  and  clear,  as  seen  in 
fig.  16,  according  to  the  focus  in  which  they  are  viewed.  In  several 
instances  it  has  seemed  to  me  as  if  the  hexagons  were  externally  faceted 
in  inclined  triangular  planes  from  common  centres. 

The  soft  contents  of  the  shell  of  Cyphoderia  occupies  its  cjipacity  in 
varying  extent,  as  in  the  case  of  Euglypha.  Sometimes  it  entirely  fills  the 
sliell,  sometimes  it  is  more  or  less  contracted  in  an  intermediate  position 
from  the  sides,  and  it  is  not  unfrequently  more  or  less  contracted  from  the 
fundus.  In  the  last  condition,  the  mass  is  usually  attached  to  the  dome  of 
the  shell  by  a  pair  or  more  of  fine  thread-like  extensions  of  the  sarcode,  as 
is  so  conspicuously  observed  in  HysJosphenia,  and  as  represented  in  figs. 
13,  14. 

A  large  clear  nucleus  occupies  the  fundus  of  the  body,  and  generally 

•  Archlv  f.  uiik.  Anutomio,  1875,111,  Tnf,  v,  20, 


204 


FUESH  WATER  IIHIZOPODS  or  NOKTU  AMEltlOA. 


i'     ;i 


below  it  there  is  an  accumulation  of  oil-like  molecules.  Between  the 
latter  and  the  mouth  of  the  shell,  the  sarcode  contains  variable  propor- 
tions of  foo'^  materials,  water  vacuoles,  and  commonly  several  contractile 
vesicles. 

The  pseudopods  radiate  from  the  mouth,  often  to  a  distance  consider- 
ably more  than  the  length  of  the  shell.  They  are  exceedingly  delicate, 
and  branch  usually  at  very  acute  angles,  but  do  not  anastomose.  Some- 
times, in  movement,  they  abruptly  bend,  and  t^ccasionally  suddenly  con- 
tract in  a  tortuous  manner. 

Ordinarily,  the  shell  of  Cyphoderia  measures  about  0.125  mm.  in  length 
by  0.05  mm.  in  breadth,  but  specimens  range  from  about  0.11  mm.  to  0.2 
mm.  in  length. 

Cyphoderia  ampulla  is  common  in  the  ooze  of  springs,  ponds,  and  lakes, 
though  I  have  never  found  it  very  abundantly  at  any  one  time.  I  have 
obtained  it  from  springs  and  ponds  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia.  The 
largest  specimens  I  found  at  Lake  Hattacawanna,  New  Jersey.  I  also 
found  it  in  China  Lake,  in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  at  an  altitude  of  10,000 
feet,  and  likewise  at  the  base  of  the  mountains,  at  Fort  Bridger,  in  Wyoming 
Territory.  The  Wyoming  specimens  were  remai-kable  from  their  commonly 
having  the  shell  with  a  nipple-shaped  prolongation  at  the  fundus. 

The  genus  Cyphoderia  was  characterized  by  Schlumberger  in  1845, 
and  the  species  described  imder  the  njime  of  Cyphoderia  margaritacea  from 
specimens  obtained  in  the  mud  of  brooks  of  the  Vosges  and  Jura.  The 
same  was,  however,  described  by  Ehrenberg,  five  years  earlier,  in  the 
'Bericht'  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Berlin,  under  the  name  oi  Difflugia 
ampulla*  This  is  confirmed  by  figures  of  the  species  published  in  the 
'Abhandlungen'  of  the  same  society  in  1871.  Recent  authorities  adopt  the 
specific  name  of  Schlumberger ;  but  tliere  is  no  good  reason  for  retaining 
it,  and,  according  to  the  usual  rule,  I  have  employed  the  earlier  name. 

CAMPASOUS. 

Greek,  kampc,  bent;  ankos,  a  bottle. 

Ain'mal  provided  with  a  shell  having  the  form  like  that  of  Cyphoderia, 
but  provided  with  a  pair  of  lateral  divergent  processes  to  the  fundus,  and 
composed  of  homogeneous  chitinoid  membrane.  The  soft  part  together 
with  pseudopods  as  in  Cyphoderia. 

•The  original  doscription  is  as  follows:  "  Lorica  vblongn  clovatu,  imnctonini  seriebus  obliquis 
elofjaiitcr  iiotata,  liyalina,  ostiolo  ovato.    Mag.  ^"'." 


Ji*li 


■ 


GENUS  CAMPASCOS— CAMPASCTTa  COTINUTUS. 


205 


CAMt^ASCUS  CORNUTUS. 

Platk  XXXIV,  figs.  17-24. 
Campascus  comuiiia.    Lciily  :  Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1877,  204.  <» 

Shell  vetort-for  ,  with  a  short  curved  neck,  and  with  the  obtuse  fundus 
directed  backward  and  upward,  and  provided  on  each  side  with  a  divergent 
conical  prolongation;  composed  of  translucent,  yellowish,  homogeneous, 
chitinoid  membrane,  incorporated  with  scattered  sand  particles.  Mouth 
circular,  directed  downward,  bordered  by  a  delicate,  colorless,  annular 
expansion.  The  interior  soft  part  resemblin;.'  that  of  Cyphoderia;  a  large 
nucleu„  at  the  fundus;  pseudopods  filamentous,,  furcate,  exceedingly  deli- 
cate. 

Sige. — Ranging  from  0.112  mm.  to  0.14  mm.  long  by  0.18  mm.  broad, 
or  between  the  lateral  processes  of  the  fundus  from  0.08  mm.  to  0.112  mm. 
broad;  mouth  0.024  mm.  to  0.028  mm.  wide. 

Locality. — The  ooze  of  China  Lake,  Uinta  Mountains,  10,000  feet 
altitude,  Wyoming  Territory. 

Campascus  cornutus  is  inteimediate  in  character  to  Centropyxis 
aculeata  and  Cyphoderia  ampulla.  The  shell  has  the  structure  and  horn-like 
processes  of  the  former ;  but  the  shape  and  the  structure  of  the  animal,  with 
the  pseudopods,  have  the  character  of  the  latter. 

This  animal  I  discovered  in  August,  1877,  in  ooze  collected  in  China 
Lake,  in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  about  25  miles  from  Fort  Bridger,  Wyo- 
ming Territory.  I  have  not  found  it  elsewhere.  I  at  first  took  it  for  a  new 
species  of  Cyphoderia;  but  I  failed  to  detect  the  hexagonal  structure  char- 
acteristic of  the  shell  of  this  genus. 

In  the  side  view  of  Campascus,  as  seen  in  fig.  21,  pi.  XXXIV,  the 
shell  has  the  exact  form  of  that  of  Cyphoderia  ampulla,  the  lateral  })rocesse8 
being  concealed.  Either  in  the  under  or  the  upper  view,  as  seen  in  figs. 
17,  20,  the  lateral  prolongations  backward  of  the  shell  give  it  a  triangular 
outline,  in  which  the  mouth  forms  the  apex,  the  processes  form  the  basal 
angles,  and  the  intermediate  portion  of  the  base  forms  the  rounded  furdus. 
The  lateral  processes  are  conical  and  curved,  and  are  on  the  ventral  rathej 
than  on  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  fundus.  In  some  specimens,  as  seen  in  that 
of  fig.  22,  it  is  rudimental,  and  in  this  particular  one  also  the  summit  of  the 
fundus  was  somewhat  pointed. 


206 


FRESn  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  mouth  is  circular,  and  sun'ouiuled  with  a  delicate,  structureless, 
membranous  zone,  as  represented  in  figs.  20,  21. 

The  shell  of  Canipascus  is  dull  yellowish  or  straw-colored,  and  is  com- 
posed of  homogeneous  chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with  scattered 
sand  i^articles.  Even'with  high  microscopic  power  I  could  detect  no  traoo 
of  hexagonal  structure,  such  as  exists  in  the  shell  of  Cyphoderia  and  Arcella. 

The  soft  part  of  the  animal  is  like  that  of  Cyphoderia  or  Euglypha.  A 
large,  clear  nucleus  occupies  the  fuiidus  of  the  sarcode  mass,  and  in  con- 
tiguity with  it,  especially  accumulated  just  beneath,  there  is  a  quantity  of 
oil-like  molecules.  The  adherent  sand  particles  to  the  shell  prevented  mo 
from  detecting  contractile  vesicles,  which  no  doubt  exist  in  a  coiTesponding 
position  to  that  in  Cyphoderia  or  Euglypha.  The  pseudopods  are  like 
those  of  the  latter  animals  The  shell  of  Campascus  is  commonly  about 
0.125  mm.  in  length. 

EUGLYPHA. 

Greek,  en,  well;  gluphe,  sculptured. 
Ewjlyplia:  Dnjardiu,  1841.     Difflugia :  Elirouborg,  1841.    Asuulma;  Setiyereltai  Ehreiibcrg,  1871. 

Animal  provided  with  a  hyaline,  ovoid  shell,  of  uniform  diameter, 
or  compressed,  composed  of  regular,  oval  or  hexagonal  plates  of  chitinoid 
membrane,  arranged  in  alternating  longitudinal  series.  Mouth  terminal, 
circular  or  elliptical,  with  the  marginal  plates  forming  a  series  of  minutely 
serrulate  angular  points.  Shell  mostly  provided  with  spines  or  hairs,  though 
sometimes  absent.  Sarcode  colorless,  with  a  large  nucleus  in  the  fundus, 
and  usually  several  contractile  vesicles  occupying  an  intermediate  position 
of  the  mass.  Pseudopods  filamentous,  exceedingly  delicate,  dichotomously 
branching,  not  anastomosing,  and  with  no  evident  circulation  of  granules. 
Animal  when  in  motion  with  the  shell  erect  or  perpendicular,  with  the 
mouth  downward,  and  with  the  pseudopods  more  or  less  horizontally 
divergent. 

The  genus  Euglypha  contains  a  number  of  distinct  or  well-marked 
forms  which  are  conveniently  considered  to  be  so  many  species;  but,  through 
a  multitude  of  intermediate  conditions,  the  species  appear  to  graduate  into 
one  another.  They  are  the  most  elegant  and  complex  in  the  structure  of 
their  shell  of  any  of  the  Protoplasts  provided  with  such  a  covering. 

The  shell  of  PiUglypha  is  composed  of  plates,  mostly  of  uniform  size, 


GENUS  EIKILYIMIA— EUOLYrilA  ALVEOLATA. 


207 


and  arranged  with  great  r'egnlarity  in  longitudinal  rows,  alternating  with 
one  another  in  the  different  rows.  Commonly  the  plates  appear  of  longitu- 
dinally oval  shape,  and  overlap  at  the  contiguous  borders  so  as  to  include 
hexagonal  areas  enclosed  by  circles  of  minute  elliptical  areas,  or  they 
appear  of  hexahedrai  shape,  and  are  closely  adapted  together  at  the  borders. 
Ehrenberg  describes  and  figures  in  his  various  communications  a  number 
of  forms  in  which  the  shell  is  represented  as  being  composed  of  longitudi- 
nal rows  of  alternating  rectangular  plates.*  Of  this  kind  I  have  seen 
none,  and  incline  to  think,  from  my  experience,  that  the  shape  of  the  plates 
as  thus  described  is  illusory.  The  shell  of  the  ordinary  forms  of  Euglypha, 
viewed  with  unfavorable  light,  or  when  the  structure  is  not  distinct,  will 
appear  to  be  composed  in  this  way,  when  clearer  definition  will  prove  them 
to  exhibit  the  structure  as  above  described. 

EUGLYPHA  ALVEOLATA. 


Plate  XXXV,  flgs.  1-18. 

Eughjpha  aheolata.  Diijardiii :  lufusoires,  1841,  252,  pi.  ii,  figs.  9, 10. — Pert y  :  Konut.  kleiiist.  Lebcnsfor- 
men,  1852.  187.— Pritclmrd:  Hiat.  Infus.  1861,  556,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  11.— Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nut. 
Hist.  185<3,  xviii,  221,  iil.v,fig8.  25-36;  1864,xiii,33,pl.ii,lig.  17.— Wnllich:  An.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  1864,  xiii,  240,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  41-45. — Hcrtwig  and  Lesser :  Arch.  mik.  Anat.  Suppl.  1874, 
124,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  5.— Schulzo:  Arch.  mik.  Anat.  1875,  SW,  Taf.  v,  Fig.  1,2.— Micrographic 
Dictionary,  pi.  23,  fig.  54.— Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,  225;  1877,262,321;  1878,171. 

Euglypha  tuberculata.  Dujardin  :  Infiisoires,  1841,251,  pi.  ii,  figs.  7, 8. — Forty:  Konnt.  kl.  Lcbensfnrmen, 
1852,187. — Claparfede  and  Lachniann :  fitudcs  Infns.  ot  Rhizopodes,  1858-9,  i,456. — Pritch- 
ard :  Hist.  Infns.  1861, 556. — Micrographic  Dictionary,  pi.  23,  fig.  53. 

Difflngia  areolaia.  Ehrenberg:  Abh.  Ak.  '.Vis.  Berlin,  1841,413,  Taf.  i.Fig.  8;  Tirf.  ii.Fig.  4,5;  Taf.  iv, 
Fig.  2;  1871,264.  Mouatsb.  Ak.  Wis.  1845, 319 ;  1848,215;  1849,89,  98,  191,  228,  321;  1853, 
182, 236, 322.  Mikrogeologio,  1854,  Taf  xxxii.  Fig.  2 ;  xxxviii.  Fig.  2 ;  ::xxix.  Fig.  25.  Zweite 
deutscho  Nordpoii.<iahrt,  1874,  Taf  iii,  Fig.  23. 

Difflugia  amnthophora.  Ehrenberg :  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  1841, 413,  Taf  iv,  Fig.  36 ;  1871, 264.— Pritchard :  Hist. 
lufuE.  1861, 5.53,  pi.  xii.  Fig.  64. 

Difflugia  laifigata.     Ehrenberg :  Ab.  Ak.  Wis.  liMl,  413,  Taf  ii.  Fig.  43. 

IMfflugia  alHolala.  Ehrenberg :  Ibidem,  Fig.  44.  Monatsb.  1851, 321 ;  1853, 182.  Mikrogeologie,  1854,  Taf. 
xxxiii.  Fig.  3. 

Eughjpha  Iwmt.    Pcrty :  Kennt.  kloinst.  Lobensfomien,  1852, 187,  Taf.  viii.  Fig.  18. 

Euglypha  setigera.     Pcrty :  Ibidem,  fig.  19. 

Difflugia  Florida;.  Ehrenberg :  Monatsb.  Ak,  Wis.  1S53, 366.  Mikrogeologio,  1854,  Taf  xxxiv,  Fig.  3.  Abh. 
Ak.AVis.  1871,252. 

Difflugia pihsa.     Ehrenberg:  Mikrogeologio,  18.54, Taf  xxxiv,  B.v, Fig. 6.     Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  256. 

IMfflugia  moluccensia.     Ehronl)erg :  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  1869,  48,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  12. 

Difflugia  amphora.    Ehrenberg :  Ibidem,  1871, 248,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  17. 

Difflugia  rectangularis.  Ehrenberg :  Ibidem,  256,  Taf  iii.  Fig.  16.  Zweite  doutschc  Nordpolarfahrt,  1874, 
Taf  iii.  Fig.  20. 

Difflugia  Koberli  MUller.    Ehrenberg :  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  256,  Taf  ii.  Fig.  16. 

Difflugia  serf  ita.     Ehrenberg:  Ibidem,  £57,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  30. 

Difflugia  aetigcra,     Ehrenberg:  Ibidem,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  30. 

Difflugia  a'i'iala.    Ehrenberg :  Ibidem,  257. 


•Abhand.  Akad.  d.Wissenschaften,  Berlin,  1871,  Taf  iii,  16, 17. 


.  dP*^"-BWl».i!«    ."WT^ 


208 


niESII  WATEK  liniZOPODiS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Atimlina  alrcolata,  A.  amphora,  A.  arrolata,  A.  Florida^,  A.  moluccentHi,  A.  rectangu^ari»,  A.  lioberti  Miller, 

ami -J.  ;."'irrott/u(o.     Elircnbcrj;:  Abli.  Ak.A  m.  1871,  a4(i. 
iS('<i(7'Tt7/o  acan/<V''iom  iiiid  6'.  miigcra.     Klirciibcry :  Ibidem,  247. 

Diffliigia  Sliannoniana.     KUronbiTU :  Zwoito  doutscho  Nordpularfuhrt,  1874,  Taf.  lil.  Fig.  18. 
Difflugia  subacuta.     Ehrcubcrg :  Ibidem,  lig.  11). 

Shell  transparent,  colorless,  mostly  regularly  ovoid,  often  oblong  ovoid, 
sometimes  flask-shaped ;  in  transverse  section  circular,  and  rarely  slightly 
compressed ;  fundus  broad,  obtusely  rounded,  rarely  subacute ;  oral 
extremity  narrowest,  often  more  or  less  tapering.  Mouth  truncating  the 
oral  pole,  circular,  surrounded  with  from  four  to  twelve  ?  angular,  den- 
ticulate points  formed  by  the  lowest  circular  series  of  the  plates  of  the 
shell.*  Pl.ites  of  the  shell  generally  oval  or  ovate  or  cordate?,  arranged 
in  longitudinal  rows  iii  alternating  series,  and  overlapping  at  the  contiguous 
borders,  so  as  to  produce  hexagonal  areas  included  in  zones  of  minute 
elliptical  areolae.  Fundus  of  the  shell  in  the  best  developed  forms  mostly 
provided  with  from  four  to  six  spines,  as  appendages  of  certain  of  the 
plates,  usually  nearly  equidistant  and  straight,  of  variable  length  and 
robustness,  sometimes  divergent,  occasionally  convergent,  not  I'.nfrequently 
irregular ;  in  the  smaller  and  less  well  developed  forms  altogether  absent. 

Size. — Ranging  from  0  03  mm.  long  by  0.018  mm.  broad  to  0.152  mm. 
long  by  0.088  mm.  broad. 

Locality. — The  largest  and  spinous  forms  in  the  ooze  of  ponds,  ditches, 
etc.;  the  smallest  spineless  forms  among  alga?,  mosses,  and  other  plants  in 
bogs,  meadows,  and  other  moist  or  damp  situations.  Pennsylvania,  New 
Jersey,  Maine,  Florida,  Nova  Scotia,  Wyoming  Territory. 

Euglypha  alveoBata,  in  what  I  have  regarded  to  be  its  variations 
of  form  under  different  conditions,  is  perhaps  the  most  common  species.  It 
varies  considerably  in  size,  proportions,  exact  shape,  and  other  characters, 
and  indeed  the  extreme  variations  have  probably  as  much  claim  to  be 
regarded  as  species  as  most  of  the  forms  of  Euglypha  I  have  viewed  as 
such.     See  figs.  1-18,  pi.  XXXV. 

Commonly  the  shell  of  Euglypha  alveolata  is  regularly  egg-shaped, 
with  the  naiTow  pole  truncated  by  the  mouth,  as  seen  in  figa.  1,  2,  4; 
frequently,  however,  the  oral  pole  is  more  tapering  and  prolonged,  and 
it  is  rarely  somewhat  flask-shaped,  as  represented  in  fig.  3.      The  fun- 

*  Tho  number  of  points  to  llio  uioiitli  of  tlio  sbidl  of  Euglypha  is  generally  uncertain,  from  tlio 
difficulty  of  fixing  tho  iudividual  in  such  a  position  na  to  see  thcni  all  distinctly.  As  tho  shell  is 
usually  viewed,  tho  mouth  can  ho  seen  only  from  one  side,  and  it  requires  much  time  and  patience  to 
oseertahi  the  exact  number  of  points  which  surround  it. 


GENUS  EUOLYPUA— EUULYPUA  ALVEOLATA. 


209 


du8  is  almost  always  evenly  dome-like,  and  only  in  some  small  forms  have 
1  observed  it  to  be  sub-acute.  In  transverse  section,  the  shell  is  circular, 
and  is  rarely  somewhat  oval,  indicating  slight  compression  of  the  shell. 

The  mouth  is  circular,  and  is  bordered  with  from  four  to  a  dozen  angu- 
lar, minutely  serrulated  points.  The  number  of  these  points  appears  to  hold 
no  proportion  with  the  size  of  the  shell,  for  thoxigh  usually  the  smallest 
kinds  have  fewest  points,  they  sometimes  have  as  many  as  the  largest  kinds. 
The  points  or  denticles  of  the  mouth  are  acute,  and  the  minute  serrulations 
on  the  sides  have  seemed  to  me  usually  three  or  four ;  but  in  the  smaller 
forms  of  Euglypha  I  could  not  detect  them. 

In  the  larger  and  the  largest  fornjs  of  Euglypha  alveolata,  the  shell  is 
clearly  seen  to  be  coniposed  of  regular  plates  of  nearly  uniform  size.  In 
the  smallest  forms,  the  areolate  structure  of  the  shell  is  more  or  less  obvious, 
but  often  obscurely  defined.  Where  "the  definition  of  the  jjlates  and  their 
aiTangement  is  distinct,  they  have  ordinarily  appeared  to  me,  ad  with  some 
pre\  ious  observers,  Wallich,  Carter,  and  Schulze,  as  of  oval  fonn,  aiTanged 
alternately  in  longitudinal  rows  and  overlapping  at  their  contiguous  bor- 
ders. This  arrangement  produces  the  impression  of  hexahedral  areas 
defined  by  zones  of  smaller  elliptical  areas. 

In  some  large  individuals  of  Euglypha  alveolata,  in  which  the  structure 
of  the  shell  was  unusually  well  defined,  as  seen  in  figs.  2-4,  6,  the  plates 
appeared  to  bo  ovate,  or  somewhat  cordate,  and  broader  above  where  they 
exhibited  a  minute  median  point.  In  some  broken  specimens  of  shells,  this 
description  of  the  plates  seemed  to  be  especially  obvious. 

From  the  sides  of  the  fundus  of  the  shell  in  the  largest  or  best  developed 
forms  of  Euglyplia  alveolata,  there  project  from  four  to  six  thorn-like  spines, 
as  represented  in  figs.  1-1 0.  The  spines  are  of  variable  length,  usually 
situated  equidistant,  and  in  the  same  individual  about  on  the  same  level. 
In  diflFerent  specimens  they  may  be  on  different  levels,  and  are  more  or 
less  divergent,  though  sometimes  convergent,  and  rai-ely  nearly  straight, 
or  in  the  same  line  as  the  long  axis  of  the  shell.  Sometimes  they  are  in 
greater  number  and  irregularly  placed,  as  seen  in  figs.  6-8.  They  are 
occasionally  obsolete  or  altogether  absent.  In  the  smallest  forms,  and  even 
in  the  largest,  as  they  occur  among  algae  and  the  roots  of  mosses  in  damp 
situations,  the  shells  are  almost  invariably  destitute  of  spines.     Figs.  11-14. 

The  conspicuous  spines  of  the  fundus  of  the  shell  of  Euglypha  alveolata 

J4  KHIZ 


I 


<  !* 


210 


FIJESII  WATKIJ  inilZOPODS  OF  NOUTIl  AMKKICA. 


:\t' 


nre  iH-oduood  from  ct-rfain  of  tlu*  plates,  and  Heeni  to  bo  n  highly  developed 
coiulitloii  of  the  iiiiiiute  point  at  the  upper  median  portion  of  the  plates  of 
the  shell  generally.  The  plates  of  the  shell  have  considerable  thickness, 
and  appear  to  be  lentictilar  or  doubly  convex.  Those  surroiuuliug  the 
mouth  and  fonning  its  dentated  border  are  usually  conspicuously  thicker 
than  the  rest. 

In  several  instances,  in  ionie  .spoclmens,  it  has  appeared  to  mo  that  the 
second  row  of  plates,  above  the  oral  series,  was  denticulated  in  a  similar 
manner  with  these,  as  represented  in  lig.  18. 

The  sarcodo  of  Eio/li/plia  aJveolata  and  of  other  species  does  not  difier 
essentially  from  that  of  the  DitHugian  forms.  It  usually  occupies  nearly 
the  whole  or  the  greater  part  of  the  interior  of  the  shell.  It  almost  invaria- 
bly extends  to  the  fundus,  no  matter  what  may  bo  its  reduction  laterally  or 
contraction  from  the  sides  of  the  shell.  It  is  frequently  n:crc  or  Ic-ss  con- 
stricted in  a  somewhat  hour-glass  manner;  but  I  never  observed  it  adherent 
to  the  inner  part  of  the  shell  by  pseudopodal  threads,  as  is  so  commonly 
the  case  in  the  Lobose  Protoplasts. 

Usually  the  sarcode  is  colorless,  or  is  mainly  so;  though,  from  the 
admixture  of  food,  it  may  appear  to  a  variable  extent  yellowish  or  brownish, 
with  darker  colored  spots,  conmicnly  green,  from  the  presence  of  alga?. 
The  basis  of  structure  is  a  jiale  and  finely  granular  protoplasm,  and 
included  in  this  are  the  usual  elements  found  in  most  other  Protoplasts. 
A  large  clear  nucleus  occupies  the  fundus  of  the  sarcode  mass,  containing 
a  pale  granular  central  nucleolus,  mostly  obscurely  or  not  at  all  visible 
without  the  action  of  acetic  acid  or  other  agent.  Below  the  position  of  the 
nucleus,  and  partially  enveloping  it,  a  broad  zone  of  the  sarcode  is  mingled 
with  an  abundance  of  minute  oil  molecules,  which  give  to  this  portion  of 
the  animal,  when  viewed  by  reflected  light,  a  milk-white  appearance,  but 
by  transmitted  light  a  more  or  less  black  and  punctated  appearance. 

Between  the  zone  of  oil  molecules  just  indicated  and  the  mouth  of 
the  shell,  the  sarcode  often  presents  variable  proportions  of  mingled  food, 
sometimes  as  diffused  and  colored  granular  matter,  and  sometimes  as 
colored  granular  balls  included  in  drops  of  colorless  liquid.  Food 
materials  of  a  more  distinct  character,  as  diatoms  and  other  alga;,  are  also 
often  seen  in  this  position.  Clear  liquid  globules  in  vario,ble  proportions 
and  sizes  are  likewise  frequently  seen  mingled  with  the  foregoing.     Con- 


GENUS  KUGLYl'llA— KUOIATJIA  ALVKOLATA. 


211 


tractllo  vesicles,  two  or  three  in  number,  are  commonly  to  bo  detected  in 
active  individuals  at  the  periphery  of  the  intennodiate  zone  of  the  sarcode 
body. 

In  movoniont,  Eughjpha  alvcolata  assunicH  an  erect  position,  as  in  the 
Difliugian  Protoplasts,  and  its  pseudopods  diverffo  outwardly  from  the 
mouth  of  the  shell.  They  are  exceedingly  delicate  and  fdamentous,  fork 
at  acute  angles,  and  commoidy  radiate  in  straight  lines.  Not  unfrequontly 
a  branch  may  bo  noticed  to  bend  abruptly  in  a  geniculate  manner,  and 
occasionally  the  bent  portion  is  seen  slowly  to  vibrato.  Sometimes  a 
branch  is  seen  rather  suddenly  to  become  tortuous  and  then  retracted. 
Usually  but  a  few  jjseudopods,  two  or  three,  are  jjrojected  together,  but 
sometimes  a  considerable  number  may  bo  observed. 

The  size  of  Eughjpha  alvcolata  varies  considerably  as  it  occurs  in  the 
same  and  in  different  kinds  of  localities.  It  is  usually  largest,  or  best 
developed,  and  mostly  provided  with  spines,  when  living  in  the  sediment 
of  springs,  ponds,  ditches,  and  lakes.  The  smaller  and  mostly  spineless 
forms  are  found  among  algae  and  mosses,  in  swamps,  meadows,  and  similar 
moist  positions;  likewise  among  dripping  rocks  and  about  fountains. 

The  larger  forms,  provided  with  spines,  range  from  0.125  nmi.  to  nearly 
0.16  mm.  in  length  and  from  0.04  mm.  to  0.083  nim.  in  breadth.  The 
smaller  spineless  forms  range  from  0.03  mm.  to  0.09  mm.  in  length  by 
0.012  mm.  to  0.042  mm.  in  breadth  The  former  appear  to  possess  from 
six  to  a  dozen  or  perhaps  more  teeth  to  the  mouth;  the  later  from  four 
to  eight  teeth. 

JEuglypha  alvcolata,  in  its  varied  forms  and  conditions  of  development, 
is  one  of  the  commonest  of  Fresh-water  Rhizopods.  Its  dead  shells  are 
found  almost  everywhere  under  conditions  which  may  be  or  may  have 
been  favorable  to  the  life  of  any  species  of  the  class.  In  the  living  state, 
of  coui'se,  it  is  to  be  found  only  in  water,  or  at  least  in  positions  which 
retain  more  or  less  moisture.  The  smaller,  spineless  forms  occur  in  many 
jdaces,  especially  about  the  roots  of  Selaginella  apus  and  other  mosses  in  wet 
meadows  and  half-dried  marshes,  on  the  borders  of  ditches  and  about  the 
roots  of  trees  in  damp  forests  among  alga?  and  mosses,  on  dripping  rocks 
and  at  the  mouths  of  caves,  about  fountain  basins,  and  even  among  mosses 
in  the  crevices  of  brick  pavements  in  shaded  damp  places  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia.     The  larger  forms,  almost  always  provided  with  spines,  are 


« 


212 


PRESn  WATKlt  RIIIZOPODS  OF  NOItTFI  AMERICA. 


froquent  in  tho  Kiiperfu'.ial  oozo  of  ponds,  (iitohcs,  nnd  liikoH,  and  in  Hiioli 
poHitionH  I  have  observed  them  in  all  parts  of  tho  ooiintry  inontioned  in 
other  pages  of  this  work. 

Not  unfrequently  Euglypha  alveolata  is  found  with  tho  sarcodo  con- 
tracted and  in  various  stages  of  oncystment,  as  rt.)ro8onted  in  figs.  9,  10, 
14,  pi.  XXXV.  Usually  in  those  tho  mouth  of  tho  shell  is  closed  with  an 
opiphragm,  often  more  or  less  laminated  in  appearance,  and  composed  of 
materials  discharged  from  tho  sarcodo  mass  as  it  was  about  to  assume  tho 
encysted  condition. 

In  ono  of  tho  specimens  observed,  represented  in  fig.  9,  tho  encysted 
sarcodo  mass  formed  an  egg-like  body  covered  with  a  shell  having  tho  same 
structure  as  that  of  tho  parent  shell  enclosing  it.  The  sarcodo  itself  was 
palo  yellowish,  of  uniform  granular  constitution,  mingled  with  fine  oil 
molecules. 

In  other  specimens,  as  seen  in  figs.  10,  14,  tho  sarcodo  mass  within 
tho  egg-shaped  shell  was  contracted  into  a  nearly  spherical  ball,  and  was 
invested  with  a  distinct  homogeneous  membrane.  Tho  sarcodo,  in  some 
such  specimens,  was  finely  granular,  and  in  others  was  mingled  with  numer- 
ous oil-like  globules. 

Living  active  individuals  of  Euglypha  alveolata  are  frequently  to  be  met, 
containing  in  the  sarcodo,  in  a  zone  around  the  position  of  the  nucleus,  a 
multitude  of  rods,  as  seen  in  fig.  1.  These  rod-like  bodies  are  likewise 
often  seen  occupying  nearly  the  same  position,  but  often  irregularly  scat- 
tered, in  dead  shells,  and  in  these  they  are  recognizable  as  detached  plates, 
like  those  composing  the  shell  of  the  Euglypha.  What  the  meaning  of  this 
condition  is  I  have  been  unable  to  determine.  I  have  conjectured  that  it 
might  be  due  to  the  hatching  of  an  ovum-like  body,  such  as  those  above 
described,  and  the  retention  of  the  plates  of  its  broken-up  shell  within 
that  of  the  parent. 

On  one  occasion  I  observed  a  pair  of  specimens  of  Euglypha  alveolata 
in  a  peculiarly  interesting  condition,  which  led  me  to  believe  that  I  had 
found  tho  animal  in  the  process  of  reproduction.  As  first  seen,  when  the 
specimens  attracted  my  attention,  they  exhilr'ted  the  appearance  repre- 
sented in  fig.  15.  One  of  the  individuals,  w.'j.ch  may,  for  convenience,  be 
called  the  parent,  had  the  usual  form,  and  was  }th  mm.  long.  It  had 
eight  points  to  the  mouth,  and  four  long  spines  to  the  fundus,  somewhat 


' 


0ENU8  EUOLYl'lIA— ULOIATHA  ALVEOLATA. 


213 


irrogularly  placed  The  shell  wuh  replete  with  the  contontH,  incl  uling 
the  large  micleiiH  occupying  its  ordinary  position.  'I'ho  sarcodo  was 
mingled  tl,  oiighout  with  brownish  particles  of  food,  and  also  contained  a 
single  large  navicula. 

Closely  adherent  to  the  mouth  of  the  parent  Euglypha  was  the  off- 
spring, a  smaller  itulividual,  little  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  former. 
Its  fundus  was  somewhat  contracted  and  acute,  and  was  furnished  with  five 
spines.  The  peculiar  structure  of  the  sludl  was  apparent,  but  app(>arod  less 
extended  or  unfolded.  The  contents  filled  the  shell,  and  ctmsisted  of  finely 
granular  colorless  protojjlasm,  without  any  mixture  of  colored  food  particles, 
and  without  a  nucleus. 

Such  was  the  appearance  of  the  conjoined  Euglyphas,  parent  and  off- 
spring, at  the  beginning  of  the  observation,  at  (i\  o'clock,  in  the  morning  of 
May  26,  187Y. 

Closely  watching  the  pair,  the  young  Euglypha  was  noticed  very 
gradually  to  enlarge,  and  some  of  the  brownish  material  of  the  parent 
aarcode  gently  flowed  into  and  became  slowly  diffused  in  the  previously 
clear,  colorless  sarcode  of  the  offspring.  The  fundus  of  the  latter  expanded 
and  becr.aie  dome-like,  as  in  the  parent.  The  large  chjiir  nucleus  of  the 
latter  disappeared,  but  the  manner  in  which  this  took  place  -escaped  my 
notice.  For  some  time  afterwa."d  no  further  very  perceptible  change  was 
detected  in  either  individual. 

An  hour  .from  the  commencement  of  the  observation,  the  young 
Euglypha  had  acquired  nearly  the  size,  shape,  and  appearance  of  the  parent, 
as  seen  in  fig.  16.  Now  commenced  an  active  circulation,  as  indicated  by 
arrows  in  the  figure,  a  cydosis,  of  the  contents  of  the  two  shells,  resulting 
in  a  thorough  admixture.  The  sarcode  flowed  continuously  from  the  parent 
on  one  side  into  the  offspring  and  back  again  on  the  other  side.  Both  indi- 
viduals were  replete  with  one  continuous  mass  of  brown,  granular  sarcode, 
without  nucleus  or  contractile  vesicles;  the  navicula  alone  retained  its 
position  within  the  parent.  During  the  circulation  of  the  sarcode,  two 
spines  with  their  basal  plates  became  detached  from  the  young  Euglypha, 
but  from  what  cause  was  not  apparent. 

The  circulation  ceased,  and  after  a  short  period  of  quiescence,  at  7  J 
o'clock,  I  observed  the  appearance  of  a  contractile  vesicle  at  the  fundus  of 
both  individuals.     The  vesicle  collapsed,  and  reappeared  in  two,  three,  or 


214 


1  rjKSIl  WATKU  ItmZOI'ODa  OF  NOItTIl  AMKIMCA. 


!    !■ 


•     I 


lour,  nirh  i»j>;'in  suooessivoly  collapsinj^.  With  tho  iippoannu'O  of  tho  cim- 
tiiu'tllo  vcxicloa  tlio  rontigiutus  suiTodo  boj^an  to  clour  up,  tlio  brownish 
Diatter  ao('umuhitin;>-  holow  tho  position  of  tho  usual  jiositiou  «)f  iho  nuolous 
whon  prosout. 

Tho  surrtitlo  of  tho  paront  now  «'outnu'ttHl  at.  tho  iniddlOj  loavln<>;  a 
spaco  botwi'on  it  and  tlu*  sidi>s  of  tiio  sholl,  as  soi<n  in  lijj;.  17.  It  afterward 
booauio  rioaror  in  tho  vioinity  of  tho  mouth,  thou  st<paratt  tl  from  that  of 
tho  otVsprin;^,  and  rotractod  a  short  tlistanoo.  Sinudtanoously  thu  samo 
chan<j;os  oocuirod  in  tho  otl'sprinj;-. 

At  iivo  minutos  to  S  oVIook,  tho  two  Ku<^lyphas  swayod  slij^htly  from 
sido  to  sido,  protrudod  ono  or  moro  tlolicato  psoudopods,  and  two  minutos 
afterward  oomplotoly  separated,  and,  with  tho  month  (h)wn\vard,  slowly 
moved  away  fron>  each  «tther. 

Half  an  li'ur  al'ter  st<paration,  a  pale  nneleus  was  visible  in  both  indi- 
viduals in  the  usual  positi(»n,  but  tho  mode  of  its  orif^in  entirely  eseaped 
my  observation.  Two  or  mon*  eontraetilo  vesieles  disappeared,  antl  reap- 
pearod  around,  but  rather  below,  tho  position  of  tlu'  nuolous, 

VVhiio  tho  paront  rotuinod  tho  orijj^inal  size,  tho  younj>-  Kn<;lypha 
remained  sli<;iitly  smaller. 

Tlu^  snbjeet  of  this  observation  I  have  supposed  nu<>'ht  indicate  ono  of 
tho  m«)des  «>f  reproduetion  of  lOuj^Iypha,  that  is  to  say,  tlu<  mode  by  divi.sion. 
As,  Imwever,  Kn<;lyplia  is  v>lt(>n  obst<rved  eontainin«>'  within  tho  parent  slu<Il 
an  ovum-liki>  body,  tho  process  desiribed  may  indieato  the  hatehin<;'  of 
such  a  body,  with  .st<;;'mentation  of  its  sareodo,  and  tho  partition  of  this 
botwoon  tho  now  and  tho  old  shell. 


KUtllAlMlA  I'lLlATA. 

I'LAiiis  XXXV,  IlKH.  Ilt.'.'t);  XXXVli  XXXVII,  «««.  ;tO,  ;U,iw  A'.  »liiyu»u. 

4  ;OI«j/ln  I'illatii.'    KInNMilimn :  Mouiit.sb.  Ak.  WIm.  ll.-rlin,  \MX,  tlJH;  Al.Ii.  Ak.  Win.  H.>rli»,  1871,  Th(.  il, 

Kin.  •'■'■     I'''"'!)  :  I'l'.  Ao.  Nut.  So.  IS7S,  17',>. 
/'.'hi/'v/'Ao  <'i>iii;ii'(v<ii(i.     Ciki'ti'r:  An.  Mi\)i.  Nitl.   MIhI    IHtM,  xiil,  :f.>,  |>l.  i,  Hk.  l:i.  -  l.oiity;  Tr,  Ax,  Nut.  tjo, 

1ST  I,  V'v'i!.     S.l>iil/.i< :  Aivliiv  iiilk.  Anut.  Is?:.,  xl,  I0(,  Inf.  v,  V\ti-  :'.  ■•• 
Seliilfirlla  ri/iii/ii.     Klir.Mib.  ('K :  Al>li.  Ak.  Wis.  lU-illii,  IS7I,  UIT. 
IHtttiiijta  iiiUmi.    l''.lii'(Mai('ix:  Uii<liMii,-.>iv(;,  ruf.  II,  KtH.'^iS. 
>Vt<rii/n't>/(ii /iWiwii.     KhivnIii'i'K  :  UiiiliMii, '.'17. 
,')ifff«i/i(i  ndi'i/imi.     K.lni'ulioiK  :  Uiidom,  i.W.'rul'.  11,  ;U, 
IK  Si'tiiirnlhi  striiio»ii.     Kliii>iilii>ig  ;  Uililom.'.'IT. 
Kiiiiii/iiliii  ulriinmi.     I.xiil.v:  I'r.  Ar.  Nut.  Sc.  I'liilu.  1H78,  I7fl. 

*  'V\w  original  (loMOilpllnii  Ih :  "  Loi'lrik  ovitlit,  Hii|it<rll(<lo  miMiluUt,  ai'm)llH  dliigullH  iitmtcrlorlbliN  olr- 
rlilK<'VlH,  oxli-iili  piii'lo  atliMiiiiMii,  le.u'i'l'ii'iK  iltMitiriiliN  Id  IH,  t.i>ii({.  -  Vn'".  I*,  ait'oliilin  iiui  ('ln'hl)(t<i'>o 
aclmiiiliiiii  KiiniliH," 


(M-JNIUS  lUKUAI'IIA— KlJlil.YI'llA  CILIATA. 


1^15 


Sholl  0()in|)rt'8S(<(l  ovo'itl,  with  tho  oral  polo  »«tinlly  nioro  or  loss  tn|»M-- 
liifi'  aiul  tnuiciitcd  !>y  iho  tnii>svor8i>ly  oval  luoiitli;  tnuisv»«rst>  stu'tioii  oval, 
with  roitnthMl  or  uion*  or  lows  suo-acuto  poles  Kinuliis  and  lal«>ral  l»>r(l<>r8 
mostly  lVin<;t»(l  with  8piiios  or  brisllos,  variahlo  in  iiiunhor  aiul  dcf^n'o  of 
rol)Us{'.K,r!>4,  soiuotimoa  ahsont,  and  somotimos  uiuuoroiis,  and  oxtoiidiii};'  to  a 
variahio  oxtuiit  ovtM"  tho  sholl  and  uu»r}4inff  into  tho  variety  /','.  stiioosn. 
Plates  couiposiu};'  the  sluill  mostly  eloiipitod  hexahodral,  closely  littiii^  at 
the  mar<^iiis,  and  arraiij-ed  in  louf^iludinal  rows  in  alternating  series.  Mouth 
l.order(>(l  with  from  six  to  fourteen  or  more  (?)  blunt,  au<>'ular,  eremda»ed 
tei>th  eomposed  oi"  tlm  loW(<st  |)lates  of  the  shell,  whieh  art*  usually  decid- 
edly tliieker  than  elsewluMH*. 

Si.:c. —  Kunj^in^-  from  (>.();"»(!  nun.  in  length  by  l).02l  nun.  in  the  f>i(niter 
and  O.OK)  mm.  in  tho  loss  br(>adth  to  0.1  mm.  in  longth  by  (t.()(>  nun,  in 
the  greater  luut  O.OM'J  nun.  in  the  less  breadth. 

LocalUfi. — (%>nnnon  in  wet  sphaf^iiniu  of  tho  spha<j;n(Mts  swamps  of 
Now  Jerst>y  and  IVnnsylvatua,  Colloeted  in  the  spha^nous  and  et'dar 
swamps  of  Ateo,  llanunoi>ton,  Abseeom,  Mala^^a,  and  Hudd's  Lake,  Now 
.t(>rs(>v,  and  in  the  Poeono  Moinitains  of  l\>imsvlvania. 


]l 


li 


I'hiK'lyplKi  cilinln  is  an  abundant  spoeies  in  the  wet  sphao'inmi  of 
sphaynous  swamps,  to  the  (Mitirt*  i>xelnsion  of  K,  alvcolatd,  than  win«'h  it  is 
mu'di  more  connnon  in  its  «>wn  habitation.  In  •general  appeanuuM>  it  rosom- 
bles  JC.  alirolitid,  but  is  oomprossed,  and  is  usually  readily  distinj^uisluHl  by 
its  frinyt*  of  bristh*-Iikt*  spines  oxtondin^  around  the  fundus  and  alonj;-  tho 
{iToater  part  of  the  lateral  luu'ders. 

The  shell  of  ilunhiplm  ciliata,  like  that  of  tlit»  prei'ediu}^^  specit^s,  is  vari- 
able in  si/,(<,  proportions,  and  form,  and  also  in  the  uund)er,  striMti^tii,  and 
extent  of  distribution  of  its  bristh^s.  It  is  eompressed  ovoid,  or  idilou}^ 
ovoid,  with  tho  oral  polo  nu>re  or  lt>ss  taperinj;-,  and  IruneattMl  by  tlu* 
month.  Sometimes  it  is  nearly  round  and  somewhat  prtdtui^cul  at  the  oral 
p(do.     See  lijifuros  of  pi.  WW  I. 

in  transverse  section,  tho  shell  is  oval,  withoveidy  roumled  or  more  or 
l(>ss  round(><l  anj^ular  poles,  and  tlu<  less  breadth  is  etunmonlv  little  more 
than  half  llit»  j^riMiter  bn^adtlt.     See  lij-s.  "J,  10,  1,'),  If). 

'The  spini>s  or  bristles  eommonly  oeeupy  tht»  late.al  or  narrower  lutr- 
durs  of  the  shell,  oxtoutling  along  tho  fundus  ami  reaeliing  below  the  midillu 


:  ■.      il 


■    ) 


I 


H 


ti 


ij 


I 


216 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


of  the  sides.  They  sometimes  form  a  single  row  in  the  median  line  of  the 
lateral  border,  and  at  others  a  double  row  of  variable  regularity  on  each 
side  of  the  lateral  border.  They  are  mostly  single  or  isolated,  but  not 
unfrequently  occur  in  pairs  arising  from  the  same  point. 

The  form  with  the  lateral  fringe  of  spines  or  hairs,  as  represented  in 
figs.  1-14,  constitutes  the  species  described  by  Carter  and  Schulze  imder  the 
name  of  Euglypha  compressa,  and  appears  to  be  the  same  as  that  previously 
described  by  Ehrenberg  as  Difflugia  ciliata. 

With  the  more  characteristic  form,  as  indi<^ated  in  the  above  descrip- 
tion, in  our  sphagnous  swamps,  there  occurs  another  in  association  with  it, 
in  which  the  shell  is  more  or  less  invested  with  delicate  spines  or  hairs, 
except  in  a  zone  of  variable  extent  contiguous  to  the  mouth.  This  hairy 
form  has  been  indicated  by  Ehrenberg  under  the  name  of  Difflugia  strigosa. 
Specimens  are  represented  in  figs.  19,  20,  pi.  XXXV,  figs.  16-20,  pi. 
XXXVI,  and  figs.  30,  31,  pi.  XXXVII,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  variety 
with  the  name  of  Euglypha  strigosa. 

The  spines  or  hairs  of  Euglypha  ciliata  vary  not  only  in  number,  but 
also  in  length  and  strength,  and  sometimes  they  are  altogether  absent,  as  in 
the  specimen  of  fig.  23,  pi.  XXXVI.  Sometimes  they  are  very  short,  as 
seen  in  fig.  8;  sometimes  of  considerable  length,  as  seen  in  fig.  19.  -In  well- 
developed  characteristic  individuals,  the  spines  are  stout  and  subulate,  and 
diverge  outw.ardly  with  an  inclination  upward,  as  seen  in  figs.  1-5.  When 
more  numerous,  and  especially  in  the  variety  E.  strigosa,  they  are  more 
delicate,  hair-like,  or  rather  like  rigid  cils,  as  seen  in  figs.  7,  14,  16-20. 

Ihe  shell  of  Euglypha  ciliata  ordinarily  appears  to  be  composed  of 
somewhat  elongated  hexahedral  plates  of  mostly  uniform  size,  and  c'osely 
fitting  together  in  longitudinal  rows  and  alternating  series.  The  plates  pre- 
sent a  single  intervening  line;  though  in  a  different  focus,  they  may  be  made 
to  appear  with  a  double  outline,  as  represented  in  fig.  23.  Though  such 
seems  to  be  the  construction  of  the  shell  ordinarily,  yet  in  a  number  of 
instances  I  have  met  with  individuals,  which  I  viewed  as  of  the  same  species, 
having  the  sholl  composed  of  overlapping  oval  plates,  as  in  Euglypha  alveo- 
lata,  and  as  represented  in  figs.  3,  4.  I  think  the  difference  did  not  depend 
on  an  optical  illusion,  for  in  many  empty  colls  of  E.  ciliata  the  octagonal 
jjlates  were  as  distinctly  marked  as  a  pen-and-ink  sketch,  and  by  no  altera- 
tion of  the  focus  could  I  induce  the  appearance  of  overlapping  plates  with 
hexahedral  areas  enclosed  in  zones  of  minute  ellipti<'al  areas. 


"  "Si 


GENUS  BUGLYPHA— EUGLYl'HA  GILIATA. 


217 


I 


The  mouth  of  the  shell  of  Eiighjpha  ciliata  is  trnnsversely  oval,  and 
bordered  with  a  variable  number  of  teeth,  commonly  ranging  from  four  to 
twelve  In  number,  though  I  have  seen  specimens  in  which  I  thought  I 
could  detect  fourteen,  sixteen,  and  eighteen  teeth.  The  teeth  are  not  acute, 
as  in  E.  alveolata,  but  are  obtuse,  and  are  crenulate  at  the  sides.  They 
are  formed  by  the  lowest  row  of  plates  of  the  shell,  which  are  decidedly 
thicker  than  elsewhere,  and  also  appear  to  be  carinated  or  ridged  in  the 
median  line,  as  represented  in  figs.  4  and  23.  Sometimes  these  plates 
appear  to  exhibit  a  number  of  ridges  ending  in  the  crenulations  of  the  oral 
teeth,  as  represented  in  fig.  3. 

The  exact  relation  of  the  oral  plates  with  those  succeeding,  and  other 
points  of  their  character,  I  failed  satisfactorily  to  determine,  so  that  my  draw- 
ings, so  hr  as  they  are  concerned,  are  to  be  regarded  as  only  approximately 
correct. 

The  sarcode  of  Euglyplm  ciliata,  its  pseudopods,  and  habits  of  the 
animal  so  far  as  observed,  are  identical  with  those  of  E  alveolata.  I  have 
occasionally  observed  individuals  of  Euglyplm  ciliata  with  the  sarcode 
retracted  within  the  shell,  and  with  the  interval  between  It  and  the  mouth 
of  the  latter  occupied  by  a  more  or  less  thick  epiphragm.  The  sarcode 
appeared  entirely  purged  of  remains  of  food,  the  accumulation  of  which  on 
the  outside  apparently  contributed  to  form  the  epiphragm,  as  represented  In 
fig.  G.  Individuals  in  this  condition  I  have  supposed  to  be  ready  to  pass  into 
an  encysted  state.  In  one  instance  I  observed  an  Individual,  represented  in 
fig.  3,  In  which  the  sarcode  was  retracted  from  the  fundus  and  sides  of  tho 
shell,  and  adhered  to  the  latter  only  by  two  thick  processes  near  the  mouth. 
Outside  the  latter,  clinging  to  the  shell,  was  a  discharged  epiphragm  of 
clear  colorless  substance.  In  this  case  I  suppvosed  that  the  sarcode  had 
been  contracted  into  a  ball,  but  afterward  had  been  stimulated  to  activity, 
and  through  pressure  had  ejected  the  epiphragm. 

In  my  various  observations  on  Eughjpha  ciliata  and  other  species,  It 
would  appear  that  under  certain  conditions,  among  which  are  undue  dry- 
r.ess  or  cold,  the  sarcode  retreats  to  the  fundus  of  the  shell.  It  then 
gradually  purges  itself  of  all  remains  of  food,  which,  together  with  succes- 
sive films  of  discharged  protoplasm,  accumulate,  and  form  a  lid  or 
epiphragm  closing  tho  mouth  of  the  shell.  If  tho  sarcode  contains  Httle 
or  no  food,  the  epiphragm  Is  composed  only  of  discharged  layers  of  proto- 


i:!r 


218 


FRESH-WATISR  KHIZOPODS  01-'  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


plasm,  and  sometimes  portions  of  discharged  food  are  seen  between  the 
sarcode  mass  and  the  epiphragm.  The  sarcode  then  becomes  contracted 
into  an  oval  or  spheroidal  ball  occupying  the  centrjil  portion  of  the  shell. 
Under  a  change  of  circumstances,  as  a  renewal  of  moistvro  and  warmth, 
the  sarcode  may  be  stimulated  to  activity,  when  by  pressure  the  epiphragm 
Avill  be  discharged  from  the  shell,  and  the  animal  resumes  its  usual  m(*ve- 
ments.  Otherwise,  the  contracted  ball  of  sarcode  becomes  invested  with 
a  membranous  wall,  and  thus  assumes  the  encysted  condition.  Under 
what  circumstances  the  ovum-like  form,  with  a  shell  composed  of  plates 
like  those  of  the  parent  shell,  is  produced  or  developed,  I  did  not  learn. 

Eiighjpha  ciliata  is  commonly  about  0.083  mm.  in  length  by  0.055  mm. 
in  its  greater  breadth,  and  one  half  this  in  its  less  breadth.  Ordinarily 
it  ranges  from  0.055  mm.  in  length  by  0.016  mm.  in  the  greater  breadth, 
to  0.1  mm.  in  length  by  0.06  mm.  in  the  greater  breadth.  The  variety 
Evglypha  stritjosa  I  have  observed  ranging  from  0.08  mm.  in  length  by 
0.06  nun.  in  greater  and  0.032  mm.  in  less  breadth,  to  0.112  mm.  in 
length  by  0  08  mm.  in  greater  and  0.04  mm.  in  less  breadth. 

Enghjpha  ciliata  was  first  most  clearly  described  by  Mr.  Carter  under 
the  name  of  Euglifpha  compressa,  and  subsequently  under  the  same  name 
by  Dr.  Schulze.,  Originally,  however,  it  appears  to  have  been  indicated 
by  Ehrenberg  under  the  name  of  Difflugia  ciliata. 

Fig.  19,  pi.  XXXV,  represents  a  somewhat  peculiar  specimen  of  Eugly- 
pha,  in  which  the  'hell  was  oblong  oval,  and  of  uniform  transverse  diame- 
ters, as  in  E.  alveolata,  but  furnished  with  hairs  over  a  greater  part  of  the 
surface,  as  in  E.  strigom.      The  plates  of  the  shell  appeared  distinctly 

hexagonal. 

EUGLYPHA  CRISTATA. 

Tlatk  XXXVII,  figs.  1-4. 
Euglypha  crislala.     Lciily :  Vr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  1874, 226  j  1878, 172. 

Shell  tubular,  flask-shaped,  moderately  inflated  toward  the  fundus 
and  tapering  gradually  to  the  mouth  which  is  slightly  contracted,  circular 
in  transverse  section,  iiyaline,  colorless,  composed  of  oval  plates  in  alter- 
nating longitudinal  series,  overlapping  at  the  borders,  and  appearing  as 
hexahedral  areas  limited  by  zones  of  minute  elliptical  areolae,  sometimes  ' 
appearing  to  be  composed  of  distinct  hexagonal  plates  closely  adapted 
by  the  edges.  M'>uth  round,  bordered  by  4-6  angular,  serrulated  teeth. 
Fundus  of  the  shell  furnished  with  a  central  tuft  of  curved  radiant  spines. 


1^        ! 


GENUS  BUQLYPHA— EUGLYPIIA  CRIST  ATA. 


219 


Sige.—^augmg  from  0.04  mm.  in  length  by  0.01  mm.  in  breadth  to 
0.072  mm.  in  length  by  0.02  mm.  in  breadth. 

Zoca%.— Frequent  in  wet  sphagnum  in  the  sphagnous  and  cedar 
swamps  of  New  Jersey.  Obtained  at  Absecon.,  Hammonton,  Ateo,  and 
Malaga,  New  Jersey.     Also  found  in  sphagnum  from  Alabama. 

Engrlypha  cristata  is  a  well-marked  form,  readily  distinguishable 
from  the  preceding,  though  I  have  met  with  forms  of  intermediate  character 
which  closely  related  it  with  Euglypha  alveolata,  pi.  XXXVII.  Usually  it 
is  flask-shaped,  with  evenly  rounded  fundus  and  more  or  less  gradually 
tapering  neck,  as  seen  in  figs.  1-3.  Sometimes  it  is  nearly  tubular, 
especially  in  the  smallest  individuals,  as  represented  in  fig.  4. 

The  structure  of  the  shell  is  the  same  as  in  Euffli/pha  alveolata,  as 
represented  in  figs.  1,3;  but  in  other  instances  it  has  appeared  to  be  com- 
posed of  distinct  hexahedral  plates,  as  commonly  seen  in  E.  ciliata,  and  as 
represented  in  figs.  2,  4. 

The  mouth  is  more  or  less  contracted,  and  surrounded  by  four  or  six 
angular  teeth,  acute  or  blunt,  and  serrulated  at  the  sides. 

The  summit  of  the  fundus  is  provided  with  a  tuft  of  curved,  pointed 
spines  diverging  in  a  radiant  manner. 

Occasionally,  in  association  with  characteristic  individuals  oi  Euglypha 
cristata,  I  have  seen  one  in  all  respects  like  them,  but  devoid  of  spines  to 
the  fundus. 

The  Barcode  of  Euglypha  cristata  is  identical  in  character  with  that  of 
the  preceding  forms. 

The  species  is  smaller  than  is  usual  with  the  others,  ranging  from 
0.04  mm.  to  0.071  mm.  in  length  by  0.0 1  mm.  to  0.022  mm.  in  breadth. 

The  species  is  frequent,  in  association  with  E.  ciliata,  etc.,  in  the  wet 
sphagnum  of  the  sphagnous  and  cedar  swamps  of  New  Jersey. 

EUGLYPHA  MUCRONATA. 

Plate  XXXVII,  Hgs.  U-U. 
Buglgpha  mueronaia.    Leidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  1878, 172. 

Shell  like  that  of  Euglypha  cristata,  but  with  a  conical  acute  dome, 
prolonged  into  a  long  mucronate  spine,  sometimes  two.  Sarcode  as  in  E. 
alveolata. 


220 


FRESH- WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  KORTU  AMERICA. 


Ill 


Size. — Ranging  from  0.108  mm.  in  length  by  0  032  mm.  in  breadth  to 
0.14  mm.  in  length  by  0  044  mm.  in  breadth,  independently  of  the  mucro, 
which  is  from  0.02  mm.  to  0.044  mm.  long. 

Locality. — Wet  sphagnum  of  the  cedar  swamps  of  New  Jersey. 

Eagljrpha  mucronata,  like  the  preceding  species,  is  n  comparatively 
small  and  narrow  lonn.  See  figs.  1 1-14,  pi.  XXXVII.  The  shell  is  com- 
monly more  tapering  toward  the  mouth  than  in  E.  cristata,  and  it  has  a 
shaq)  conical  fundus  surmounted  by  a  long,  stout,  pointed  spine,  sometimes 
straight,  but  usually  more  or  less  bent  to  one  side,  or  it  is  somewhat  curved. 
Frequently,  two  similar  and  smaller  spines  substitute  the  single  stronger 
one,  as  seen  in  figs.  13,  14.  Occasionally,  the  spine  is  quite  short,  and  in 
two  specimens  observed,  none  existed. 

The  composition  of  the  shell  and  of  the  sarcode  is  the  same  as  in  I], 
cristata. 

In  several  specimens  observed,  the  sarcode  was  in  an  encysted  con- 
dition and  contained  in  an  egg-like  case  within  the  parent  shell,  the  mouth 
of  which  was  closed  by  an  epiphragm,  as  seen  in  figs  13,  14. 

Euglypha  mucroiinta  is  not  unfrequent  in  the  wet  sphagnum  of  sphag- 
nous  bogs. 

EUGLYPHA  BRACHIATA. 

Plate  XXXVII,  figs.  5-10. 
Kuglypha  brachiala.    Lcidy  :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  1878, 178. 

Shell  like  that  of  Euglypha  cristata,  but  without  the  tuft  of  spines  to 
the  fundus,  and  with  from  two  to  four  or  six  long  spines,  springing  from 
the  neck  of  the  shell  and  diverging  or  curving  upward  and  outward. 

Siie. — From  0.104  mm.  long  by  0.028  mm.  broad  to  0.128  mm.  long 
by  0.04  mm.  broad. 

Locality. — Wet  sphagnum  of  cedar  swamps,  and  in  the  black  ooze  of 
Batsto  P'ver,  New  Jersey. 

Euglypha  brachiata  is  a  near  relativt)  of  the  preceding  two  species. 
Its  shell  has  the  usu;  i  form  and  structure  of  that  of  E  cristata,  but  the  tuft 
of  comparatively  short  spines  of  the  fundus  in  this  is  substituted  usually 
by  two  or  four,  or  less  frequently  by  six  spines  diverging  from  the  sides  of 


GENUS  PLACO0I8TA— PLAC0CI8TA  SPIN08A. 


221 


the  neck  at  variable  distances  from  the  mouth.  See  figs.  5-10,  pi.  XXXVII. 
The  spines  are  of  variable  length,  usually  long,  curved  and  pointed. 
Rarely,  I  have  seen  them  straight,  with  thickened  ends  and  oar-like,  as  seen 
in  fig.  7.  Rarely,  also,  I  have  seen  a  specimen  with  two  rows  of  spines, 
as  in  fi;j.  6. 

Occasionally  also,  in  this  species,  the  spines  are  absent;  at  least,  in  one 
instance  I  observed  a  pair  of  individuals  in  conjugation,  in  one  of  which 
the  shell  had  a  pair  of  spines,  and  in  the  other  there  were  none. 

Euglypha  brachiata  is  found  in  the  same  kind  of  localities  as  E.  cristata 
and  E.  mucronata,  but  is  comparatively  rare.  I  once  found  it  in  considera- 
ble numbers  in  ooze  from  the  headwaters  of  Batsto  River,  New  Jersey. 

Euglypha  tegulifera,  a  Fresh-water  Rhizopod,  recently  described  under 
this  name  by  Professor  Barnard,  in  the  American  Quarterly  Microscopical 
Journal,  187i),  85,  pi.  viii,  fig.  4,  I  have  not  seen.  It  was  found  among 
algae  in  Now  York.  Its  characters  would  refer  it  to  a  different  genus  from 
Euglypha. 

PLAOOCISTA. 

Orce]c, plax,  a  plate ;  iti«(«,  a  box. 
Euglypha:  Carter. 

Animal  with  a  compressed  oval,  hyaline,  colorless  shell,  with  acute 
border  and  tenninal  elliptical  mouth;  the  border  of  the  latter  entire,  with 
acute  commissures.  Shell  composed  of  longitudinal  rows  of  alternating 
oval  or  roundish  plates  overlapping  at  their  contiguous  borders,  so  as  to 
produce  hexahedral  areas  limited  by  zones  of  minute  ellipses.  Lateral 
borders  and  fundus  furnished  with  acuminate  spines  articulated  with  the 
shell.     Sarcode  and  pseudopods  as  in  Euglypha. 

The  genus  is  founded  on  what  I  take  to  be  the  Euglypha  spinosa  of 
Carter,  the  shell  of  which  differs  from  that  of  the  characteristic  species 
of  Euglypha,  in  having  the  mouth  entire  or  destitute  of  dentate  scales,  and 
in  the  possession  of  articulated  spines.  < 

PLACOCISTA  SPINOSA.       . 

Platf  XXXVIII. 

Euglypha  tpinota.    Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  18C5,  xv,  290,  pi.  xii,  flg.  13. — Archer:  Quart.  Jour. 
Mic.  Sc.  1872,  xii,  90;  1870,  xvi,  2.!7.— Leidy:  I'r.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,  2'-'6 ;  1878,  172. 

Shell  transparent,  colorless,  compressed  oval,  with  acute  lateral  borders, 
sometimes  slightly  tapering  toward  the  oral  polo  ;  mouth  largo,  ta-ansversely 
elliptical,  with  acute  commissures  and  entire  or  edentulous  border.     Shell 


m 


I 


222 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMErJCA. 


I  '.       I 


I  y  a 


1 1 


i  ■■ 


composed  of  ovjil,  imbricating  plates,  in  longitudinal  alternating  series,  tlio 
overlapping  borders  producing  hexaliedral  areas  limited  by  zones  of  minute 
ellipses;  oral  row  of  plates  like  the  others,  and  not  forming  angular  teetli  to 
the  mouth  as  in  Euglypha.  The  lateral  acute  border  of  the  shell  fringed  with 
movable  subidate  aj)ines  articulated  with  the  shell  by  a  minute  knob,  usually 
in  pairs,  sometimes  single  and  rarely  triple.     Soft  structure  as  in  Euglypha. 

Size. — Ranging  from  0.1  mm.  to  0.136  mm.  long  and  0.08  mm.  to  0.096 
mm.  in  the  greater  and  0.036  mm.  to  0.06  nmi.  in  the  less  breadth ;  mouth 
0.04  mm.  to  0.06  mm.  wide;  spines  0.016  mm.  to  0.04  mm.  long. 

Locality. — In  the  moist  sphagnum  of  the  cedar  swamps  of  Absecom, 
Atco,  and  Malaga,  New  Jersey. 

riacociata  spinosa  I  suppose  to  bo  the  same  as  the  Euylypha  spinosa 
discovered  and  described  by  Mr.  Carter  from  specimens  found  in  heath- 
bogwater,  in  South  Devon,  England.  Mr.  Carter  states  that  he  saw  only 
two  or  three  specimens,  and  those  in  the  winter,  when  the  animal  was  in  a 
passive  condition.*  Since  then  the  creature  appears  to  have  been  observed 
only  by  Mr.  Archer  of  Dublin.  Schulze,  who  had  not  seen  it,  considers 
it  to  be  only  a  variety,  or  resting  condition,  of  Euylypha  compressa,f  which 
I  view  as  the  same  as  E.  ciliata,  described  in  the  preceding  pages. 

Placocista  8pino§a  iisually  exceeds  in  size  any  of  the  species  of 
Euglypha,  though  I  have  occasionally  found  specimens  of  E.  alveolata  that 
were  larger.  It  is  completely  colorless  and  hyaline,  and  is  only  rendered 
more  or  less  opaque  white  about  the  middle  zone  of  the  body  from  the 
accumulation  there,  in  the  sarcode,  of  variable  proportions  of  fine  oil-like 
molecules     By  reflected  light  it  exhibits  a  silvery  white  lusti'e. 

The  shell  is  compressed  oval,  sometimes  with  the  oral  pole  feebly 
t.ipering,  and  in  the  broader  view  with  the  fundus  broadly  convex.  The 
lateral  borders  meeting  at  the  fundus  are  acute.  The  mouth  is  a  wide, 
transverse,  elliptical  aperture,  with  acute  commissures  and  an  entire  margin. 
Its  broader  line  is  more  or  less  convex  downward,  but  often  also  jirojects 
more  downward  at  the  commissures.     See  pi.  XXXVIII. 

The  shell  is  composed  of  oval  plates  arranged  in  alternafirg  longitudi- 
nal series,  overlapping  at  the  borders  so  as  to  produce  hexaliedral  areolae 

*  Annuls  and  Maf;aziue  of  Natural  Hiittory,  1805,  xv,  290. 
t  Arcliiv  f.  mikros.  Anatomic,  1S75,  xi,  104. 


GENUS  PLAOOCISTA— riiACOCISTA  SPINOSA. 


223 


limited  by  zones  of  minuto  ellipses,  as  seen  in  the  figures  of  pi.  XXXVIII. 
The  plates  bordering  the  mouth  do  not  differ  from  those  elsewhere,  so  that 
the  margin  of  the  latter  is  entirely  destitute  of  the  tooth-like  processes, 
which  form  so  conspicuous  a  feature  in  the  species  of  Euglypha.  Mostly, 
the  margin  of  the  mouth  is  quite  even,  but  often  the  contiguous  oval 
plates  appear  to  give  it  a  feeble  wavy  course. 

The  lateral  borders  of  the  shell  extending  to  the  fundus  are  fringed 
with  awl-shaped  spines,  variable  in  number,  length,  and  degree  of  robust- 
ness. The  spines  spring  from  the  acute  margin  of  the  shell,  or  on  each 
side  of  it,  from  between  the  contiguous  plates.  They  are  usually  in  pairs, 
but  are  often  single,  and  occasionally  a  tuft  of  three  may  be  seen  with  the 
others.  The  root  of  each  spine  possesses  a  minute  rounded  knob,  by  which 
it  is  movably  attached  to  the  shell,  so  that  the  spines  may  be  turned  in 
any  direction,  though  usually  they  diverge  outward  and  upward. 

The  sarcode  and  pseudopods  of  Placocista  are  identical  in  appearance 
with  those  of  Euglypha.  Although  I  have  repeatedly  found  Placocista 
spinosa  at  different  seasons  and  apparently  under  favorable  conditions,  I 
have  rarely  observed  it  in  an  active  condition.  The  animal  seems  to  be 
among  the  most  shy  of  its  kind.  In  most  instances,  the  sarcode  was 
retracted  within  the  shell,  was  completely  free  from  any  recognizable  food 
materials,  and  appeared  to  be  ready  to  pass  into  an  encysted  condition. 
Though  I  have  certainly  seen  some  scores  of  living  individuals,  I  do  not 
remember  to  have  observed  more  than  four  or  five  emit  their  pseudopods, 
and  assume  the  erect  position,  as  is  customary  with  creatures  of  the  kind. 

The  sarcode  occupies  the  interior  of  the  shell  to  a  variable  extent, 
sometimes  completely  filling  it,  and  at  others  more  or  less  partially,  as 
represented  in  the  figures  of  pi.  XXXVIII.  In  reduction,  the  mass  of  sar- 
code undergoes  contraction  from  the  sides  of  the  shell,  but  appears  to 
retain  a  close  connection  with  the  fundus.  Rarely  have  I  seen  it  connected 
with  the  interior  of  the  shell  by  pseudopodal  processes,  as  exemplified  in 
the  active  individual  of  fig.  4. 

Most  spe(;imens  of  Placocista  spinosa  observed  appeared  to  be  perfectly 
free  from  food  contents,  presenting  the  mass  of  sarcode  as  a  colorless,  trans- 
parent, finely  granular  protoplasm  mingled  with  variable  proportions  of 
darkly  outlined  oil-like  molecules.  The  greater  quantity  of  the  latter,  as 
usual  in  Euglypha,  etc.,  are  accumulated  in  an  intermediate  position  of  the 


r/ii 


u 


i  i  I 


m 


1 1 

I  : 


224 


FUESn  WATER  RDIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


body  of  sarcode,  more*  or  less  including'  the  lower  part  of  the  nucleus.  In 
individuals  which  would  appear  to  have  been  in  an  active  state,  the  lower 
portion  of  the  sarcode  mass  was  mingled  with  variable  proportions  of  globules 
or  vacuoles  of  liquid  of  different  sizes.  In  a  similar  position  in  active  indi- 
viduals, the  colorless  globules  were  mingled  with  distinct  food  globules  of  a 
brownish  hue,  and  with  them  occasionally  an  alga  of  some  kind,  as  seen  in 
figs.  1,  4. 

The  nucleus  is  large  and  clear,  and  occupies  the  usual  position  in 
the  fundus  of  the  sarcode.  Mostly,  it  could  be  seen  to  contain  a  central 
nucleolus,  or  a  greater  and  variable  number  scattered  throughout. 

In  the  more  active  individuals,  from  one  to  three  contractile  vesicles 
would  appear  and  disappear  in  the  intermediate  zone  of  the  sarcode. 

Many  individuals  exhibited  the  sarcode  contracted  into  a  mass  occu- 
pying the  upper  part  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  figs.  7,  9.  In  these  the  mass 
was  perfectly  quiescent,  and  consisted  of  a  uniform  basis  of  finely  granular 
protoplasm  with  diffused  oil  molecules  and  the  large  clear  nucleus.  Some- 
times the  mass  appeared  to  be  relieving  itself  of  a  portion  of  its  granular 
contents  by  expulsion  in  layers,  as  represented  in  fig.  9.  In  some  speci- 
mens the  protoplasmic  mass  was  enclosed  in  a  thin  homogeneous  membrane, 
and  the  mouth  of  the  shell  was  closed  by  compression,  as  seen  in  figs.  7,  8. 

Among  many  empty  shells  of  Placocista  spinosa,  exhibiting  considera- 
ble variation  in  exact  form,  especially  in  the  oral  pole,  I  observed  several, 
as  seen  in  fig.  14,  which  contained  the  empty  lenticular  shell  of  an  egg-like 
body  evidently  belonging  to  the  animal. 

The  ordinary  size  of  Placocista  spinosa  is  about  0.125  mm.  in  length, 
0.833  mm.  in  breadth,  and  about  half  that  thickness.  The  mouth  is  0.05 
mm.  wide,  and  the  spines  range  from  0.02  mm.  to  0.033  mm.  in  length. 
The  nucleus  of  the  sarcode  measures  about  0.0285  mm.  in  diameter. 

ASSULINA. 

Latin,  aeaula,  a  little  chip. 
Difflugia;  Eughjpha;  At»uUna:  Elirenbcrg. 

Shell  compressed  spherical  or  oval;  neck  almost  obsolete,  terminating 
in  a  transversely  elliptical  mouth  with  uneven  or  ragged  edges,  composed 
of  minute  oval  or  hexagonal  plates  in  alternating  rows.  Sarcode  and  pseu- 
dopods  as  in  Euglypha.        .      '    "     "^  :: 


GENUS  ASSCLINA-ASSULINA  SEMINULUM. 


225 


ASSULINA  SEMINULUM. 

Platk  XXXVir,  «g».  15-27.  '  . 

ii,  1-ig.  l.-Pritchara:  Hint!  Iu.^h   .17:^7'  ^""-S-'-B-.  »«^,  T»f.  xxxv.  B,  A. 

£uglypha  H.  A»»uHna  Seminulum.     Ehrenbcrg:  Abh.  Ak   Wis   1871  24(1 
Difflugia  Semen.    Elirc-nlwrg :  Abli.  Ak.  Win.  1871,  K>7  2M    '         '        ' 

^"ff/tfp/m  ir«n«fl.    Leidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  1874,  m;' 1870,  .V,;  1877  .181 

'"""^""■rs,,tsrsx",s.""  *""■  '■■'"''• ""- '"  *"■•'-  «-■  -•  ■«'«. .»'. .™". 

Suglypha  teminulum.    Loidy:  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1878,  172.  . 

Shell  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  compressed  oval,  brown  in  color; 
borders  obtuse,  spineless;  plates  hexagonal  or  oval;  mouth  transversely 
oval,  with  the  margin  lacerated  or  irregularly  notched 

Sue—From  O.OU  mm.  long  by  0.0.36  mm.  broad  and  0.016  mm  thick 
to  0.08  mm.  long  by  0.072  mm.  broad  and  0.032  mm.  thick. 

ioca%.— Common  in  sphagnous  swamps. 

In  AMulina  seminulum  the  shell  is  compressed  spheroidal  or  oval 
with  the  breadth  nearly  equal  to  the  length,  and  the  thickness  about  half,  or 
less  than  half  the  breadth.     The  dome  and  lateral  borders  are  rounded  or  at 
most  sub-acute.     The  mouth  is  transversely  oval,  and  abruptly  truncates 
the  pole  of  the  shell,  or  the  latter  may  be  slightly  prolonged  so  as  to  form 
a  short  neck.     The  shell  is  chocolate-brown  in  color,  of  variable  shade 
,  .metimes  quite  light,  and  in  very  young  individuals  colorless,  in  old  ones 
sometimes  very  dark     At  the  mouth  it  usually  presents  a  lighter  band  of 
color.     See  figs.  15-27,  pi.  XXXVII. 

The  shell  is  composed  of  minute  oval  or  hexagonal  plates  arrangM  in 
a  ternatmg  longitudinal  series  or  obliquely  parallel  spiral  rows.  The  oral 
plates,  hghter  colored  and  thinner  than  the  others,  end  in  irregular  processes, 
which  give  to  the  border  of  the  mouth  a  lacerated  appearance. 

The  soft  part  o{  AssuHna  seminulum  has  the  same  constitution  as  in  the 
species  of  Euglypha.  Usually,  I  have  found  it  to  occupy  but  little  more 
than  half  the  capacity  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  figs.  18,  19.  The  animal 
seems  to  be  exceedingly  shy  or  sensitive,  and  usually  after  disturbance 
remains  quiescent  for  a  very  long  time.  The  pseudopods  are  few  and 
extremely  dolicate. 


?i 


suMllissin>cdc„L«"ra^:7„;:'^^^^^^  *>*  «"•'*"""'  "-^''*''  "-I"'",  -tiol'olato, 

15  BIIIZ 


220 


rUKSII  WATKU  UinZ()I»()I)8  OF  NOUTTl  AMKIMCA. 


Tlio  Hizo  of  tlio  hIioII  ordinarily  rnnges  from  0.05  mm.  to  0.083  mm. 
long,  0.04  mm.  to  0.071  mm.  broad,  and  O.OKil  mm.  to  0.033  mm.  thick. 

Assulina  scminttlum  is  common  in  spliafftiiim,  and  is  often  one  of  the 
most  abundant  forma.  It  is  remarkable  that  among  the  specimens  com- 
monly observed  comparatively  few  are  living.  The  same  observation  has 
been  made  by  Mr.  Archer,  who  recently,  as  I,  described  the  species  as  a 
new  one  of  Euglypha. 

TRINEMA. 

Oreok,  iri,  tlirco;  nenia,  thread.* 

Animal  provided  with  a  hyaline,  pouch-like  shell,  with  its  long  axis 
inclined  or  oblique,  and  with  the  mouth  subterminal.  Dome  obtusely 
rounded;  mouth  inverted,  circular,  minutely  beaded  at  the  border.  Struc- 
ture of  the  shell  in  the  smallest  forms  mostly  appearing  homogeneous,  but 
in  the  larger  composed  of  circular  plates  arranged  in  alternating  series,  and 
often  appearing  with  a  beaded  margin.  Sarcode  and  pseudopods  as  in 
Euglypha. 

Animal  when  in  movement  with  the  body  inclined,  the  mouth  being 
anterior  and  downward;  the  fundus  directed  upward  and  backward. 

TRINEMA  FNCHELYS. 

Plate  XXXIX. 

Tyininif.    DujariUu:  Au.  So.  Nat.  1836,  v,  198,  205,  pi.  ix,  fig.  Aa-Ad. 

Dlffluijia  EnchelyB.    Ehrcnbcrg :  Infiisioustbiervlien,  1838, 132,  Taf.  ix,  Fig.  i v. — Prltchard :  Hist.  Infusoria, 

18«1,  553,  1)1   xxi,  fig.  19. 
Tiinema.     Diijardin:  An.  Sc.  Nat.  1838,  x,  201,  note  to  263.t 
Aioella  hyalina.     lihreubcrg :  Abli.  Ak.  Wis.  1841,  Taf.  i,  ii,  I'ig.  31,  Taf.  iii,  vi,  Fig.  G,  Taf.  iv,  i.  Fig.  34, 

a,  b,  v.Fig.  3;  1856,  Tafel(p.  377),  I'ig.  2,  3.    Monatsbcrichto,  1848,  215;  1849,  93. 
Trinema  ac'mita.    DiiJHrdin:   lufusoires,  1841,  249,  pi.  iv,  iig.  1. — Forty:  Kenut.  kloiiist.  Lebensformen, 

1852,  187.— Frcseuius:  Abb.  Scnck.  Naturf.  Gcscll.  1856-8,  223,  Taf.  sii,  Fig.  25-27.— Clnpa- 

rfcde  and  Lacbmanu:  Infus.  ot  Kbi/.opodcs,  1858-9,  455. — Leidy;  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,  227; 

1877,  321.— Scbiilzo :  Arch.  niik.  Auat.  1875,  104,  Taf.  v.  Fig.  9-11. 
Arcella  constiicta.    Ehronbcrg:  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  1841,  410,  Taf.  iv,  i.  Fig.  35.    Mikrogcologio,  1854,  Taf. 

xxxix,  iii.  Fig.  3. 
AiccUa  yidm  I'etidulus.    Ehrcnbcrg:  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  1841,  410,  Taf.  iii,  i.  Fig.  48. 
Arcella  DUphara.     Ehreubevg:  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  1841,  410,  Taf.  iv,  ii.  Fig.  12. 
ArccUa  caudiciaola    Ehrcnbcrg:  Monatsb.  1848,  215,  218.     Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  31. 
Arcella  Enchclijs.     Ehrcnbcrg:  Mikrogcologie,  1854,  Taf.  xxxviii,  Fig.  5, Taf.  xxxix,  iii.  Fig.  4.     Monatsb. 

1845,  319;  1848,  215;  1849,  299;  1851,  228;   1853,  182,  266,  332;  1854,  710;  1856,  337,  (Tafol; 

Fig.  2. 

*  Named  from  the  circumstance  that  commonly  three  pscudopodul  threads  are  observed  projected 
from  the  mouth  of  the  iihell. 

tin  1838,  Dujar'  in  omployed  only  the  gallicized  name  of  Trinbme  for  the  littlo  rhizopod;  and 
not  until  1838,  after  tb  publication  of  Elirenberg's  '  Infusionsthierohen,'  did  be  use  the  name  Trinema. 
In  the  note  indicated  l.e  speaks  of  Ehrenberg's  Difflugia  Enohelya  as  clearly  being  the  same  as  his  Trinema. 
Not  until  1841,  in  bis  '  lilstoire  dcs  Infiisoircs,'  does  he  give  to  it  the  specific  name  of  T.  aciniu. 


GENUS  TRINEMA— TUINEMA  ENCIIELYH. 


227 


Arrclla  MigaHloma.    Elin'iibcrg:  Moimlsb.  Ak.  Win.  1S63, 18a;  1856,  337,  (Tofol)  Fig.  3.    Mikrogoologlo, 

18.-)4,  Taf.  xxxiv,  viii,  Fi({.  1.    AWi.  Ak.  WIh.  1871,  S59. 
Kuiiljipha  plvuronloma.     Ciirtcr:  An.  Mn«.  Not.  IlUt.  HW,  xx,  35,  jil.  1,  Akh.  10  o-i. 
Kufiliiiiha  EncheljK.     WallicU:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  HUt.  18lM,  xiii,  'iVt,  pi.  xvi,  (Igs.  40,  47. 
ArciUa  lonlriito.     Klinnbcrg:  AUli.  Ak.  Wis.  1871,  a72,  Taf.  Hi,  ii,  Fig.  'i. 
Ari'eUa  reticulata.     Ktiriailxtrg :  Iliiilcm,  Fig.  G. 
tlrecllaHcriala.     Klirunbcrg:  Iliidem,  Fig.  (1. 
tinella  I'jirum.     Flirenberg:  Il>i<luui,  Fig.  l."!. 
llomaovMamj/ii  cotutricta,  U.  IHnphara,  II.  Knchelyt,  II.  hyalina,  and  II.  roilrala.     FbroiibLTg :  Abb.  Ak. 

Wis.  1871,  S44. 
Stioholepis  eaudicicota,  S.  Ifidui  Pendulun,  and  S.  Megaitoma.    Ebrcubvrg :  Ibiiicni. 
Heterocoamia  I'grum.    Ebrenbcrg :  Ibidem,  245. 
Trinema  enckelya.    Lcidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nut.  8c.  1878,  172. 

The  only  species  of  the  genus. 

Size. — Ranging  from  0.016  mm  to  O.l  mm.  long  by  0.01  mm.  to  O.OG 
ram.  broad,  and  mouth  from  0.005  mm.  to  0.024  mm.  in  diameter.* 

Locality. — Sphagnous  swamps,  wet  forests  about  the  roots  of  mosses, 
in  marshes,  and  in  the  ooze  of  pools  and  ponds. 

Trinema  enchclys  is  one  of  the  commonest  and  smallest  of  the  shell- 
bearing  rhizopcds,  and  is  found  almost  everywhere  in  moist  places  as  well 
as  in  poofs  and  ponds.  It  is  especially  abundant  in  sphagnous  swamps, 
but  is  often  found  in  the  earth  about  the  roots  of  mosses  and  other  plants, 
even  in  such  places  as  roadsides,  on  the  bark  of  trees,  old  v/ooden  or  thatched 
roofs,  and  in  the  crevice.s  of  pavements  of  cities.  It  was  originally  described 
by  Dujardin  under  the  ume  of  "  Trin5me,"  and  it  was  not  until  after  the 
publication  of  Ehrenberg's  'Infusionsthierchen,'  in  which  it  is  described 
and  figured  as  Difflugia  Enchebjs,  that  the  former  called  it  Trinema  acinus. 
Though  the  latter  name  is  employed  by  most  subsequent  writers,  according 
to  the  rules  of  zoological  nomenclature  the  one  I  have  adopted  at  the  head 
of  this  chapter  is  the  proper  one. 

Trinema  enchelt/s  is  very  variable  in  form  and  size,  and  thus  helped 
Ehrenberg  to  swell  the  long  list  of  his  Difflugias  and  Arcellas.  See  pi. 
XXXIX.  The  shell  is  colorless,  transparent  and  pouch- like,  with  the  oral 
end  usually  the  smaller.  The  mouth  opens  downward  beneath  the  oral 
extremity,  and  the  inflated  fundus  of  the  shell  is  directed  obliquely  back- 
ward and  upward. 

In  the  full  view  of  the  shell,  beneath,  its  outline  is  usually  more  or  less 

*  The  measurements  arc  taken  from  tbo  view  of  the  shell  beneath,  giving  the  extreme  length  from 
the  edge  of  the  shell  in  advance  of  the  mouth  to  the  summit  of  tho  fundus,  while  the  breadth  indicated 
applies  to  the  latter. 


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228 


FUESII-WATEU  IIUIZOPODS  OF  JS'OKTU  AMKlMuA. 


:  I  . 


pyriform  reversed,  but  it  is  somecimes  oval,  ovoid,  oblong,  or  moi'e  or  less 
constricted  nearly  on  a  lino  with  tlie  back  part  of  the  mouth.  Sometimes 
the  oral  extremity  appears  broader  than  the  fundus,  which  is  obtusely 
rounded.     The  mouth  is  circular,  and  has  a  crenulato  or  beaded  border. 

Tn  the  side  view  of  the  shell,  in  the  position  in  which  it  is  maintained 
when  the  animal  is  in  movement,  the  fundus  is  variably  elevated.  Some- 
times the  oral  side  of  the  shell  is  on  the  same  plane  jis  the  mouth,  and  the 
fundus  is  directed  backward.  In  other  specimens,  the  longitudinal  axis 
from  the  mouth  to  the  fiuidus  exhibits  various  degrees  of  inclination.  The 
oral  end  of  the  shell  beneath  is  concave,  or  the  mouth  appears  inverted, 
forming  the  inner  orifice  of  a  shallow  funnel. 

In  many  specimens  of  Tthicma  enchelys,  especially  in  small  and  per- 
haps young  ones,  the  shell  appears  to  be  composed  of  clear  homogeneous 
membrane.  In  niany  others,  espec'ally  large  individuals,  the  shell  is  com- 
posed of  circular  plates  with  beaded  borders,  conjoined  by  an  intervening 
amorphous  cement,  as  represented  in  figs.  1-4.  In  some  specimens,  as  seen 
in  figs.  28,  29,  the  circular  plates  appear  to  overlap  in  the  same  manner  as 
in  spt^ies  of  Euglypha. 

In  many  specimens  of  Trinema,  especially  those  of  interi  lediate  and 
of  the  larger  size,  in  which  the  shell  appears  to  be  homogeneous,  the  out- 
lines exhibit  a  more  or  less  undulating  character,  apparently  indicative  of  a 
constitution  of  disks,  though  these  are  not  percept'ble.  The  interior  soft 
structure  of  Trinema  is  identical  with  that  of  Euglypha.  Usually,  two 
contractile  vesicles  are  observable  at  the  sides  of  the  nucleus,  even  in  the 
smallest  ind'viduals.  The  pseudopods  are  likewise  of  the  same  kind  as 
those  of  Euglypha.  Three  are  commonly  seen,  whence  the  name  of  the 
genus;  but  the  number  is  by  no  means  definitely  restricted,  and  there  may 
be  one  to  half  a  dozen  or  more. 

The  size  of  Trinema  presents  a  wide  range  The  smallest  one  meas- 
ured was  0.01  Gl  mm.  long  by  0.01  mm.  broad,  with  the  mouth  0.005  mm. 
wide.  The  largest  was  0.1  mm.  long  and  0.062r»  m-i.  broad,  with  the 
mouth  0.0238  mm.  wide.  Between  these  extremes  I  have  observed  all 
gradations  of  size. 

As  mentioned  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  cJiapter,  Trinema  is  one 
of  the  most  common  of  the  Fresh-water  Rhizopods,  being  found  in  almost 
all  positions  in  which  other  forms  exist.   A  small  form  appears  to  be  a  pretty 


-*■'-'■ 'I'y-   , 


I 


GENUS  SPHENODERIA— SPHENODERIA  LENTA. 


229 


constant  associate  of  the  common  rotifer  among  mosses  and  other  plants 
in  damp,  shaded  places.  I  find  it  abundantly,  all  the  year  round,  in  the 
crevices  of  the  brick  pavement,  in  front  of  my  house,  about  the  roots 
of  the  little  pearhvort,  Sagina  apctala.  This  small  fonn  appears  to  have  a 
homogeneous  shell,  and  is  about  0.0238  mm.  long  by  0.02  mm.  broad.  In 
dry  wcathei',  like  the  rotifer,  it  becomes  quiescent,  but  during  and  after 
rain  it  assumes  the  active  condition. 

SPHENODERIA. 

Groflk,  uphen,  a  wedge;  dera,  the  nock.* 

Shell  globular  or  ovnl,  sometimes  slightly  compressed,  hj^aline,  mem- 
branous, with  a  short,  broad  neck,  and  a  wide  elliptical,  subterminal,  or 
oblique  (?)  mouth.  Body  of  the  shell  with  circular,  oval,  or  hexagonal 
cancelli  or  plates  arranged  in  alternating  series.     Sarcode  and  pseudopods 

as  in  Euglvpha. 

SPHENODERIA  LENTA. 

Platk  XXXIV,  flRs.  25-41. 

Sphrnodrria  IfHta.  Sohliimborger:  An.  Sr.  Nut.  lH4r>,  S.'ifi. — Klironborg;  Al>h.  Alt.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  236. 
JCuijlypha  globosa.    Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  IS&'i,  xv,  290,  pi.  xii,  fig.  14. — Ilertwig  and  Lesser :  Aich. 

niik.  Anut.  1874,  x,  Si)i>i»l.  12!),  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  7.— Sclmlze :  Ibidem,  ItflT.,  102,  Tul'.  v,  Fig.  5,  C— 

Leidy:  Pr.  Ae.  Nat.  8c.  1874, 22ti;  1878,172. 
Difflugia  Icnia.    Elmiiiberg :  Abb.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1871,  246. 
AtiuUna  lenUi,     Ehrouberg :  Ibidem. 

Animal  comparatively  small.  Shell  delicate,  memb.-anous,  colorless, 
transparent,  globular,  oval  or  oblong,  of  uniform  transverse  diameter  or 
sometimes  slightly  compressed,  with  a  short,  broad,  compressed  neck, 
widening  toward  the  narrow  elliptical  mouth,  which  is  oblique  or  subter- 
minal (?).  Border  of  the  mouth  thin,  delicate,  entire.  Body  of  the  shell 
composed  of  circular  or  oval  plates  overlapping  at  their  contiguous  borders 
and  aiTarged  in  alternating  series,  and  apparently  not  extending  into  the 
neck.     Sarcode  as  in  Euglypha  and  Trinema. 

Ske. — Globose  forms  from  0.032  mm.  long  by  0.028  nun.  broad  to  0.056 
nun.  long  by  0  052  mm.  broad  or  to  0.056  mm.  in  diameter ;  oval  forms  from 
0.028  mm.  long  by  0.02  mm.  broad  to  0.056  mm.  long  by  0.044  nun.  broad. 

Locaiitif. — Common  in  moist  sphagnum  in  the  cedar  and  other  bogs  of 
New  Jerscj ,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama,  and  Florida ;  also  in  tswampy  locali- 
ties at  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming  Territory. 


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230 


FRESH- WATER  RHIZOPODS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


SpJicnoderia  lenta  is  the  subject  of  one  of  the  descriptions  of  cei'tain 
species  and  genera  of  Rhizopods,  by  Schlumberger,  in  the  'Annales  des 
Sciences  Nati.relles'  for  1845.  The  descriptions,  being  brief  and  unac- 
companied by  ilhistrations,  have  given  rise  to  differences  of  opinion  as  to 
what  particuhir  forms  they  apply.  The  genus  Sphenoderia  is  described  as 
possessing  "a  diaphanous,  globuhir  shell,  ornamented  with  polygonal  im 
pressions  in  regular  oblique  series,  and  having  a  broad,  and  short  wedge- 
shaped  neck,  Avith  the  terminal  aperture  almost  linear."  The  pseudopods 
are  filiform,  long  and  fine.  The  fonn  of  the  neck  and  of  the  aperture 
sepai'ates  the  genus  from  Trinema  and  Luglypha,  to  which  it  is  related  in 
the  structure  of  the  shell. 

Later,  Mr.  Carter  described  a  rhizopod,  under  the  name  of  Enghjplia 
glohosa,  with  a  globular  shell  having  a  short,  compressed,  wedge-shaped 
neck,  which  has  appeared  to  me  to  be  the  same  thing.  Schulze  remarks  that 
the  Euglijplia  glohosa  is  probably  the  same  as  Sphenoderia,  but  considers  it 
uncertain  for  want  of  figures  of  the  latter  for  comparison.* 

Sphenoderia  lenfa,  which  I  regard  the  same  as  Euglypha  glohosa, 
is  common  in  the  wet  sphagnum  of  sphagnous  swamps,  and  is  also  less 
frequently  to  be  found  about  the  roots  of  Selaginella,  Hypnum,  and  other 
mosses  and  plants  in  bogs. 

It  is  «,  comparatively  minute  creature,  like  Trinema,  and  is  also  a  shy 
animal,  little  disposed  to  movement  when  disturbed. 

The  shell  has  the  form  of  an  oval  or  spherical  sac,  or  less  frequently 
is  oblong  oval,  and  is  provided  with  a  short  neck.  The  body  is  usually  of 
uniform  transverse  diameter,  but  is  sometimes  more  or  less  compressed. 
The  fundus  is  obtusely  rounded  and  devoid  of  appendages.  See  figs.  25- 
41,  pi.  XXXIV. 

Like  other  investigators,  I  have  been  puzzled  to  ascertain  the  exact  char- 
acters of  the  neck  and  mouth  of  the  shell.  In  the  ordinary  view,  the  neck 
has  appeared  to  me  to  be  short,  wide,  and  saucer-shaped,  with  an  elliptical 
mouth.  In  tho  opposite  direction  it  appears  as  a  conical  point,  whence  no 
doubt  the  name  of  the  genus  Sphenoderia,  signifying  wedge-like  neck.  In 
viewing  the  slioU  in  an  intermediate  position,  by  causing  it  to  turn  on  its 
axis,  the  neck  appears  as  a  jjair  of  conical  points,  Avith  the  border  of  the 
mouth  festooned  between  them.     I  have  supposed  the  mouth  to  be  elliptical 

*  Archiv  f.  inikroHkopiHcliu  Auatoniio,  1875,  104. 


^  ^  *  -     i^^fl^ 


GENUS  SPHENODERIA— SPHENODERIA  LENTA. 


231 


and  oblique  or  subterminal,  so  tlmt  in  the  narrow  angular  view  of  the  neck 
it  is  directed  toward  one  of  the  wider  sides.  Hertwig  and  Lesser,  in  the 
same  animal,  under  the  name  of  Euglypha  globosa,  describe  the  neck  as 
consisting  of  a  pair  of  lateral  points,  between  which  the  edges  of  the  mouth 
are  cut  out  concavely.* 

The  body  of  the  shell  of  Sphenoderia  lenta  has  appeared  to  me  to  be 
composed  of  circular  or  oval  plates,  arranged  in  alternating  rows,  and  over- 
lapping at  the  contiguous  borders,  so  as  to  give  the  impression  of  hexahe- 
dral  areas  included  within  circles  of  minute  eUiptical  areas,  as  represented 
in  figs.  25,  2G,  41,  pi.  XXXIV.  Hertwig  and  Lesser  describe  the  plates  as 
hexagonal,  with  minute,  intervening,  transverse,  elliptical,  more  prominent 
platea.f  In  some  instances,  the  plates  have  appeared  to  me  to  be  definitely 
hexahedral,  and  closely  adapted  to  one  another  without  accessory  plates,  as 
in  the  variety  represented  in  fig.  34. 

Tho  neck  of  the  shell,  between  its  lateral  angular  points,  is  thinner 
than  any  other  part,  and  consists  of  delicate  homogeneous  membrane, 
extending  beyond  the  plates  of  the  body  to  the  border  of  the  mouth.  The 
latter  is  entire,  but  I  have  occasionally  met  with  empty  shells,  in  which  the 
border  was  divided  into  several  lobes,  perhaps  the  result  of  laceration,  as 
seen  in  fig.  34. 

In  repeated  instances  I  have  found  individuals  of  Sphenoderia,  with 
an  oblong  oval  shell,  Tiaving  the  border  of  the  mouth  divided  into  a  num- 
ber of  minute  points,  as  represented  in  fig.  40.  Sometimes  the  points 
appear  of  an  irregular  character,  as  in  Assulina  seminulum.  I  have  met 
with  several  individuals  of  Sphenoderia,  in  which  the  shell  was  ovoid, 
with  the  narrow  pole  terminated  by  the  mouth,  which  had  a  minutely 
denticulated  border.  The  body  of  the  shell  was  composed  of  accurately 
adapted  plates  of  hexagonal  form  and  uniform  size.  In  the  specimens 
previously  indicated,  fig.  40,  the  plates  of  the  shell  were  circular  and 
overlapping. 

The  interior  soft  structure  of  Sphenoderia,  and  its  pseudopods,  are 
identical  in  character  with  those  of  Trinema  and  Euglypha.  Sphenoderia 
nearly  related  with  Trinema,  and  the  variety  having  a  denticulated  mouth 
is  also  nearly  related  with  Assulina  seminulum. 


•  Arohlv  f.  iiiiki-os.  Auutouiic,  187 1,  x,  Siiii])!.  lliO. 


llbiili'iii,  i:il. 


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232 


FKESn  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Globular  forms  of  Spheiioderia  lenla  range  from  0.033  mm.  to  0.055  mm. 
in  diameter ;  oval  forms  from  0.0285  nmi.  to  0.0625  mm.  long  by  0.02  mm. 
to  0.0454  mm  broad. 

SPHENODERLY  MACROLEPIS. 

Shell  pyriform,  compressed,  with  a  broad  neck  gradually  extending 
from  the  body,  and  terminating  in  the  oblique  elliptical  mouth,  and  with 
the  broader  surfaces  composed  mainly  by  a  pair  of  large  hexahedral  plates, 
from  which  the  neck  is  extended  below. 

Size. — From  0.02  mm.  to  0.028  mm  in  length. 

Locality. — Sphagnum  of  the  cedar  swamps  of  New  Jersey. 

Not  until  a  comparatively  recent  date,  and  since  the  present  work  was 
going  through  the  press,  I  have  discovered  what  appears  to  be  a  second  and 
quite  distinct  species  of  Sphenoderia.  It  was  found  in  association  with  S. 
lenta,  in  sphagnum  of  several  localities  in  New  Jersey,  but  especially  in  that 
of  the  cedar  swamp  at  Malaga,  Gloucester  County.  It  is  probably  not  uncom- 
mon, but  may  be  easily  overlooked,  for  it  differs  little  in  size  and  form  from 
S.  lenta,  and  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  shell  in  the  living  animal  is 
obscured  by  the  presence  of  the  sarcode. 

The  shell  is  moderately  compressed  pyriform,  and  varies  little  in  shape 
or  size.  It  usually  measures  0.024  mm.  in  length  by  0.016  mm.  in  the 
greater  and  0.012  mm.  in  the  less  breadth. 

The  neck  ts);^"is  from  the  body  of  the  shell,  but  in  other  respects  appears 
to  have  the  same  characters  as  in  S_.  lenta,  and  in  the  narrower  side  view  of 
the  shell  it  presents  the  wedge-like  outline  characteristic  of  the  genua. 

The  delicate  colorless  shell  when  empty  distinctly  exhibits,  on  the 
broader  sides  of  the  body,  a  pair  of  large  hexahedral  plates,  one  above  the 

other,  as  represented  in  the  adjoining  woodcut. 
Another  less  distinct  .plate  occupies  the  fundus 
above  the  preceding,  and  a  pair  of  smaller  lozenge- 
like plates  apparently  occupy  the  intervals  laterally 
of  the  two  pairs  of  broad  hexagonal  plates.  The 
Shell  of  Sphenoderia  macroiepi'.  "*-'t;k  is  prolonged  below  the  position  of  the  body- 
plates,  and  appears  to  be  devoid  of  distinct  or  separate  plates. 

The  interior  sarcode  of  S,  macrolepis  is  identical  in  character  with  that 
of  S.  lenta. 


.ffi'im^i  . 


r 


HELIOZOA. 

Greek,  hel.oii,  the  sun ;  xoott,  animal. 

While  the  Lobose  and  Filose  Protoplasts  are  essentially  creeping  ani- 
mals, and  in  all  the  shell-covered  forms  habitually  move  about  with  the 
mouth  of  the  shell  downward,  and  with  the  pseudopods  spreading  therefrom 
in  contact  with  the  surface  on  which  they  move,  the  Heliozoans  or  Sim- 
animalcules  are  swimmers.  Their  body  is  commonly  of  spherical  form,  and 
delicate  pseudopodal  filaments  radiate  from  every  part  of  its  surface.  While 
some  are  naked  or  entirely  soft,  others  are  provided  with  a  sort  of  protective 
skeleton,  consisting  of  radiant  spines,  of  minute  spicules  imbedded  in  an 
exterior  protoplasmic  layer,  or  of  a  delicate  latticed  shell. 

The  soft  spheroidal  protoplasmic  body,  in  general,  exhibits  the  same 
essential  constitution  as  in  the  Protoplasts,  and  commonly  presents  but 
little  more  distinction  of  ectosarc  and  endosarc  than  in  the  Filosa.  A  large 
proportion  of  clear  globules  or  vacuoles  form  a  common  constituent,  giving 
to  the  body  a  foamy  appearance,  not  usual  in  any  of  the  Protoplasts. 

Generally,  the  body  contains  a  single  central  nucleus ;  but,  in  a  {evr 
forms,  a  number  of  nuclei  occur  scattered  through  the  mass. 

In  some  of  the  Heliozoans,  one  or  more  conspicuous  contractile  vesi- 
cles appear  on  the  surface  of  the  body,  and  exhibit  the  usual  phenomena  as 
indicated  in  the  description  of  the  Protoplasts.  As  the  contractile  vesicles 
enlarge,  they  rise  prominently  above  the  surface  of  the  body,  and  appear 
like  floating  bubbles.  In  their  abrupt  collapse  and  discharge  of  the  con- 
tents, they  often  give  rise  to  a  visible  shock  to  the  body  of  the  animal.  In 
other  Heliozoans,  if  contractile  vesicles  occur,  the;^  have  escaped  detection. 

Some  Heliozoans  appear  bright  green  from  the  presence  of  chlorophyl 
in  variable  proportion,  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  body. 

The  pseudopodal  rays  are  in  the  form  of  delicate  threads  of  granular 
protoplasm,  emanating  from  all  parts  of  the  body.  They  are  commonly 
simple  filaments,  rising  by  a  broad  base,  rapidly  tapering  to  extreme  fineness 
and  variable  length,  often   exceeding  the  diameter  of  the  body.      They 


W!{ 


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1; 


234 


FEESH-WATEE  EHIZOPODS  OF  NOETH  AMEEICA. 


rarely  fork  or  branch  at  the  ends,  and  even  more  rarely  anastomose.  In 
some  forms,  on  the  coarser  rays,  a  slow  circulation  of  granules  may  bo 
detected,  proceeding  outwardly  and  inwardly.  The  pseudopodal  rays  are 
commonly  very  numerous,  but  ai"e  variable  in  number  in  the  same  as  well 
as  in  different  Heliozoans.  They  usually  appear  perfectly  straight  and 
rigid,  but  are  highly  flexible  "and  contractile.  The  contact  of  a  roving 
animalcule  of  some  strength  will  cause  them  to  bend  like  the  hairs  of  a 
brush  under  similar  pressure. 

In  one  form  of  the  Heliozoans,  the  Actinosphserium,  the  pseudopodal 
rays  are  sustained  by  a  more  consistent  axial  thread,  springing  from  among 
the  superficial  layer  of  vacuolar  corpuscles  of  the  body. 

The  pseudopodal  rays  are  the  organs  of  locomotion  and  prehension  of 
the  Heliozoans.  By  their  means  the  animals  swim  in  a  slow  even  manner 
through  the  water.  Food  particles,  plant  or  animal,  coming  into  contact 
with  the  rays,  adhere,  and  are  drawn  by  their  contraction  to  the  body. 
When  the  latter  is  reached,  usualh^  a  quantity  of  clear  protoplasm  is  pro- 
jected or  exudes  and  envelopes  the  food,  which  is  then  gradually  drawn 
into  the  body  of  the  animal  through  the  contraction  of  the  exuded  proto- 
plasm. 

Heliozoans  commonly  multiply  by  division,  as  may  be  frequently  seen 
with  the  common  Sun-animalcule,  Actinophrys  sol. 

The  Heliozoans  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  the  marine  Radiolarians, 
and  have  hence  been  called  Fresh-water  Radiolarians;  they  are, however,  of 
mxich  simpler  constitution,  and  are  justly  considered  by  most  authorities  as 
forming  a  distinct  order  of  Rhizopods. 

ACTINOPHRYS. 

Greek,  akHn,  a  ray  |  ophrua,  the  eyebrow. 

Body  soft,  sphei'ical,  composed  of  a  hyaline,  colorless,  pale,  and  finely 
granular  protoplasm,  with  mingled  coarser  granules  and  minute  oil-like 
molecules,  and  more  or  less  crowded  with  large  clear  vesicles  or  vacuoles. 
Nucleus  central,  ordinarily  obscured  from  view  by  the  vesicular  structure 
of  the  sarcode.  A  large  contractile  vesicle  at  the  periphery.  Pseudopods 
numerous,  projecting  as  exceedingly  delicate  tapering  rays,  or  filamentous, 
find}'  graiuilar  extensions  of  the  protoplasm  of  the  surface  of  the  body, 
not  branching. 


GENUS  ACTmOPHEYS— ACTINOPHRYS  SOL.  235 


ACTINOPHRYS  SOL. 

FlATE  XL. 

"  Un  poiasott  dea  plus  extraordinaire  que  Von  en  puitae  voir."  Joblot:  Obs.  Hist.  Nai.  i,  1754,  64,  pi.  7, 
fig.  15. 

Trichoda  Sol.  MUUer:  Verm.  Tcrrcst.  Fluv.  1773,76.  Anlm.  Infos.  1786,164,  tab.  xxiii,  ligs.  13-15.— 
Schrank:  Fauna  Boica,  iii,  2, 1803,  93. 

Peritricha  Sol.    Bory:  Encycl.  M^tli., Vers.  1824. 

Aclinophrya  Sol.  Ehrcnberg :  Abli.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1830, 42, 53, 61, 76,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  4 ;  1831, 102.  Infusions- 
thierchcn,  1838,  303,  Taf.  xxxi,  Fig.  vi.— Dnjardin :  Infiisoires,  1841,  262,  pi.  iii,  fig.  3.— 
Perty :  Kcnnt.  klcinst.  Lebensformcn,  1852,  1C9.— Stein :  Infusionthierc,  1854,  151— Clapa- 
rMo  and  Lachmann:  Etudes  Infusoircs,  i,  1858-59,  450. — Pritchard:  Hist.  lufiis.  1861,559, 
pi.  xxiii,  figs.  28,  31,  32.— Wallich:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1863,  xi,  446,  pi.  x,fig.  4.— Cicn- 
kowski :  Arch.  niik.  Anat.  i,  1865,227. — Grenacher:  Verb,  phys.-nipd.  Gesells,  WUrzb.  i, 
1868,  170,  Taf.  iii.— Hertwig  and  Lesser:  Arch.  mik.  Anat.  x,  1874,  104,  Taf.  v.  Fig.  2.— Mi- 
crographic  Dictionary,  pi.  23,  fig.  7  6,— Loidy :  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  1874,  23. 

/  ■    .'•nhnja  difformia.    Ehrcnberg:  Abh.  Ak.  Wis.  Berlin,  1831,  lOi.    Infusionsthieichcn,  1838,  304,  Taf. 

xxxi,  Fig.  8. 
I    ri,;  itrya  Eichhomii.    Clnparfede:  MUUer's  Archiv,  1854,  398,  Taf.  xv.Fig.  1-6. 

ophrya  oculata.  Stein:  Die  Infusionsthicre,  1854, 151,  157, Taf.  v,  Fig.  25.  Organismus  Infusions- 
tblcro,  ii,  1867,  note  to  p.  5,  "A.  oculata  nnr  eine  marine  Form  von.^.  sol." — Pritchard: 
Hist.  Infus.  1861,  560,  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  24,  25. 

Animal  spherical,  translucent,  vesicular  or  foamy,  the  vesicles  usually- 
numerous,  more  or  less  crowded  and  usually  iinifonn.  Contractile  vesicle 
single,  large,  active.  Nucleus  commonly  obscured  from  view.  Rays  numer- 
ous, straight,  from  one  to  three  or  four  times  the  length  of  the  diameter  of 
the  body. 

Size. — Diameter  of  body  from  0.04  mm.  to  0.12  mm.,  with  pseudopods 
commonly  from  0.08  mm.  to  0.16  mm.  in  length. 

Locality. — In  all  quiet  waters  with  aouatic  plants.  Observed  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Canada. 

Actinophrys  sol,  the  common  Sun-animalcule,  is  one  of  the  most 
familiar  and  striking  forms  of  microscopic  life  of  still  fresh  waters.  When 
first  seen,  it  would  hardly  be  suspected  to  pertain  to  the  animal  kingdom, 
though  Joblot,  its  earliest  observer,  spoke  of  it  as  "a  fish  the  most  extraor- 
di".  '-y  lliat  one  may  see."     Plate  XL. 

It  may  be  found  in  almost  every  standing  water-pool,  pond,  or  lake, 
swimming  among  aquatic  plants;  its  favorite  haunts  being  duck-meat, 
hornwort,  bladderwort,  or  the  various  filamentous  algae.  It  commonly 
appears  as  a  globular,  hyaline,  foamy  or  vesicular  bot'y,  bristling  with 
delicate  rays,  and  suspended  almost  stationary  in  the  water. 


t 


236 


FRESH-WATER  RHIZOrODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  body  of  AcUiiophrys  sol  is  soft  and  elastic,  and  though  ordinarily 
spherical,  occasionally,  by  feeble  contraction,  exhibits  a  slight  change  from 
the  regular  outline  of  form.  Its  surface  is  not  even,  but  wavy  or  botryoidal, 
though  sometimes  this  appearance  is  hardly  evident.  The  body  is  composed 
of  a  basis  of  colorless,  hyaline  protoplasm  with  diffused,  pale,  granular  matter 
and  fine  oil-like  molecules.  The  protoplasm  is  crowded  with  plear  globules 
or  vacuoles,  of  comparatively  uniform  size,  which  give  the  body  the  appear- 
ance of  being  a  foamy  mass.  Often  these  globules  are  so  numerous,  that 
the  body  of  the  Actinophrys  appears  to  be  made  up  of  them,  with  barely 
sufficient  protoplasm  to  hold  them  together  and  give  to  the  whole  a  thin 
investment.  When  crowded,  they  become  more  or  less  polyhedral;  and 
those  at  the  periphery  project  slightly  beyond  the  general  outline,  so  as  to 
give  it  the  botryoidal  appearance.  Though  usually  of  comparatively 
imiform  size,  they  may  vary  considerably  in  different  individuals  and 
occasionally  in  the  same  individual.     See  figs.  1-5,  7—10. 

Rarely  have  I  reen  what  I  have  taken  to  be  an  individual  of  Actino- 
phrys sol  in  which  vt  cuoles,  excepting  the  contractile  ves'-ole,  were  altogether 
absent,  as  repi   sented  in  fig.  6. 

A  large  nucleus  occupies  a  central  position  of  the  bodj',  but  is  rarely 
even  indistinctly  visible,  until  brought  into  view  by  artificial  means, — the 
action  of  acetic  acid  or  other  chemical  reagent.  When  seen,  it  appears  as  a 
pale,  faintly  granular  ball  containing  a  darker  nucleolus. 

On  one  occasion  I  observed  an  individual,  as  represented  in  fig.  5,  in 
which  a  nucleus  was  very  distinctly  visible.  The  animil  appeared  to  be 
undergoing  dissolution,  and  the  figure  represents  it  as  fir^'  'ieen.  The  body 
consisted  of  a  mass  of  granular  protoplasm,  with  a  s"-gle  layer  of  large 
vacuoles  occupying  the  periphery,  and  from  it  thcra  projected  only  five 
pseudopodal  rays.  The  anim.il  was  stationary  and  its  vacuoles' quiescent, 
.but  after  a  time  several  of  these  slowly  expanded  and  became  more 
prominent,  then  successively  collr.psed,  and  after  an  hour  all  had  disap- 
peared, leaving  the  body  in  a  shriveled  condition.  The  nucleus  remained 
persistent,  and  was  more  distinct  at  last  than  at  first.  It  was  globular,  and 
contained  many  granules  of  uniform  size  and  a  large  central  nucleolus. 

Commonly,  at  some  portion  of  the  periphery  of  the  body  o(  Actinophrys 
sol,  there  appears  a  contractile  vesicle.  At  f^T,3  moment  it  may  be  undistin- 
guishable  from  the   contiguous   vacuoles,  but   becomes   evident  from  its 


I 


GENUS  ACTINOPHRYS— ACTINOPHRYS  SOL. 


237 


slowly  expanding  and  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  body,  looking  like  an 
air-bubble  floating  on  water.  Keaching  its  full  size  as  a  sphere,  half 
imbedded  in  the  foamy-looking  structure  of  the  body,  on  a  sudden  it  col- 
lapses, and  a  slight  sinking  occurs  of  that  part  of  the  body  in  which  it 
was  situated.  The  collapse  of  the  contractile  vesicle  and  the  discharge 
of  its  contents  impart  a  feeble  tremor  to  the  whole  body,  and  this  tremor 
may  often  be  noticed,  evidently  from  the  same  cause,  even  when  the 
contractile  vesicle  is  out  of  sight.  The  reappearance  of  the  contractile 
vesicle  commonly  takes  place  in  the  same  position  that  it  previously  occu- 
pied. Gradually  expanding,  it  rises  as  a  film  of  granular  protoplasm, 
which,  becoming  thinner  and  thinner,  finally  bursts,  and  gives  exit  to  the 
liquid  contents. 

The  interior  of  the  body  oi  Adinophys  sol  frequently  exhibits,  among 
its  clear  vacuoles,  a  variable  number  of  colored  and  colorless  granular  balls, 
which  are  often  included  in  liquid  drops  or  vacuoles.  These  are  food-balls, 
and  may  be  situated  at  various  depths  from  the  surface.  The  colored  balls 
are  usually  green,  dependent  on  algae  or  zoospores  used  as  food,  or  they 
may  appear  brownish  or  reddish,  due  to  changes  produced  by  digestion. 

The  pseudopods  of  Act'mophrys  sol  are  ordinarily  very  numerous,  though 
variable.  They  are  delicate  extensions  or  rays  from  the  granular  proto- 
plasmic basis  of  the  body,  and  are  commonly  so  straight  and  fixed  in 
position  as  to  resemble  fine  acicular  crystals.  They  are,  however,  quite 
flexible,  so  that  when  the  animal  is  accidentally  pressed  against  a  resisting 
body  they  will  bend  like  the  hairs  of  an  artist's  pencil.  They  are  retractile, 
though  the  animal  ordinarily  seems  so  little  sensitive  that  they  remain 
projected,  notwithstanding  any  disturbance.  They  range  in  length  equal 
*,o  the  diameter  of  the  body,  to  two,  three,  or  more  times  that  extent. 

Grenacher,  and  Hertwig  and  Lesser,  describe  the  pseudopodal  raj's  as 
being  sustained  by  an  axial  thread  of  firmer  consistence  than  the  granular 
protoplasm  occupying  the  exterior.  I  have  been  unable  to  confirm  the 
statement  of  these  authorities,  and  to  me  the  pseudopodal  rays  seem  to  be 
nothing  more  than  the  most  delicate  filaments  of  viscid  granular  protoplasm. 

Adinophrys  sol  ordinarily  remains  almost  stationary  in  position  sus- 
pended in  water,  but  closely  watched  it  is  observed  to  glide  slowly  through 
its  element  without  obvious  cause,  but  probably  as  the  result  of  some  not 
easily  detected  action  of  the  numerous  rays. 


t    I 


I 


■ 


238 


FRESn-WATEU  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Tho  animal  feeds  on  infusorians,  rotifers,  unicellular  algnc,  and  zoo- 
spores. Active  animalcules,  in  coming  into  contact  with  tho  rays  of  Actino- 
phri/s  sol,  in  most  instances  appear  to  become  more  or  less  paralyzod.  Tho 
smallest  infusorians  or  algoe  brought  into  contact  with  tho  rays  glide 
slowly  along  them  to  their  base.  Larger  and  more  active  animalcules  and 
zoospores,  coming  into  contact  with  the  rays,  will  cause  several  together  to 
retract  and  draw  the  food  to  tho  body.  When  near  or  in  contact  with  the 
latter,  a  portion  of  clear  protoplasm  is  projected  to  involve  the  prey,  in 
quantity  according  to  tho  size  and  struggles  of  the  latter. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  XL,  represents  an  individual,  which,  with  others,  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  multitude  of  bright  green,  actively  moving  zoospores.*  As 
one  of  these  came  into  contact  with  the  rays  of  tho  Actinophrys,  it  became 
instantly  motionless.  Gradually  the  zoospore  was  drawn  inwardly  by 
means  of  one  or  more  retracting  rays,  and,  when  within  a  short  distance 
of  the  body  of  the  Actinophrys,  a  portion  of  clear  jirotoplasm  was  pro- 
jected to  receive  it.  Becoming  involved  in  the  process  of  protoplasm, 
this,  together  with  the  zoospore,  was  slowly  withdrawn  into  the  interior  of 
the  Actinophrys,  where,  within  a  clear  globule,  it  assumed  the  shape  of  a 
green  ball.  In  the  process  of  digestion,  the  green  balls  became  brown, 
and  occasionally  in  this  condition  one  would  gradually  approach  the 
surface  of  the  Actinophrys  and  svxddenly  be  expelled. 

Fig.  2  represents  an  Actinophrys  sol,  which,  while  under  examination, 
received  upon  its  rays  an  active  Euglenia.  This,  in  its  struggles,  produced 
much  disorder  among  the  rays  of  its  captor,  but  withal  was  drawn 
toward  the  body  and  received  by  a  large  flow  of  clear  protoplasm.  The 
Euglenia  continued  its  struggles,  which  caused  a  greater  effusion  of  the 
latter.  At  one  moment  it  appeared  as  if  the  Euglenin  would  escape, 
but  it  became  enveloped  in  an  effused  mass  of  protoplasm,  which  nearly 
extended  around  the  semi-diameter  of  the  body  of  tho  Actinophrys,  and 
finally  ceased  all  movements.  The  exuded  protoplasm  then  gradually  con- 
tracted into  a  hemispherical  form,  as  seen  in  fig.  3,  including  centrally  the 
Euglenia,  now  couipressed  into  a  ball.  The  pseiidopodal  protoplasm,  con- 
tinuing to  contract,  was  slowly  withdrawn,  together  with  the  I'^uglenia  ball, 

*  I  do  not  know  whether  these  are  really  zoospores  or  infusoria.  They  arc  bright  green,  oval, 
with  a  central  nucleus,  and  u  colorless  beak  at  one  pole,  but  without  ilagolluui.  They  uicosurod  0.010 
mm.  bv  0.012  mm. 


;  i 


i 


(JKNUS  A(3TINOIMIUYS— ACTINOPnilYS  SOL. 


239 


into  tlie  body  of  the  Actinophrys,  when  it  presented  the  appearance  seen 
in  fi<^-.  4. 

Green  food  swallowed  by  Actinophrys  iol,  ordinarily,  in  the  process  of 
digestion,  becomes  brown,  and  the  remains  are  discharged  from  the  surface. 

The  common  Sun-animalcule  presents  considerable  range  in  size,  the 
body  measuring  from  one  twenty-fifth  to  one  eighth  of  a  millimetre  in 
diameter.  Ordinarily  it  is  from  one  twentieth  to  one  twelfth  of  a  millime- 
tre, and  the  rays  are  from  one  to  one  and  a  half  the  length  of  the  diameter 
of  the  body,  but  occasionally  reach  double  that  length  or  even  more. 

Not  unfrequently  Actinophrys  sol  is  met  with  of  a  dumb-bell-like  form, 
apparently  consisting  of  a  pair  of  individuals  as  ordinarily  seen,  united  by 
an  istlnnus,  of  variable  extent,  as  represented  in  fig.  10.  The  animsxl  in 
this  condition  has  been  considered  to  bo  in  conjugation,  that  is  to  say,  to 
consist  of  two  individuals,  which  have  conjoined  for  some  purpose  of  a 
sexual  kind.  I  never  happened  to  have  the  opportunity  of  seeing  two  indi- 
viduals in  the  act  of  conjunction.  In  all  those  cases  in  which  I  have  met 
with  the  animal  in  the  duplex  state,  on  closely  watching,  they  turned  out 
to  be  cases  of  multiplication  by  division.  In  these  instances,  the  isthmus 
uniting  a  pair  gradually  becomes  narrower  and  longer,  and  then  breaks, 
leaving  the  original  dumb-bell  form  as  a  pair  of  splierical  individuals. 
During  the  process  of  division,  the  animal  glides  about  less  actively,  and 
the  rays  diverge  in  the  usual  manner  from  each  ball,  but  are  absent  from 
the  isthmus.  Each  ball  also  has  its  own  contractile  vesicle,  which  exhibits 
the  ordinary  rhythmical  movements.  The  remains  of  food  may  also  be 
discharged,  as  seen  in  fig.  10,  a,  but  I  have  not  observed  the  animal  feed 
during  the  condition  of  segmentation. 

Though,  as  intimated,  I  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  a 
pair  of  individuals  of  Actinophrys  sol  actually  join  and  unite  into  one,  I 
have  occasionally  met  with  a  specimen  of  biscuit-shape  outline,  as  in  fig.  8, 
which,  gradually  contracting,  assumed  a  spherical  form,  as  in  fig.  7.  In  the 
particular  case  represented,  the  specimen,  when  first  noticed,  contained  four 
large  clay-colored  vacuoles,  of  which  all  but  one  subsequently,  during  the 
contraction  of  the  animal,  discharged  their  contents. 

On  one  occasion,  having  observed  an  Actinophrys  sol  of  peculiar  and 
unusual  appearance,  I  was  led  to  watch  it,  and  continued  to  do  so  at  inter- 
vals from  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  imtil  midnight.     It  turned  out  to  be  an 


-> 


• 


fv 


!  I 


Jill  I  '. 
I     I 


240 


FUKSIl  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NOUTII  AMERICA. 


iriHtanco  of  HOgmentation,  ns  repreaeiitcd  in  figs.  1 1-22,  but  differing  in  tho 
curlier  steps  from  anything  of  the  kinil  I  had  previously  or  since  have  seen. 

At  first,  tlio  Actinoph'-ys  appeared  as  a  pair  of  ordinary  individuals, 
retaining  between  them  a  third  fipherical  ball  nearly  ns  large,  as  seen  in  fig. 
11.  The  nature  of  this  inte.  "ening  ball  I  did  not  discover,  but  conjectured 
that  it  was  a  third  individual  of  Aciiiiophrys,  altered  from  the  usual  con- 
dition. It  was  granuhir,  '.vithout  vacuoles  and  rays,  darker  on  one  side 
than  the  other,  and  with  a  central  clearer  spot,  probably  indicating  the 
presence  of  a  nucleus. 

Three  hours  subseqiiently  the  pair  of  Actinophryea  remained  essentially 
unchanged,  but  were  imited  by  a  cylindrical  isthmus,  which  contained  tho 
third  ball  reduced  to  little  more  than  half  itri  original  size,  and  with  a  less 
distinct  outline,*  as  represented  in  fig.  12. 

Two  hours  later  the  two  Actinophryes  remained  unchanged,  but  the 
isthmus  had  become  rather  longer  and  narrower.  The  intervening  ball  had 
melted  away,  leaving  in  the  isthmus,  besides  diffused  granular  nicatter,  a 
large  clear  nucleus  and  a  group  of  fat  globules.     See  fig.  l.'J. 

Soon  after,  the  two  Actinophryes  remaining  unchanged,  excepting  a 
slight  fl.attening  at  the  opposite  poles,  tho  isthmus  became  narrowed  on  tho 
left  and  retained  the  nucleus  and  oil  globules  on  its  right,  as  seen  in  fig.  14. 

At  the  next  step,  the  two  Actinophryes  increased  in  diameter  in  a 
direction  opposite  to  that  transverse  with  the  isthmus,  and  became  sunken 
at  the  opposite  poles,  as  seen  in  fig.  15. 

The  isthmus  continued  to  become  narrower  until  it  formed  a  mere 
cord,  and  the  nucleus,  together  with  the  oil  globules,  were  drawn  into  the 
Actinophrys  on  the  right,  as  seen  in  fig.  16. 

About  9  o'clock  the  isthmus  parted,  and  the  two  Actinophryes  appeared 
as  represented  in  fig.  17:  the  individual  on  tho  right  being  cordiform;  that 
on  the  left  reniform.  Later,  the  reniform  individual,  or  that  on  the  left, 
assumed  a  dumb-bell  form,  fig.  1 8,  its  isthmus  then  gradually  narrowed  and 
elongated,  fig.  11),  and  finally  parted  into  two  individuals.  The  cordiform 
Actinophrys,  or  the  individual  on  the  right  (fig.  17),  produced  in  the  divi- 
sion of  the  original  pair,  contracted  at  tho  point,  so  that  it  became  reniform, 
as  seen  in  tig.  20.  This  now,  still  retaining  the  apparent  nucleus  and  oil 
globules  of  the  above  described  granular  ball,  also  assumed  a  dumb-bell 

*  Tho  outliuo  bus  bccu  iiiodo  too  dark  in  tbo  lilliogrui)b  ;  in  tho  original  druwing  thuru  is  nouo. 


GENUH  ACTlNOPllKY»— ACTINOIMIKYS  IMCTA. 


241 


IH 


form,  118  ween  in  fig.  21.  The  isthiims  of  the  hitter  then  ohnigated,  and 
containing  within  it  tiie  nucleus  and  oil  globules,  fig.  22,  in  this  condition 
the  Actinophrys  nearly  resembled  the  third  stage,  fig.  13,  of  the  original 
specimen.  It  was  now  midnight,  and  I  was  obliged  to  retire  from  my 
observations.  The  next  morning  I  could  find  nothing  in  the  animalcula- 
cage  but  a  half  dozen  individuals  of  Actin<)})hry8  having  the  ordinary 
appearance. 

During  the  whole  time  the  Actinophryes  retained  their  usual  charac- 
ters, with  numerous  rays  divergent  everywhere  except  from  the  isthmus,  and 
always  a  contractile  vesicle  exhibiting  its  ordinary  rhythmical  movements. 

Another  mode  of  reproduction  of  Actinophrys  sol,  as  observed  and 
described  by  Cienkowski,*  I  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing.  Ac- 
cording to  this  able  investigator,  the  animal,  preparatory  to  the  reproductive 
process,  withdraws  its  rays  and  becomes  a  closed  cell  by  the  formation  of  an 
exterior,  sharply  defined,  investing  membrane.  The  body  loses  its  foamy 
character,  and  becomes  finely  granular  and  more  condensed  centrally. 
The  more  compact  central  portion  after  some  hours  divides  into  two  masses, 
and  the  exterior  membrane  with  the  remaining  peripheral  matter,  excepting 
a  few  granules,  dissolves  away.  The  pair  of  isolated  balls  then  acquire 
each  ail  investing  membrane,  and  the  granular  contents  become  somewhat 
retracted  from  their  wall,  and  are  then  provided  with  an  additional  investing 
membrane.     Finally,  from  each  cell  thus  formed,   a  young  Actinophrys 

makes  its  escape. 

ACTINOPHRYS  PICTA. 

Plate  XiVT,  Zg.  *. 

Animal  hj'.ving  the  same  constitution  and  habit  as  Actinophrys  sol,  but 
with  the  body  of  a  bright  green  color,  due  to  the  presence  of  chlorophyl 
mingled  with  the  coloi'less  granular  protoplasm. 

Size. — From  0.056  mm  to  0.105  mm.  in  diameter. 

Locality. — Ponds  in  sphagnous  swamps  at  Absecom,  Vineland,  and 
other  localities  in  New  Jersey. 

Actinophrys  picta,  as  represented  in  fig.  4,  pi.  XLVI,  closely  resem- 
bles tlie  common  Sun-animalcule,  but  possesses  a  bright  green  color.  The 
globular  body  has  the  same  foamy  aspect,  but  the  protoplasm  occupying 


16  BUIZ 


*  Arcbiv  f.  mik.  Anatomio,  1S65,  2a7. 


242 


FRESH-WATER  RDIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!l 


the  intervals  of  the  nearly  uniform,  clear  vncxioles,  is  mingled  with  bright 
green  cliloroi)hyl  granules.  A  thin  layer  of  jirotoplasni  nt  the  surface  of  the 
body  is  free  from  the  latter,  and  gives  off  numerous  simple  rays,  as  in 
Act'  ophrijs  sol.  A  single  contractile  vesicle  presents  the  usu-.l  phenomena, 
as  in  the  latter. 

Act'nwphrifs  picta  is  comparatively  rare,  and  I  have  found  it  only  in  the 
ponds  of  cedar  and  sphagnous  swamps  in  New  Jersey.  It  may  be  the 
same  as  the  Act'uiophrys  v'mdis  of  Khrenberg,  though  I  believe  the  weight 
of  evidence  is  in  favor  of  the  latter  being  die  more  couimon  Ileliozoan 
hereafter  described  as  Acunthocystis  chcctophom. 

The  size  of  the  green  Sun-animalcide  above  described  is  about  0.1 
mm.,  with  the  rays  of  the  same  length. 

With  the  preceding  I  have  observed  bright  green  Ileliozoans,  as  rep- 
resented in  figs.  5,  6,  which  muy  pertain  to  the  same  animal,  though  they 
possess  some  peculiarity.  The  body,  instead  of  having  a  foamy  appearance, 
as  in  Adiiioplni/s  sot,  is  composed  of  colorless  granular  protoplasm,  with 
numerous  but  variabi  *  proportions  of  bright  green  chlorophyl  corpuscles. 
These  are  nuutli  larger  than  the  green  granules  of  the  animal  above  referred 
to  Adiuoplirys  picta,  and  are  especially  a'H'unuilated  in  an  intermediate  zone 
of  the  body.  A  clearer  central  spot  indicates  the  presence  of  a  nucleus. 
A  contractile  vesicle  was  observed  in  the  usual  position,  as  in  AcfinopJirys 
sol,  and  as  seen  in  tig.  5,  but  it  was  less  active  in  its  movement.-),  and  in 
some  indi^'iduals  was  not  detected  or  appeared  not  to  exist. 

The  psendopody  have  the  same  character  as  in  AcfinopJirys  sol,  but 
connnonly  wei'e  fewer,  and  often  coarser.  Individiuils  range  from  0.056 
mni.  to  0.1  mm.  in  diameter,  with  the  rays  abont  equal  in  length  to  the 
latter.  The  green  chloroi)hyl  corpuscles  measure  from  0.004  mm.  to  0.006 
mm. 

IIETEROPIIRYS. 

(ircok,  hetcroa,  divorso;  ophrun,  an  eyebrow. 

Animal  resembling  Actinoi)hrys  in  general  form,  constitution,  and 
habit,  but  ordinarily  wiiii  the  body  enveloped  with  a  thick  stratuu>  of  proto- 
plasm delined  )jy  a  granulated  or  thickly  villous  surface,  and  peuolralod 
by  the  pseudopodal  rays. 


. 


GENUS  IIETEROPHRYS— HETEROrUUYS  MYRIAPODA. 


243 


IIETEROPIIRYS  MYRIAPODA. 

Helerophrys  mj/riapoda.    Arclior:  Qiiiirt.  Jour.  Mic.  Sc.  18<)9, 2()7,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  4;  Ibid.  1870,110. — Greeff, 

Arcli.  iiiik.  Anat.  187.'.,  xi,  Ul,  Taf.  i,  Fi>;.  8,  "J  t. 
t  nelcrophrya  varians.    Scliiilzo :  Arch,  iiiik.  Aiiiit.  1H74,  x,  'M'l,  Taf.  xxvi,  Fig.  2-5. 
t Hettrophrjia  variabilis.    Gneff:  Arih.  iiiilt.  Aimt.  1876,  xi.aS,  Tiif.  ii.Fig.  20-23. 

Body  composed  of  a  soft,  usually  spherical,  grauular  mass  of  proto- 
plasm, colorless  at  the  surface,  and  commonly  brij^ht  green  in  the  interior, 
due  to  the  presence  of  variable  pr()])ortiona  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  or  in 
some  conditions  with  little  or  no  color  independently  of  that  produced  by 
food ;  also  containing  clear  colorless  corpuscles,  vacuoles,  nuclei,  and  one  or 
more  contractile  vesicles.  With  or  without  an  exterior  envelope  of  clear, 
colorless  protoplasm  defined  at  the  surface  by  granules  or  cil-like  villi. 
Pseudopods  as  simple  granular  rays. 

Size. — Diameter  j,J^th  to  ,J^t\\  of  an  inch  (Archer). 

Locality. — Ireland  (Archer)  ;  Germany  (Schulze,  Greeff). 

The  genus  Ileterophrys,  established  by  Mr.  Archer,  consists  of  Actino- 
phrys-like  animals,  the  body  of  which  usuall}'  contains  colored  corpuscles, 
and  is  invested  with  a  layer  of  protoplasm  defined  by  a  ciliated  or  granu- 
lated surfa(!e,  and  penetrated  b}'  the  pseudopodal  rays. 

To  the  genus  Mr.  Archer  refers  a  creature  of  gregarious  habit,  previ- 
ously described  by  Focke  (Zeitschrift  fiir  wissenschaftliche  Zoologie,  18G8, 
iJ53,  Taf  XXV,  Fig.  I),  and  gives  it  the  name  of  Ileterophrys  Fockii.  This  I 
am  disposed  to  view  as  pertaining  to  Raphidlophrys  cicyans,  hereafter  to 
be  described. 

Hvter-iphry'N  niyriapoda,  as  described  by  Mr.  Archer,  is  a  beautiful, 
bright  green,  Actinophrys-like  animalcule,  having  the  body  enveloped  in  a 
thick  layer  of  granular  jirotoplasm  defined  by  a  villous  surface  id  pene- 
trated by  numerous  simple  ray.s  like  those  of  the  common  Sun -animalcule. 

Professor  Schulze  has  described  a  colorless  heliozoan,  wliicli  he  attri- 
butes to  the  same  genus  under  the  name  of  Ileterophrys  varians.  lie  indi- 
cates two  conditions  of  the  animal :  one  in  which  the  body  is  surrounded 
by  a  clear  protoplasmic  layer  defined  by  a  granular  surf'ac(5 ;  the  other  in 
which  this  layer  is  absent.  The  interior  contained  from  three  to  half  a  dozen 
nuclei  and  a  variable  number  of  contractile  vesicles.  The  size  of  the  body 
was  about  0.06  mm. 


244 


FKESU  WATEll  lUIIZOrODS  OF  ^'ORTU  AMElllOA. 


Apparontly  the  same  animal  has  been  describetl  by  Professor  GreefF 
Avitli  the  name  of  llctcrophrijs  variahUis.  It  contained  variabh'  proportions 
of  cohered  grannies,  green  and  red,  together  with  colorless  vacut)les  and 
nuclei.  The  body  possessed  u  transparent,  colorless  envelope,  defined  at 
the  siu'face  by  minute  linear  particles.  The  size  of  the  animal  with  its 
envelope  was  0.06  mm. 

It  is  probable  that  the  forms  described  by  Professor  Schulze  and  Pio- 
fessor  GreefF  represent  different  conditions  of  the  form  described  by  Mr. 
Archer  as  Hetvrophrys  niifriapoda. 

In  many  instances  I  have  observed  colored  Actinojihrys-Iike  animal- 
cules, of  uncertain  reference,  resembling  lleterophrys,  but  devoid  of  its 
cloak  of  protoplasm.  I  have  suspected,  however,  that  the  latter  belongs  to 
one  stage  of  the  animal's  existence,  and  in  another  stage  may  be  absent.  If 
this  view  is  correct,  it  is  probable  that  the  forms  referred  to  Adlnophrys 
jrida,  and  those  allied  to  it,  may  belong  to  lleterophrys. 

Animals  of  the  same  general  character,  ])robably  referable  to  several 
different  sjjecies,  are  represented  in  figs.  1-G,  [A.  XLV,  and  figs.  7-13,  pi, 
XLVI. 

Forms  like  those  of  figs.  7-i),  pi.  XL\'I,  are  not  unfrequent  in  the 
ponds  of  s])hagnous  swamps  in  New  Jerse}^  The  body  of  the  Ileliozoan 
is  commonly  spherical,  but  capable  of  changing  its  shape.  It  is  composed 
of  soft,  homogeneous,  granular  protoplasm,  with  or  without  minute  oil 
molecules,  colorless  at  the  surface,  but  viiriably  green  and  yellowish  or 
brownish  in  the  interior.  It  usually  exhibits  neither  vacuoles  nor  contrac- 
tile vesicles,  and  connnonly  a  central  nucleus,  if  present,  is  obscured  from 
viev/.  The  pseudopodal  rays,  generally  fewer,  are  often  longer  and  coarser 
than  in  Aciiiiojihrifs  sol,  Ijut  have  the  same  co!iii)ositi(in.  They  are  quite 
changeable  in  form;  usually  tapering  and  simple,  they  sometimes  fork  at  an 
acute  angle.  In  the  elongation  of  the  body  of  the  animal,  the  poles  often 
ai)pear  more  or  less  abruptly  taj)ering.  into  one  or  several  of  the  coarser 
jjseudopodal  rays.  Sometimes  tlie  rays  become  davate  or  thickened  as 
they  proceed  outwardly,  and  rarely  I  have  seen  one  or  more  divide  in  a 
brush-like  manner  at  the  distal  extremity.  Connnonly  straight,  they  will 
sometimes  become  (piickly  tortuous,  especially  in  the  act  of  retraction,  and 
sometimes  they  become  beaded  in  appearance.  Occasionally  some  of  the 
finer  ones  will  form  a  little  ball  at  the  end,  so  as  to  resemble  the  pin-like 
suctorial  rays  of  Acinetn. 


■ 


GENUS  HETEROPHRY8— HETEROPIIUYS  MYllIAPODA. 


245 


Fig.  7  represents  an  individual  from  Absecom  pond,  obtained  in 
September,  exhibiting  the  different  changes  which  occurred  in  tlie  pseudo- 
pedal  rays  during  the  time  the  anin)al  was  observed. 

Figs.  8,  9,  represent  two  views  of  another  individual,  found  with  the 
former,  exhibiting  successive  changes,  both  in  the  shape  of  the  body  and 
the  pseudopodal  rays.  At  first  spherical,  it  became  elliptical,  and  again 
assumed  the  former  shaj)e,  when  it  measured  0.02  mm.  in  diiunctei". 

An  individual  of  the  same  kind,  from  a  sphagnous  swamp  of  Broad 
Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  is  represented  in  fig.  12.  As  first  noticed,  the 
body  v/as  globular,  with  numerous  simple  rays  projecting  from  one  hemi- 
sfjliere,  but  later  the}^  emanated  from  all  pai'ts  of  the  surface.  The  interior 
was  composed  of  colorless  gramdar  protoplasm  with  fine  oil-like  molecules, 
greenish  and  yellowish  granules,  and  a  few  bright-red  ones.  It  also  con- 
tained a  largo  oval  body,  probably  something  swallowed  as  food,  b  ,t  the 
character  of  which  was  not  ascertained.  Neither  nucleus  nor  contractile 
vesicle  was  seen. 

Another  individual,  apparently  of  the  same  kind,  represented  in  fig.  11, 
was  obtained,  in  association  with  others,  with  the  alga  Lyngbya,  from  a 
roadside  gutter  in  the  suburbs  of  Piiiladelphia.  The  soft  body  of  a  dif- 
fused green  hue,  except  at  the  surface,  which  was  colorless,  contained  many 
red-colored  objects,  which  appeared  to  be  segments  of  the  Lyngbya  used 
as  food  .tud  changed  in  color  Ijy  digestion. 

Similar  Ileliozoans,  from  bog- water  obtained  in  the  Uinta  Mountains, 
Wyoming,  are  represented  in  figs.  1-,'?,  pi.  XLV,  and  fig.  13,  pi.  XLVI.  In 
constitution  and  habit  they  resembled  the  former,  but  they  were  usually 
yellowish,  witii  a  few  bright-red  granules,  though  sometimes  they  were  also 
partly  greenish.  In  all,  a  pale  central  nucleus  was  more  or  less  distinctly 
visible,  and  usually  some  clear  globules  or  vacuoles. 

The  ihdividual  of  fig.  13,  pi.  XLVI,  contained  a  number  of  scattered 
corpuscles  of  different  sizes  and  coloi's, — green,  dull  yellow,  and  red.  These 
I  supposi  to  be  one-celled  algic  in  various  stages  of  digestion.  At  first 
elliptical,  the  animal  afterward  became  spherical,  and  measured  0.028  mm. 
in  diameter. 

The  individual  of  fig.  1,  pi.  XLV,  contained  some  diffused  yellowish 
and  greenish  granular  matter  mingled  with  the  otherwise  colorless  proto- 
plasm.    It  also  contained  some  oil  molecules  and  clear  vacuoles 


».1 


I 


!  i 


246 


FKESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  individual  of  fig.  2,  obtained  at  the  same  time  with  the  preceding, 
was  composed  of  homogeneous,  finely  granular,  and  colorless  protoplasm, 
with  fine  yellowish  granules  intermingled.  As  food,  it  contained  a  diatom 
and  a  few  brown  balls,  of  which  two  were  afterward  seen  to  be  discharged. 
It  also  contained  a  number  of  clear  globules,  of  which  the  largest  one  was 
observed  to  collapse,  though  it  did  not  reappear  in  the  manner  of  a  con- 
tractile vesicle.  Pseudopods  projected  mainly  from  one  hemisphere,  and 
the  animal  slowly  moved  in  that  direction  at  the  rate  of  about  one  millimetre 
in  nine  minutes.  The  creature,  on  coming  into  contact  with  a  Closterium, 
gradually  changed  from  the  globular  to  a  three-sided  shape,  then  became 
oval,  and  finally  again  spherical  as  it  moved  away  from  the  alga. 

The  individual  of  fig.  3,  also  found  with  the  preceding,  appeared  to 
have  its  opposite  jjoles  rather  abruptly  prolonged  into  several  of  the  coarser 
pseudopodal  rays.  It  contained  some  scattered  colorless  and  red-colored 
corpuscles,  together  with  a  large  vacuole,  wliich  remained  imchanged. 

A  green  Heliozoan,  resembling  those  just  described  in  the  changeable 
form  of  its  body,  is  represented  in  fig.  10,  pi.  XLVI.  It  was  found,  with 
several  others  of  the  kind,  in  Absecom  pond,  in  the  month  of  May.  The 
body  is  composed  of  a  basis  of  soft,  colorless,  granular  protoplasm,  with 
green  granules  diffused  through  it,  but  more  abundant  centrally,  where 
they  appear  to  obscure  the  nucleus  from  view.  Several  contractile  vesicles 
were  observed  at  the  periphery.  As  first  seen,  the  body  was  elliptical,  with 
the  opposite  poles  giving  oft"  the  two  strongest  pseudopodal  rays.  A  large 
vacuole,  containing  a  food-ball,  was  in  the  act  of  being  withdrawn.  The 
creature  afterward  assumed  a  spherical  form,  and  then  measured  one 
seventh  of  a  millimetre  in  diameter. 

Later,  an  active  rotifer  came  into  contact  with  the  Heliozoan,  ar.d 
ceased  movement  as  if  paralyzed,  but  after  a  moment  it  recovered  and 
attempted  to  move  away.  It  was,  however,  restrained  by  a  protruding 
hemisphere  of  clear  ectosarc,  and  in  the  struggle  the  Heliozoan  appeared  to 
be  extended  toward  its  victim,  and  the  rays  of  the  same  side  converged  to 
it.  Finally,  the  rotifer  succeeded  in  making  its  escape.  Tlie  portion  of 
clear  protruded  proto[)lasm  projected  several  rays,  and  was  then  slowly 
withdrawn,  and  gradually  the  Heliozoan  assumed  once  more  a  spheroidal 
shape. 

A  small  colorless  Heliozoan,  represented  in  fig.  4,  pi.  XLV,  probably 


GENUS  UliTEKOPHUY8— HETEKOPHKYS  MYKIAPODA. 


247 


pertains  to  Heterophrys,  and  resembles  the  H.  Fockii  described  by  Mr. 
Archer.*  It  also  resembles  a  form  described  by  Professor  Greeff,  and  with 
doubt  considered  to  be  the  young  of  Acanthocystis  viriiUs.f 

The  individual  was  obtained  in  August,  from  a  pond  in  a  sphagnous 
swamp,  at  Vineland,  New  Jersey.  It  resembled  the  Actinophrys  sol,  but 
was  of  less  uniform  foamy  aspect,  being  composed  of  a  spherical  mass  of 
pale  granular  protoplasm,  with  a  number  of  clear  globules  or  vacuoles  of 
various  sizes  scattered  through  it.  The  body  was  envelojicd  in  a  thick 
layer  of  clear  protoplasm  rising  in  wave-like  points  on  the  pseudopodal 
rays. 

An  enigmatic  body  of  uncertain  reference,  of  which  two  views  of 
the  same  individual  are  given  in  figs.  5,  G,  pi.  XLV,  may  perhaps  pertain 
to  Heterophrys.  It  was  obtained  in  July,  from  a  ditch  in  which  grew 
Hippuris  vulgaris,  at  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming.  When  first  observed,  it  was 
nearly  spherical,  and  resembled  in  general  appearance  an  Actinophrys,  but 
was  of  a  red  hue,  and  was  enveloped  with  a  thick  layer  of  colorless  proto- 
plasm defined  by  a  minutely  dentate  outline.  The  body  measured  0.04 
mm.  in  diameter,  and  consisted  of  a  basis  of  colorless,  faintly  granular 
protoplasm  mingled  with  red  granules  of  varied  depths  of  hue,  diffused  and 
partially  collected  in  irregularly  rounded  masses.  It  also  contained  two 
large  clear  globules,  probably  nuclei,  which  remained  unchanged  during 
the  time  the  creature  was  under  examination.  The  rays  were  compai'a- 
tively  few,  and  appeared  as  abruptly  tapering  processes  of  the  superficial 
colorless  protoplasm  of  the  body.  They  varied  in  length  and  degi'ce 
of  robustness,  and  were  mainh^  straight  and  simple,  though  a  few  of  the 
stronger  one^  were  furcate. 

The  stratum  of  protoplasm  enveloping  the  body  was  clear,  and 
appeared  to  have  a  finely  echinate  or  granular  surface.  Sometimes  the 
granules  appeared  to  be  connected  with  fine  perpendicular  strijp,  extending 
through  the  cloak  of  protoplasm,  as  seen  on  one  side  of  fig.  fi,  so  as  to 
resemble  the  pin-like  rays  of  Acineta ;  but  the  appearance  was  uncertain, 
and  may  have  been  deceptive. 

As  the  animal  moved  in  the  same  slow,  gliding  manner  of  an  Actino- 
phrys, it  gradually  underwent  a  variety  of  changes  in  shape.     Becoming 


^ 


'Quart.  Joiir.  Mic.  Sc.  ISUO,  iil.  xvi,  fig.  3. 

t  ArcUiv  f.  mile.  Auatomie,  1869,  Taf.  xxvii,  Fig.  35. 


v 


II 


1 


248 


FRESHWATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


elliptical  and  then  elongated  pyriform,  a  small  portion,  of  elliptical  shape, 
gradually  extended  itself  from  the  main  portion,  and  remained  connected 
with  it  by  a  narrow  isthmus  of  clear  protoplasm,  in  which  condition  the 
animal  presented  the  appearance  seen  in  fig.  F).  Watching  the  creature  with 
the  expectation  of  seeing  the  smaller  portion  separate  and  become  a  dis- 
tinct individual,  after  some  time  it  was  observed  to  be  gradually  withdrawn 
into  the  main  portion.  Subsequently  the  anin)al  became  ovoidal,  and  then 
assumed  an  irregularly  quadrate  outline  with  festooned  borders,  as  repre- 
sented in  fig.  6.  Later  it  continued  to  undergo  changes  of  the  same  general 
character  so  long  as  it  was  convenient  to  observe  the  animal. 

This  creature  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  subjects  of  Focke's  figs. 
2,  pi.  XXV,  of  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  wissenschaftlicho  Zoologie  for  1868. 

EAPHIDIOPHRYS. 

Greek,  ra})hin,  a  needle  ;  opiirus,  an  eyebrow. 

Animal  ordinarily  associated  in  groups  of  variable  number,  closely 
aggregated  or  conjoined  by  i.sthmus-like  bars.  Individuals  of  Actino- 
phryan  form,  consisting  of  a  soft  spheroidal  body  of  granular  protoplasm, 
with  oil-like  molecules  and  variable  proportions  of  clear  colorless  or  bright 
green  corpuscles,  and  with  a  large  central  nucleus.  Exterior  of  the  body 
invested  with  a  thick  layer  of  delicate,  colorless  protoplasm,  extending  in 
tapering  processes  on  the  pseudopodal  rays  and  densely  pervaded  with 
minute  spicules  tangentially  arranged.  Pseudopodal  rays  very  long, 
numerous,  straight,  simple,  and  finely  granular. 

RAPHIDIOPHRYS  VIRIDIS. 

Rapliidiophryu  viridin.     Arrlier:  liuart.  Jonr.  Mic.  Sci.  1^70,  x,  in;i,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  2. 

Animal  single,  or  more  commonly  in  closely  aggregated  groups  of 
variable  niunber.  Individuals  more  or  less  bright  green  from  the  presence 
of  chlorophyl  corpuscles  (and  probably  at  times  colorless  from  the  absence 
of  these).  Spicules  of  the  exterior  envelope  thickly  distributed  and 
extending  outwardly  on  the  bases  of  the  pseudopodal  rays,  conqjaratively 
coarse  and  slightly  bent. 

Size. — About  gj^th  of  an  inch  (Archer). 

Localitif. — Ireland. 


^t: 


GENUS  RAPniDIOPHRYS— EAPHIDIOPHP.VS  VIRIDIS. 


249 


Raphidiophrys  viridis,  a  remarkable  Actinoplirys-like  animal,  of 
gregarious  habit,  vas  discovered  in  Ireland  by  Mr.  Archer.  From  the  origi- 
nal description  and  figure,  it  consists  of  a  close  aggregation  of  a  number  of 
spherical  individuals  of  a  bright-green  color,  enveloped  together  in  a  pale 
yellowish  layer  of  protoplasm  pervaded  with  numerous  slightly  bent  spicula, 
apparently  silicious  in  character. 

In  several  instances  I  have  observed  Heliozoans  which  I  have  sus- 
pected to  be  isolated  individuals  of  the  above  spocies,  but  of  this  I  cannot 
be  positive. 

A  specimen,  from  Absecom  pond.  New  Jersey,  supposed  to  pertain  to 
RapMdiophrys  virkUs,  is  represented  in  fig.  1,  pi.  XLVI  The  globular 
body  was  composed  of  a  basis  of  pale,  indistinctly  granular  protoplasm, 
with  a  number  of  bright-green  chlorophyl  corpuscles  scattered  through  it, 
together  with  a  smaller  proportion  of  yellow  and  brown  corpuscles.  My 
first  impression  in  regard  to  the  character  of  these  colored  corpuscles  was 
that  they  pertained  to  the  food,  and  it  may  be  that  some  portion  of  them 
did  so.  With  them  I  observed  a  single  diatom.  A  central  nucleus  was 
indicated  bv  a  clearer  round  spot,  and  on  each  side  of  the  body  there 
was  an  equally  large  vacuole,  which  remained  unchanged  during  the 
examination  of  the  animal. 

Pseudopodal  granular  rays  emanated  from  all  parts  of  the  body,  as  in 
Actinophrys  &ol.  The  exterior  of  the  body  was  invested  with  a  layer  of 
faintly  granular  protoplasm  containing  a  profusion  of  delicate  linear  spicules, 
slightly  bent.  The  spicules  were  in  general  arranged  tangentially  to  the 
surface  of  the  body  and  extended  outwardly  a  short  distance  upon  the  rays. 
The  body  measured  O.OU  mm.  in  diameter,  and  the  longest  rays  exceeded 
the  latter  in  length.  • 

Another  Ileliozoan,  obtained  with  the  preceding  and  represented  in 
fig.  2,  may  probably  belong  to  the  same  species,  though  exhibiting  some 
peculiarity.  The  spherical  body  was  composed  of  a  finely  grainilar,  color- 
less protoplasm,  containing  a  central  nucleus,  a  number  of  vacuoles,  and  a 
few  colored  corpuscles,  mostly  yellowish  and  brown,  together  with  a  few 
green  single-celled  alga;.  The  surface  of  the  body  was  invested  with 
spicules  arranged  tangentially,  with  a  somewhat  tufted  appearance.  The 
spicules  were  comparatively  coarse,  nearly  straight  or  feebly  bent,  and 


H        1 
If 


!\i 


i    ! 


!  ;- 


I  ■' 


iiii 


250 


FREaH-WATEU  UUlZOPODa  OF  NOKTU  AMEIUCA. 


pointed  at  both  ends  They  resembled  the  simple  spicules  of  the  fiosli- 
wiiter  sponges.  Tiie  pseudopodal  rays  were  numerous,  Kimi)le,  and  long, 
like  those  of  Adinophrys  sol. 

Another  Ileliozoan,  related  with  the  preceding,  is  represented  in  fig. 
3,  and  was  found  in  the  material  adherent  to  a  stone,  on  which  grew 
a  Spongilla,  from  the  Schujlkill  River,  at  Philadelphia.  The  animal  was 
entirely  colorless.  The  spherical  body,  composed  of  j^ale  graimlar  proto- 
plasm, contained  a  central  nucleus,  and  numerous  scattered,  clear  globules. 
Externally  it  was  invested  with  a  thick  layer  of  protoplasm  densely  per- 
vaded with  delicate,  curved  spicules,  arranged  tangentially  to  the  body,  and 
rising  in  pointed  pi'ocesses  upon  the  pseudopodal  rays.  This  creature 
resembles  tlie  Raphidiophri/s  pallida  of  Schulze,*  and  probably  pertains  to 
the  same  species. 

RAPHIDIOPIIRYS  ELEGANS. 

Platk  XI-.II. 

1  Actinophrya  oeulata  and  Acliiiophriis  Sol.     Cirtor  :  An.  M.iR.  Nat.  HiHt.  xv,  18(i5,  277,  pi.  xii,  figs.  1-3. 
liaphidiophrjiH  elvyaiia.   Hcrtwij;  and  Lessor  :  Arcli.  niik.  Aimt.  x,  1874,  Siippl.  21H,  Taf.  iv.  Fig.  1. — Lcidy  : 
Tr.  Ao.  Nat.  Sc.  riiihi.  1H74,  1C7.— Aiclicr ;  Quart.  Jour.  Mie.  Sc.  1H7(>,  371,  pi.  xxii,  (Ig.  19. 
Splummlriim  cnniilohahim.     GrccfV:  Arch.  niik.  Auat.  xi,  187.'>,  'JO,  Taf.  ii,  Kig.  S-l-yO. 
t  Sihalciilosc  Siiaawnsgcr-Uadiolaricn.     Fdckc :  Zcitaclir.  f.  wissoiia.  Zoulogie,  1808,  35;i,  Tuf.  xxv,  Fig.  1. 

Animal  single,  or  usually  in  groujjs  up  to  two  or  three  dozen  or  more, 
separated  by  more  or  less  wide  intervals,  and  united  by  narrow  bands  or 
isthmuses.  Individuals  with  the  body  more  or  less  bright  green  from  the 
presence  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  or  colorless  when  the  latter  are  absent. 
Spicules  of  the  exterior  protoplasmic  envelope  delicate,  in  the  form  of 
semicircles,  and  tangentially  arranged,  with  their  convexity  directed  tow.ard 
the  body  and  pseudopodal  rays 

Size. — Diameter  of  the  body  0.032  mm.  to  0.04  mm. ;  length  of  pseu- 
dopodal '"ays  to  0.24  mm. ;  length  of  the  semicircular  spicules  0.006  mm. 

Localifi/. — In  springs  and  ponds  among  aquatic  plants.  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey. 

Rnpliidiopliry^^  elegrans,  represented  in  pi.  XLII,  occasionally 
solitary,  is  commonly  observed  in  groups  of  from  five  to  twenty  or  more, 
and  on  one  occasion  I  found  an  assemblage  of  thirty-eight  individuals 
This  remarkable  creature,  as  usually  seen,  roaming  about  in  flocks,  appears 

•Arcliiv  f.  luik.  Auntomiu,  x,  1874,  377,  Taf.  xxvi,  Fig.  1. 


^tl^  A,U. 


OENU8  ItAPUlDlOl'UUYS— KAPUIDIOI'UKYS  KLEGAN8. 


251 


like  an  entangled  mass  of  Actinophrys-liko  animals.  The  groups  vary  in 
form,  but  arc  more  or  leas  irregular.  The  iudividnals  composing  tliem  have 
the  shape  and  general  appearance  of  an  Actino])hry.s,  and  in  the  groups  are 
associated  by  means  of  bands  or  bridges  of  protoplasm  passing  between 
those  which  are  contiguous.  The  distance  sej)arating  the  individuals  in 
different  groups  is  variable,  but  mostly  is  less  than  the  diameter  of  the  body 
of  the  individuals.  In  active  movement  the}'  are  commonly  farthest  apart, 
and  when  at  rest  they  become  more  (closely  aggregated. 

The  individuals  are  usually  sj)lierical  and  of  uniform  size;  but  they 
are  capable  of  changiug  their  shape,  so  that  they  may  be  oval  or  of  some 
other  form.  The  body  is  composed  of  a  basis  of  soft,  colorless,  granular 
protoplasm,  with  fine  oil  molecules  disseminated  It  contains  variable  pro- 
portions of  bright  green  and  colorless  corpuscles,  which  exhibit  some  uni- 
formity of  size.  Sometimes  the  green  chlorophyl  corpuscles  are  numerous, 
sometimes  comparatively  few,  iuid  at  times  altogether  absent.  The  color- 
less corpuscles  mingled  with  the  green  ones  are  clear  and  homogeneous, 
and  at  times  exist  to  the  exclusion  of  the  latter. 

The  bridge-like  bands  passing  between  contiguous  individuals  of  the 
groups  vary  in  length  and  thickness,  and  are  more  or  less  temporary  con- 
junctions composed  of  the  protoplasmic  basis  of  the  bod'es.  At  times  they 
may  be  seen  to  s  lorten  or  elongate,  to  contract  and  to  part,  and  the 
divisions  withdraw ;  aiul  at  other  times  projected  processes  may  bo 
observed,  which  unite  with  contiguous  ones  to  form  new  bridges  Fre- 
quently green  and  other  corpuscles  may  be  seen  traversing  the  bridges 
from  one  individual  to  another. 

The  individuals  contain  a  central  nucleus,  which,  though  usually  ob- 
scured from  view  by  the  colored  corpuscles  and  other  consatuents,  some- 
times is  distinctly  visible,  as  seen  in  fig.  3. 

Though  a  distinct  contractile  vesicle,  with  rhythmical  action  like  that 
of  Actinophrys  sol,  appears  not  to  exist  in  Raphidiophrys  elegans,  frequently 
a  largo  vacuole  is  observed  near  the  periphery  of  the  body,  which  enlarges 
and  collapses,  to  be  replaced  by  a  similar  one  in  some  other  position. 

llertwig  and  Lesser  remark  that  they  observed  no  contractile  vesicle 
in  this  species,  and  Mr.  Archer  likewise  detected  none  in  Raphidiophtys 
V  iridic. 

The  pseudopodal  rays  of  Raphidiophrys  eleyuns  are  numeroiis  and  often 


,Jf 


!  . 


I     -v. 


i:     ! 


ii^ 


II     li 


It  ;  I 


252 


rHKSlI  WATKR  UUIZOl'OUS  OF  NOHTII  AMKHICA. 


very  long.  In  solitary  indivulimlH  thoy  emnnnto  fron>  all  parts  of  the  snr- 
I'ace,  as  in  Aotinophrys;  Imt  in  tlio  jrrouim  thoy  coniinitiily  project  from  tho 
cxtorior  of  tho  wholo  only.  '^I'hoy  are  Hiniplo,  dolicato  oxtoJisioiiH  of  the 
graT)>ihir  j)rotoph»8in  of  tho  surface  of  the;  body.  From  their  jjorfect 
straightness  they  seem  to  be  rigid;  but  thoy  are  highly  flexible,  and  at 
times  n>ay  bo  seen  to  oond  in  a  buncli  from  the  rude  shock  of  a  passing 
rotifer,  like  the  liairs  of  a  brush  from  tho  pressure  of  the  fingers. 

Each  and  every  "ndividual  composing  a  group  is  enveloped  with  its 
own  cloak  of  transparent  homogeneous  ])rotoplasm,  which  is,  however, 
extended  upon  tho  bridg((-lik(*  bands,  aiul  also  extends  in  more  or  le.ss  long 
tapering  processes  on  the  psoudopodal  rays.  Tlu;  jirotoplasmic  investment 
is  loosely  pervaded  with  a  multitude  of  delicate  semicircular  lines  or  spi- 
cules, which  are  arranged  with  their  convexity  tangentially  to  tho  bodies  of 
the  animals,  and  to  tho  rays  upon  which  thoy  extend.  rp(»n  the  surface 
of  tho  protoplasmic  investment  they  give  a  wavy  or  delicately  festooned 
outline. 

Not  nnfrequently  the  interior  of  tho  body  of  some  individuals  con- 
tains browni.sh  or  reddish  bulls  of  variable  size,  .sometimes  large,  as  seen  in 
fig.  4.  Those  I  have  supposed  to  be  food-balls,  and  of  tho  same  nature 
j)robably  are  some  of  the  green  globules  viewed  chiefly  as  pertaining  to 
tho  structure  of  the  animal 

Occasionally  1  have  observed  a  group  of  liajthiduij  is  elcgarts  retaining 
among  them  large  colored  balls,  as  represented  in  fig.  (!,  the  character  of 
which  I  did  not  ascertain,  though  I  su))posed  them  to  consist  of  discharged 
excremontitious  matter. 

'^riio  individuals  of  Eaphidiophijs  clcgans  commonly  range  from  O.Oi5.'5 
nun.  to  0.04  nun.  in  diameter.  The  psoudopodal  rays  extend  from  0.1  nnn. 
to  0.2  nmi.  in  length,  but  occasionally  may  reach  0.4  nun.  I'he  semicircu- 
lar spicules,  which  envelope  tho  animals,  are  about  0.0125  nun  in  length. 

liaphidiophrys  clvgans  is  commonly  more  active  in  its  movements  tlian 
Adhiophrijs  sol.  The  groups  move  in  the  same  gliding  manner,  but  more 
rapidly,  and  they  continually  change  their  shape.  At  first  spheroidal,  thoy 
may  become  oval  oi"  more  or  less  quadrate,  then  elongate,  and  become 
conical,  ])yriform,  or  some  other  shape.  The  individuals  of  a  group  may 
approach  or  recede,  break  their  bridge-like  bands  or  establish  others,  or,  as 
not  unfrequently  occurs,  the  large  groups  may  break  into  two  or  more 


II 


(UONHS  VAMI'YKKIJ-A— VAMI-YUKLLA  I-ATKUITIA. 


253 


BHiallor  OIK'S.     Ill  tlu!  jiToiip  of  tliirty-oifjflit,  iilxtvo  iiulicatcd,  whortly  iift«T 

the  observation  it  separated  into  tlire»i  j>rou|>s,  of  fifteen,  thirteen,  and  ten. 

Rapliidiophrys  feeds,  and  it  also  diseharges  the  reuminH  of  the  food,  in 

the  same  manner  as  Actinophrys. 

« 

VAMPYliELLA. 

Amahtt;  rri'wniui*,  t8r>fl.     Vnm))jirella :  CiiMikowHki,  IriliTt. 

Animal  usnally  Aetinophrys-like,  with  a  soft  splicroichd  body,  eapahlu 
of  aino'hoid  variations  of  form,  eomposed  of  pale,  colorless,  frrainilar  proto- 
plasm, with  abundance  of  eoloring  matter,  oiI-lik<!  m<de(!ules,  and  vacuoles. 
I'K(iudopods  as  Actinophrys-iike  rays,  Acineta-liko  rays?,  and  digit-like, 
lobate,  or  wave-like  expansions. 

VAMl'YRKLLA  LATKUITIA. 

I'l.ATi;  XI, V,  fiKH.  l(t-l(i. 

Amaha  Uilcrilia      I'rcwMiiiiH :  AUli.  Soiink.  Niitiirl'.  ()oh(<IIb.  ii,  IHWi-S,  ai8,  Tiif.  x,  Fig.  l:t-l«.— CionkowHki : 

•Iiihll).  wis.  llot.iii,  IHfKt,  4SH. 
I'ampjirclla  •Sinrugjim:     Ciciikowski:  Arili.  iiiik.  Aiml.  i,  1H;15,  218,  Tuf.  xii,  xiii,  Fig.  44-50. — Haeckul: 

Itiolojr.  .Stiitlicn,  1H70, 72. — IliTlwigiindl-cMHcr:  Aicli.  iiiik.  Aimt.  x,  1W4,  Suppl.OI. — Ari'licr: 

(iiinrt..l(mr.Mlr.Sr.  1H77,  :tl7. 

Body  brick-  or  orange-red,  with  hyaline  periphery,  eonunonly  s|)herical, 
but  capable  of  much  (change  of  shape  J'seudopods  as  Actinophrys-liko 
ra}s,  and  lobate  extensions,  together  with  Acineta-like  rays ? 

According  to  Ilertwig  and  Lesser,  Vampyrclla  Spirngyrrr,  originally 
described  by  Cienkowski,  occurs  mo.stly  in  an  ActinophryH-like  form, 
measuring  0.02  mm.  to  0.075  mm.  in  diameter.  The  granular  jn'otojdasm 
of  the  body  is  pervaded  with  coloring  matter  of  difterent  shades  of  orange, 
reddish  yellow,  browni.sh  yellow,  and  greeni.sli.  The  coloring  of  the  cen- 
tral portion  is  so  intense  as  to  obscure  from  view  a  nucleus,  if  one  exists, 
^riie  periphery  of  the  body  is  hyaline,  and  contains  several  non-contractile 
vacuoles  The  ])ointed  pseudopodal  rays  frequc-ntly  start  from  a  common 
basis,  and  may  fork,  but  do  not  anastomose  Besides  these,  from  time  to 
time,  broad,  blunt,  lobate,  hyaline  processes  of  protoplasm  rapidly  appear 
and  disapj)ear  In  both  kinds  of  ])seudopodal  extensions,  peculiar  move- 
ments of  granules  occur,  in  which  they  are  quickly  projected  and  withdrawn. 
Ilertwig  and  Lesser  observe,  that  so  long  as  the  Vamjiyrella  retains  its 


m'i 


2M 


KIM'.SII  WATKK   IMIIZOPODH  Ol'   NOUTII   AMKIMCA. 


rouiuU'd  lonn  it  ho  ncnrly  rcscmhlcH  iiii  ActiiioplirvH,  timt  nn  ol)8«>rvor  for 
tho  lir«t  time  would  \w  apt  to  tiik«»  it  lor  n  colored  Hp(>cieH  of  tlio  liittor. 
Attention  directed  to  it  shows  that  it  docH  not  alwayH  retain  the  Hphericnl 
form,  hut  that,  (>sp(>cially  when  it  ni(>ets  with  al<roUH  lllaiucntH  or  similar 
objects,  it  withdraws  part  of  its  pseudopods,  and  adapts  its  shap(>  to  that 
of  the  (diject  n])ou  which  it  creeps  Its  chanj^e  is  very  strikinj^  wlien  it 
beconu's  <>:reatly  elon}«;ate(l  (to  0.24  mm.),  and  it  creepH  (piicUly  acr»)8H  the 


field 


>f  a  caterpilli 


kiew,  rennn(tm<;  one 

Woither  Cienkowski,  nor  llertwi^>-  and  TiOSsor,  detected  a  nucleus  in 
Vampyrella,  and  from  its  absence  in  a  marine  species,  Vainpi/irlla  donipho- 
vcHiatis,  described  bv  llaeckel,  this  author  has  |)lacod  tho  gemis  in  his 
)>ro|)osed  class  (d'  Motirni* 

According''  to  (Menkowski,  the  Vampyrella  feeds  only  on  the  cont(*nts 
of  the  «'ells  of  Spiroj^yra  A))plyin{jf  itself  to  a  lilament  of  tin*  al^^a,  tho 
aninud  perforates  a  cell,  and  slowly  transfers  the  contents,  iiududinfif  tho 
cldorophyl  band,  to  its  own  int(>rior.  In  the  same  manner  it  may  aj)ply 
itself  to  another  cell,  and  so  continue  until  its  appetite  is  satisliod. 

Cienkowski  remarks  that  the  Vonipi/irlln  Spirogyrw  appears  to  corre- 
spond with  the  Awivha  hitcritia  of  Fresenius;  and  so  it  lias  seemed  to  me, 
and  in  this  view,  accor<lin<>'  to  the  rules  of  zocdojiical  nomenclature,  1  have 
ailopted  the  latter  specific  name. 

1  had  n>peatedly  ob.served  a  bri^^ht  orange-ccdored  lleliozoan  th(>  rela- 
tion of  which  for  some  timci  1  diti  not  recojifiiize,  even  with  tho  ti<jfures  of 
Vampyrella  by  Cienkowski,  and  Ilertwifj  and  Lesser,  before  me,  and  it 
was  only  (tu  readinj?  tho  descripti(»ns  of  the  latter  animal  that  I  was  led  to 
r'<f>ii:'d  the  former  as  bein<j  the  same. 

Vampyrella  laleritin,  re})resented  in  fij^s.  10-I(i,  pi.  XLV,  as  T  now 

suspect  it  to  be,  and  us  it  has  come  under  my  notice,  is  a  bri(dc-red  or 
oranj^t^-colored  Actinoplnys-like  creature,  from  (>.()2^.'')?  nnn.  to  O.OH.'i  mm. 
ill  diameter. 

The  body  is  a  spherical,  finely  {fiaiiiilar  mass  <d'  protoplasm,  with 
dilVu.sed  oil-like  inolei^ulcs.  For  a  variable  dejitli  at  the  periphery  it  is  color- 
less, but  the  jifreat  porMon  centrally  is  brick-  or  orange-red,  of  variable 
intensity  of  hue,  and  is  sometimes  mingled  with  a  few  darker  granules  of  the 
same  color.     Tho  mass  of  protoplasm  may  bo  nearly  homogeneous,  ns  soon 

•  Stiiillon  llliiT  Monnnm.    I^li»zl({.    IH70.   Nll('lltl■iiKl^  7.iir  M(iiio|{rii|)liii<  dor  MtMUMtm,  l(U,Tiif.  vl,  Vif(.  1-4. 


{b 


(iKNIUS  VA.MI'YKi;i,l,A— VAMI'YUKIiLA    I-ATKIMTIA. 


in  lij^H.  10,  II,  l.'J-io,  or  it  iimy  coiitiiiii  a  tew  or  iiiiincrouH  vacuoles,  aH 
in  Actinoplirys,  and  as  rt'i.rcsenU'd  in  ii<>;s.  12,  1(1.  A  lun-lciis  was  not 
ohscrvod,  and,  if  »'xi«tin{;,  is  concealed  from  view  \>y  t!u>  Hnrroinu'.iii^  mate- 
rial. Food,  in  the  form  of  j^reen  aljifa*,  was  noticed  amonp^  tlie  cont(»rtts  in 
several  individnals,  as  represented  in  iij,r  I't. 

The  psendopodal  rays  of  the  creature  under  consiil(>rati(ai,  wiiicli  I 
liave  taken  for  I'liDipipillii  Idtcril'ia,  lniv(>  appeared  to  me  to  lie  of  two  kinds, 
one  of  the  ordinary  charact(M',  resendiliiiff  those  of  Actinophrys,  while  the 
others  have  reminded  nui  of  tho  MUctorial  rays  of  Acineta. 

Tlu^  onlinary  rays  are  ihdicate,  strai;"lit,  usually  simple,  and  of  very 
varialile  leuf^th;  mostly  shorter,  sometimes  loiij^er  than  the  diameter  of 
the  body.  Not  nnfri'e(pu>ntly  several  to;;ether  start  t'rom  the  same  Itase. 
They  may  project  from  a  small  jHirtion  or  from  the  entire  surface  of  the 
body;  sometimes  iM'iu;r  cunliutHl  to  the  semi-circuud'erence  or  a  smaller 
portion,  and  soiiK^times  projectinjf  every whe  ",  as  in  Actiiuiphrys. 

'I'ho  Aclneta-liko  rays  are  piu-likct,  or  consist  of  a  slan-t  stem  endin>;-  in 
a  minute  round  head,  and  nieasiu'e  from  0.()()4  nnn  to  O.OILT)  nnii.  in  len}>'th. 
Like  the  ordinary  rays,  they  may  project  from  any  part  ur  the  whole  of  the 
Burfacu  of  the  body  at  once;  and  they  may  lie  minj^ied  indiscriminately 
with  the  former,  or  the  two  kinds  may  appear  separated  and  issuin^f  alonct 
from  opposite  poles  of  the  body. 

The  pin-lik(!  rays  are  especially  remarkiilde  lor  the  (piickness  with 
which  they  are  siu-cessively  projected  and  withdrawn.  At  tinu's  they  are 
projected  only  in  the  slij»'ht(!8t  de^jfreo  hcsyond  the  (-utiino  of  tho  body,  and 
rarely  to  a  {^reater  lenj^th  than  O.Ol'if)  nun. 

Sometimes  an  individual  wluui  first  notice<l  exhibits  onl}' ordinary  rays 
projectin<»;  from  some  portion  or  tho  whole  surface  of  i\w  body,  and  after  a 
while  the  pin-lik((  rays  in  variable  number  issue  from  some  portion  or  the 
whole  of  the  surface. 

Vampyrella  {glides  alouff  in  the  manner  of  Actinophrys,  but  connnoidy 
with  more  speed.  Frecpnsntly,  while  in  motion,  the  jdn-like  rays  issue  only 
on  tho  side  opposite  to  tho  direction  of  movomont  of  tho  body,  while  ordi- 
nary rays  may  j)roject  alone  on  tho  other  side,  as  roiiresented  in  (i<f.  14. 

Conimoidy  both  kinds  of  rays  aro  directed  jierpendicularly,  but  occa- 
sionally cither  may  be  seen  projecting  tangentially ;  and  while  tho  pin-like 
rays  are  iiu'essaiitly  and  rapidly  pushed  forth  and  withdrawn,  the  ordinary 
rays,  usually  appan'utly  motioidess,  now  and  then  aro  seen  slowly  to  vibrate. 


2;)() 


rUKSllWATF':  KIllZOl'ODS  OF  NO'KTII  AMKKICA. 


In  tho  lU'oount  of  \'iiin|)3n'llii,  previous  ol)servors  do  not  indioate  tlio 
exis^on<'o  of  tho  peculiar  pin-like  rays  as  1  have  apparently  seen  and 
descrilted  them,  hut  they  refer  to  certain  reniarkahle  and  similar  niovo- 
ment>.  (.f  j>i-anules,  with  wiiicli  the  pin-like  rays  seem  to  accord  It  .vaa 
not  'intil  i'fter  I  made  ohservations  on  the  creature  I  have  supposed  to  be 
VaiJipyreli  i,  th  t  I  read  the  desi-riptious  of  the  latter,  and  it  lias  tu-curred 
to  me  that  tive  ai)i)earance  of  the  pin-like  rays  as  above  indicated  may  have 
been  illastiy.  Since  this  view  has  occurred  to  me,  1  have  not  had  the 
oppor^r  nity  of  repeating  my  observations. 

IK'j^ides  the  pseudopodal  ra>s,  \'ampyrella  frequentl}'  projects  di<jfit- 
like  or  lobular  processes  or  broad  wave-like  expansions  of  clear  or  faintly 
{granular  protoplasm,  as  seen  in  tigs,  10-1,").  These  are  cpiickly  produced 
and  as  quickly  disa|)pear. 

In  nuition,  the  body  of  Vampyrella  was  occasionally  noticed  to  undergo 
slight  change  of  shape  from  s])heroulal  to  oval;  but  I  was  not  so  fortunate 
as  to  obsene  it  undergo  the  remarkable  changes  indicated  by  others. 

DIPLOPIIRYS. 

(ircrk,  iliphus,  iloiiblr;  ojihnu-,  cyrln'ow. 

J)iplnphr)i3 :  Biirkor,  IStW.     .(cdnf/ioci/sdn  ,•  (iivi'lf,  li^li'-t.     CiintoiiliriiK  :  Aiv'ior,   Irti'.l.     Ulawhiniin :  OivolT, 

18<'>. 

Aninial  minute,  sp,  oroidil,  provided  with  a  delicate,  homogeneous, 
nu'mbranous  investment,  witli  a  pair  of  oral  orilices  slightly  lateral  to  the 
oj)})C)site  ))oles.  Tho  interior,  transpar*.  nt,  slightly  graiudar  protoj)lasni  with 
a  central  iiucLus,  several  ))ulsating  vesicles,  and  usually  a  .single,  bright, 
yellow  or  red,  oil-like  globule.  Paeudopods  delicate,  filamentous,  ami 
radiant  in  a  tult  fn)in  both  oral  orifices.  The  young  associated  in  groups, 
often  of  many  iiidivid;uds 

DIPLOPHRYS   \HCHKRI 


A  iiiiniilf  iiii:iiiM<liiiiM  fiinii.     liarki'r:  Quail.  .lour.  Mic.  Sr.  vii,  lS(i7,  'i'.Vi. 

IHjilojiknin  .Irvhiri.     Uaik(>r:  Uiidi  iii,  >iii,  IHiS.  I'Jll.— Aivl.  t;  niiili-in,  1^1. — lli^rhvi^  mill  l,0(««>r:  Anii. 

iiiik.  ,\Mi-i.  X,  IKTI,  Siii>,.l.  I;il»,  Till',  iii,  V'n(.  It.— liivcIV:  Arcli.  iiiik.  Aniil.  xi,  187.'i,  15,  pi.  i, 

I'ig.  i!   it.— .ScUiil/..':  n>i(l«'iii,  I'.'T,  Taf.  vii,  Kijf.  ln-l.'i. 
AciiHlhwiinliii  i>pin\f'era  f    (irt'cll':  A-vli.  inik.  Nal.  v,  IH»)<».  4l»r>,  'I'al'.  xxvii,  Fig.  )i'i-aj>. 
CjIKUiphrijii  iH'iiini.     Arflu'r:  Qnail.  .?.>m-.  I.lir.  .Sc.  i.\,  Iwiy,  'JKt,  -I','!,  jil.  xv!!,  ilg.  :i;  x,  iHTd,  IH,  'Jxi,  101; 

xi    1H71,  144. 
-1  vri-ji  v.<nii(f  or  "/>i;W(i//«''.»/«-/i<i  "  <>r(/<iiii»»i.     Aiclirr:  Qiiarl.  Joiir.  Mic.  Si',  ix,  18t>!t,  \H'.\;  X,  U^O,  l-.'«; 

xi,  lf<7l,  14.''>.  111.  \  i,  l-)i.  !»,  jil.  vii,  lij{.  10. 
Jilavrhaiue  diula.     liieoll;  Aicli.  niik.  Anal,  xi,  1  ■iTfi,  y;l,  Taf.  i,  lij;.  10. 


GENUS    Dll'LOlMIUYS— 1)1!'L()1M1I{Y8  AUCllKKl. 


257 


lliplopliryM  nrrheri,  in  its  niiitiiro  individual  condition,  is  dosoribcd 
hv  I'rcifessor  Schul/.c  *  >is  a  niinnto  jflobtdar  body,  0.01  nun.  to  0.02  nnn., 
from  »n)])osito  poll's  of  which  tluTo  radiates  a  tuft  of  lino  and  mostly 
unl)ranchiii<j^  pscudopods.  Thn  transjiarcnt,  faintly  }>;ranular  protoplasm 
composiu}"'  the  body  contains  a  brijfht  n*fractivo  corpuscle  of  variable  sizo, 
usually  of  an  ambor  color,  loss  frequently  jmlor  or  even  colorless,  anil  sonio- 
tinies  H<xht  ruby  red. 

I  have  not  observed  Di|)li)phrys  in  the  isolated  and  mature  condition; 
it  havin<r  perhaps  escaped  my  attention  from  its  very  di'uinutive  sizi*.  On 
several  occasions  1  have  seen  what  1  have  sujiposed  to  be  the  youn<^  con- 
dition, in  which  numerous  individuals  were  a.ssociated  in  a  coherent  mass, 
resembliufT  similar  j^roups  described  and  ti^^nioil  by  I'rolessor  (J recti'  and 
Mr.  Archer. 

Professor  GreetVf  has  suf::<i;'ested  the  probab.ility  of  such  a  jfroup, 
represented  in  In  ivr.  2!),  pi.  xxvii,  and  other  forms,  lifis  2.'')— 28  of  the 
same  plate,  more  characteristic  of  Diplopltrii^  <i)rli4')i,  haviuf^-  a  {genetic 
relation  with  Aauithorifstis  spinifcro.  A  similar  {jj-roup  Mr.  Archer  referred 
to  another  animal,  distinct  from  Diplophrys,  with  the  name  of  r//,s7o/)/in/.v 
ocnlra.X 

tSubsetpiently  Professor  (.»reelV§  reco'^'uized  the  forms  reproHoutcd  in 
his  tij^s.  2.'')-2S,  above  indicated,  as  l)elon<.fi}i}^  to  Diplopliri/s  nnlwii,  and 
fiu'ther  became  convinced  that  the  group  ix>pres<mted  in  his  tig.  2}t,  |)re- 
viously  described  by  hin>  without  nann^  together  with  the  ( )is(ophi!i.'i 
onilra  of  Arclun*,  were  colonies  of  Diphphri/s  nrclirri,  probahl\  reHiillltig 
from  segmentation 

The  rlu;',opodal  groups  which  1  liavo  ol>sevved,  and  regarded  as  per- 
taining to  l)iploplir!/s  archeri,  were  obtained  in  sphaguous  bog  water.  o\\ 
Hroad  Mountain,  Schuylkill  (Comity,  Pennsylvania,  September,  IH7ti,  and 
at  Atco,  New  .lei-sey,  October,  IH77. 

The  groups  were  composed  of  nntUlliidcH  of  minute  globular  indi- 
viduals aggregated  in  masses,  which  in  their  movunieiitH  slowly  iniderwent 
change  of  shape.  A  group  closely  aggregated  and  nearly  H|)herical 
measured  about  0.04  nun.     (Jently  gliding  across   the   field  of   view,  it 

'  Arcliiv  ('.  niiliiis.  Anntomlr.  xl,  1875,  I'Ji. 

I  ll)i(l(>in.  \,  |H(i!t. 

tQiuirl.  .lour.  MictiiH.  Scii'iiic,  i\.  |H(i(l,  p|.  xvil,  (Ig.  X 

\\.VlrUi\   I.  lUikltm.  AHUtonUr,  xl,  IHTIi,  (5. 

17  iniiK 


i^! 


i  f , 


258 


FRESH  WATEK  KUIZOPODS  OP  NORTH  AMFRIGA. 


gnidually  assumed  an  oval  and  then  an  irregularly  five-sided  shape,  as 
represented  in  fig.  8,  pi.  XLV.  Continuing  its  slow  changes,  it  elongated 
to  more  than  double  its  foiiner  extent,  becoming  narrower  and  constricted 
toward  the  middle,  as  seen  in  fig.  7.  In  the  latter  condition,  the  group  was 
more  spread,  thinner,  paler,  and  more  translucent,  and  the  individuals 
more  widely  separated.  Later  the  group  rather  suddenly  shortened  to  au 
oval  shape,  then  became  "rrogularl}  (puulrate,  reniform,  and  so  on 

Another  group,  v/lien  first  noticed,  was  biscuit-sliaped,  and  as  it  slowly 
moved  along,  a  break  occurred  near  the  centre,  through  which,  by  a  slight 
change  of  focus,  a  deeper  layer  of  individuals  could  be  seen,  apparently 
indicmiug  tlip  ffji'lip  to  have  f(U*nied  '?  hollow  mass. 

Tlie  indivKliuils  eom[)osing  the  groujis  of  Diplophrys  have  appeared  to 
nui  to  be  asan('ii«te()  |)y  means  of  rant^parent  protoplasm  ;  l>ut  the  exist- 
ence «if  tins  lias  l)een  <lenied  by  llcjhvig  and  Lesser,  in  opposition  to 
similar  views  expressed  by  Archer,  Greeft',  and  Sihiilze. 

I|ertwig  and  Lesser  describe  the  larger  groups  oj-  communities  as 
\\\'\\\^  H|IM|i>  lip  (tf  smaller  ones  associated  in  fours;  but  such  did  not  appear 
to  be  the  case  in  the  few  examples  which  came  under  my  observation. 

'Jlie  Ihdlvidnali  omposing  the  groups  were  of  pretty  uniform  eize, 
globular  in  shape,  and  measured  0.004  mm.  to  0.005  mm.  in  dianuHcir; 
therefore  considerably  smaller  than  those  described  by  llertwigand  Lesser. 
Tln^y  were  transparent,  and  contained  mostly  a  single,  Imght  cherrj  red 
corpuscle,  «)il-lilve  and  highly  nfractive.  The  presence  of  the  large  red 
corp\i8cles  so  far  concealed  everything  elst)  that  1  failed  to  (feteet  il  iillcllitls. 

The  pseudopodal  rays  were  numeroJia,  and  diverged  Irregularly  from 
all  parts  of  the  snH'ace  of  the  groups.  They  welo  exceedingly  delicate, 
straight,  simple,  non-granular,  and  from  0.02  mm  to  0.04  mm.  jotig.  I 
could  not  trace  a  connection  between  them  jtnd  the  indiviilinvls,  (\U(\  sus- 
pected that  they  enianated  IV(tm  a  common  enveloping  protoplasm,  accord- 
ing to  a  similar  view  \A'  Professor  Schulze. 

ACTINUSril.KRIUM. 

llreck,  iiktin,  ii  my  |  sphairn,  aHplicro. 

Body  spherical  or  oval,  composed  of  finely  granular  proloitliism  on- 
closing  a  mnsH  of  delicate  polyhedrnl  vesicles  or  vacnoleH  (ic;cu|ileH  by  it. 
clearer  hyaline  protoplasm.     The  outer  one  or  two  layorH  of  vacuoles  more 


GENUS  ACTINOSPHiEEIUM— ACTINOSPHiERIUM  EICHHORNII.   259 


I  iirnjfllfti  y- 


or  less  distinctly  defined  from  the  interior  mass  by  greater  size,  translu- 
cency,  and  apparently  the  intervention  of  a  thicker  film  of  granular  pro- 
toplasm. Nuclei  numerous  and  imbedded  in  the  latter  beneath  the  periph- 
eral vacuoles.  Contractile  vesicles  two,  commonly  occupying  opposite 
positions  in  the  peripheral  vacuole  layer.  Rays  numerous,  consisting  of 
tapering  extensions  of  the  granular  protoplasm,  including  an  axis  thread, 
which  starts  from,  the  body  beneath  the  peripheral  vacuole  layer. 

ACTINOSPH.ERIUM  EICIIHORNII. 
Pi-ATK  xr.i. 

7).r  Stern.     Eiclihorii:  Boitr.  Konnt.  WiiHsrrlli.  17f;t,  1,'i. 

Actinopkrys  Eichhornii.  KlironberK :  nt'ri<'lit  I'ri'us.  Ak.  Wis.  1840,  IIW.— Stein :  ItifimioiiRtliiorp,  1854, 148, 
151. — ClapiirMi)  ami  Lttchinann:  Rtu<len  liifusoiroa,  i,  18,58, 1>,  450. — I'ritclmnl :  Hist.  Infii- 
soria,  1801,  .560.— Hacckrl :  Uiulii.lari.Mi,  1802,  Ki,").— Wallioh :  An.  Jlaf;.  Nat.  Hist,  xi,  IHtUi, 
444,  pi.  X,  figs.  l-:i.— Cartel :  Ihidcni,  1804.  xiii,  :i.5,  1)1.  ii,  fig.  i;l ;  18»>ri,  xv,  281,  28;t,  pi.  xii, 
ti({. (■>. — Ci<Mikow,ski :  Ari'li.  niik.  Anat.  i,  1805,  227,  220. — (irtclV:  Arcli.  niik.  Anat.  iii,  180T, 
3lKi. — Mii'ionrapliic  Dictionary,  pi. 2:1,  li){.7fl. — Sebnoidor:  Zrilscli.  win.  Ziml.  xxi,  1871,. ''lO*. 

ActinophijiH  Hul.     Kdllikcr:  /ji'it.scli.  win.  Zool.  i,  1840, 198. 

Artin«iiph(rrium  KU'hhornii.     Stoin:  8it7,\in({.sl).  l!i>lun.  (^icsolls.  WIh.  18,57,  41.— (Jroert":  .'^itzungsli.  nii'ilor 
rhcin.  GcsoUs.  Bonn,  1871,  4.— Sflmlzi- :   Aroli.  niik.  Anat.  x,  1874,  'JUS,  Taf.  xxli.— licit 
wij;  and  Losaer:  Arch.  mik.  Anat.  x,  1874,Snppl,  170, Taf.  v,  I'ig.  1.— Lt-iily  :  I'r.  Ac. Nat.  Sc. 
1874,  Kit). 

Body  transparent,  colorless,  usually  with  a  single  peripheral  layer  of 
the  large  vacuoles,  which  are  deeper  than  broad;  or,  in  the  larger  or  older 
individu  lis,  sometimes  with  two  peripheral  layers  of  vacuoles  of  n.oie  uni- 
form diameters. 

Sue — Ranging  from  0.088  mm.  to  0.4  mm.  in  individuals  of  globular 
form,  with  rays  to  0.22  mm.  in  length;  in  individuals  of  oval  form,  from 
0.2fi  mm.  by  0.24  mm.  to  0.68  mm.  by  O.fio  mm.,  with  rays  as  in  the  former. 

LocalUy. — In  ponds,  lakes,  and  tlitches,  among  Ceratoj)hyllum,  Lemna, 
and  either  aquatic  plants,  in  J'ennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  the  Uinta 
Mtmntains  of  Wyoming  Territory. 

4|:MlM'!!ipliU'riuni  cirlilioriiii  commonly  looks  like  a  giant  form  of 
\\)\)  f'Ojnmoi)  Siiii-av.imalculc,  but  is  usually  readily  distinguishable,  even 
hi  im  siiifillcsl  individuals,  by  a  more  or  less  well-marked  distinction 
of  the  peripheral  lajer  cf  vesicles  from  the  interior  mass.  It  varies  greatly 
in  size,  and,  though  less  frequent  than  Acihiojiliij/s  tiof,  is  found  in  similar 
|)osl(lon8,  and  possesses  nearly  shnilar  habits.     See  pi.  KtA. 

'I'ilii  hutly  is  mostly  spherical,  but  often  in  tho  largest  individuals  is 
oval.     It  forms  a  colorless,  hyaline,  vesicular  !)all,  \Mtli  a  clouded  interior 


m 


i 


■  '■if 


ffi  5 


i  T 


2G0 


FUESll  WATER  KHIZOl'ODS  OF  NOllTH  AMEHIOA. 


m 


11  i 


and  fi  dearer  j)erij)heral  layer.  Tlie  latter,  as  seen  in  the  various  figures 
of  pi.  XLI,  consists  of  a  single  stratum  of  largo  clear  vesicles  or  vacuoles, 
forming  mostly  short  six-sided  columns,  resting  by  their  narrower  end  on  an 
interior  ball  of  smaller  polyhedral  vesicles,  and  with  the  opposite  end  free 
and  convex,  and  contributing  to  the  general  surface  of  the  body.  The 
superficial  vesicles  are  nearly  imiform,  but  not  unfrequently  vary,  and 
sometimes  a  pair  of  vesicles  of  more  uniform  diameters  substitute  the  ordi- 
nary short  columnar  vesicle.  The  interior  vesicles,  besides  being  in  general 
smaller  than  the  exterior  ones,  are  more  regularly  polyhedral  and  of  greater 
uniformity  in  their  several  diameters. 

The  vesicles  are  compo8(!d  of  a  thin,  delicate,  protoplasmic  layer,  con- 
taining apparently  a  more  liquid  and  homogeneous  protoplasm  within. 
They  appear  to  be  held  together  and  invested  with  a  more  granular  i)roto- 
plasm  with  diffused  oil  molecules.  A  thicker  stratum  of  this  material  ap- 
pears to  define  the  peripheral  layer  of  vesicles  from  the  deeper  mass,  and  a 
greater  proportion  also  a})peai's  to  extend  between  the  vesicles  of  the  latter. 
From  this  more  granular  protoplasm  investing  the  body  of  the  animal,  that 
of  the  pseudopodal  rays  mainly  has  its  origin. 

In  the  peripheral  layer  of  vesicles  there  are  usually  to  be  detected  two 
contractile  vesicles,  situated  at  opi)Ositc  poles  of  the  body,  as  seen  in  figs. 
1,  2,  .'5,  n,  h.  At  one  moment  they  may  exhibit  no  difference  in  ajipearance 
from  the  contiguous  vesicles;  but,  from  time  to  time,  one  or  both  may  be 
seen  slowly  to  enlarge,  j)ressing  on  the  surrounding  v(!sicles,  and  rising  as 
a  clear  hemlsphcical  bubble  above  the  surface  of  the  body.  See  figs.  1-5, 
7,  rt  On  reaching  the  full  degree  of  expansion,  they  rather  abruptly  col- 
lapse, and  expel  the  liquid  contents,  causing  a  sinking  of  the  wall  of  the 
vesicle,  and  producing  a  temporary  concave  depression  on  the  surface  of 
the  body,  as  seen  in  figs.  1,  2,  h.  The  collapse  of  the  vesicles  Is  sufficiently 
strong  to  give  a  visible  shock  to  the  body  of  the  animal.  Shortly  after  the 
colla])St.;,  the  contractile  vesicle  reapjjoars  in  the  same  place. 

According  to  Stein,  Carter,  and  other  authorities,  Adinosplucrinm  cich- 
honiii  contains  many  nuclei,  largo  individuals  having  a  hundred  or  more. 
They  occupy  a  position  in  the  superficial  part  of  the  interior  mass  of  vesi- 
cles, beneath  the  peripheral  layer  of  larger  ones,  enveloped  in  the  same 
kind  of  finely  granular  protoplasm.  Ordinarily,  they  are  invisible  without 
the  application  of  cliemical  reagents,  or  at  most  they  are  .sometimes  b;ir(ily 


''  Ulj, 


GENUS  ACTINOSPII/EHIUM— ACTINOSPII/KUIUM  KICimOHNll.      2B1 


perceptible  as  pale,  shaded  spots  in  the  iiiteiior  of  the  body.  Dilute  acetic 
acid  brings  them  into  view  as  pale  and  faintly  yranular  spheres,  with  a 
large  central  nucleolus,  or  several  smaller  nucleoli.  The  smallest  individ- 
uals appear  commonly  to  contain  but  a  single  nucleus,  as  in  the  connnon 
Sun-animalcule. 

The  pseudopodal  i-ays  project  in  all  directions  (figs.  1-3)  as  in  the 
latter,  .and  are  equally  niuiierous.  They  are  long,  tapering  extensions  of 
grantdar  ])rotopIasm,  sustained  by  a  delicate  axial  thread,  but  proportion- 
ately ai'e  connnonly  not  so  long  as  in  Adinoplirys  sol. 

The  axial  thread  of  the  pse'.ulopodal  rays  is  a  simple,  comparatively 
rigid,  and  straight  filament,  which  starts  from  the  surface  of  the  interioi' 
vesicular  mass  of  the  body,  and  passes  tlu'ough  th(>  peripheral  layer  of  larger 
vesicles  between  them.  The  threads  extend  through  the  greater  part  of 
the  length  of  the  jiseudopods,  but  do  not  reach  their  ends. 

A  portion  of  the  granular  protoplasm  of  the  pseudopods  appears  to 
originate  from  the  stratum  immediately  beneath  the  jieripheral  layer  of 
vesicles,  and  extends  upon  the  axial  thread  through  the  latter,  when  it  is 
reinforced  by  an  additional  portion  converging  from  the  exterior  investment 
of  the  same  material,  as  seen  in  fig.  7. 

The  axial  threads  of  the  pseudopods  are  homogeneous,  and  appear 
to  consist  of  more  or  less  solidified  protoplasm.  They  clearly  contribute  to 
sustain  and  strengthen  the  pseudopodal  rays  ;  and,  though  they  seem  to  be, 
they  are  not  rigid  spicules,  for  they  may  be  seen  to  bend  beneath  the 
rude  shock  of  active  animalcules  coming  into  contact  with  the  rays.  At 
times,  also,  they  appear  not  to  be  persistent  structures,  as  I  have  observed 
individuals  in  which  they  seemed  to  vanish  with  the  retraction  of  the  rays, 
and  again  reappear  with  the  production  of  these. 

Occasionally  I  have  seen  individuals  of  Actinosphwrium  with  few  or 
no  rays. 

The  food  of  Admosplucrium  cichhornii  in  general  is  of  the  same  natm-e, 
and  the  mode  of  taking  it  the  same,  as  in  ActinopJni/a  sol.  With  its  usually 
greater  size  and  strength  than  in  the  latter,  the  former  will  feed  upon  larger 
and  more  j)owerful  animals,  especially  various  rotifers.  Though  the  animal 
is  to  all  appearances  exceedingly  inactive  and  sluggish,  remaining  sus- 
l)ended  in  the  water  almost  motionless  or  feebly  gliding  about,  it  is  a  glut- 
tonous feeder  and  consinue.s  a  large  amount  of  foo<l.     This  connnonly  con- 


11 


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ii;-i' 


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i;ii  1 


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262 


FRKSll-WATEH  RinZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!  Ill  I 
ji 


sists  of  ciliated  and  flagellated  infusoria,  rotifers,  zoospores,  diatoms,  the 
smaller  desmids,  etc. 

Largo  active  animalcules  rudely  brush  against  the  multitudinous  ra\ 
of  Actinosphjcrium,  and  turn  them  aside  without  apparent  harm  to  either, 
and  without  the  Actinospluerium  displaying  any  evident  mark  of  irritability, 
either  in  its  rays  or  body.  Weaker  animalcules,  coming  within  the  influence 
of  the  rays,  are  often  rendered  more  or  less  powerless,  or  their  movements 
become  enfeebled  and  finally  cease.  Being  gradually  drawn  toward  the 
body  by  the  retraction  of  one  or  more  of  the  rays,  the  prey  becomes  im- 
mersed in  a  mass  of  projected  protoplasai,  as  seen  in  figs.  1,  2,  c,  which  is 
then  gradually  withdrawn  with  the  included  food.  It  passes  through  the 
peripheral  layer  of  large  vesicles,  and  sinks  among  the  mass  of  smaller 
vesicles  within.  In  the  interior  of  the  latter,  food  of  various  kinds  is  often 
visible.  Comparatively  soft  food,  when  swallowed  quickly,  assumes  the 
form  of  a  ball,  and  is  commonly  seen  in  this  condition,  included  within  a 
drop  of  clear  liquid,  in  the  interior  of  the  body.  More  consistent  food,  such 
as  diatoms  or  the  hard  parts  of  rotifers,  retains  the  original  form.  The  food 
is  rapidly  digested,  undergoing  changes,  according  to  its  nature,  as  in  other 
Rhizopods,  and  as  repeatedly  indicated  in  the  preceding  pages. 

Excrementitious  matter,  usually  in  the  form  of  a  ball,  is  discharged,  by 
a  somewhat  quick  projection  of  a  portion  of  the  interior  protoplasm  of  the 
body  containing  the  ball,  through  the  pcriphoral  vesicular  layer,  as  repre- 
sented in  (/,  fig.  2. 

As  above  indicated,  Adinosphcerium  eichhornii  may  appear  with  few  or 
no  rays.  Fig.  4  represents  an  individual,  which,  when  first  observed, 
possessed  but  a  single  long  ray.  After  a  brief  interval,  a  second,  and  then 
a  third,  were  projected,  and  after  an  hour  had  elapsed  it  presented  many 
raj's  directed  from  all  parts  of  the  surface  of  the  body. 

I  once  met  with  a  singular  body,  of  vesicular  constitution  and  rayless, 
as  represented  in  fig.  G,  which  I  supposed  to  be  a  rayless  form  of  Adino- 
sphcerium eichhornii.  It  was  irregularly  oval,  ,ind  about  0.4  mm.  long. 
The  peripheral  vesicles  were  less  uniform  than  in  the  characteristic  forms 
of  Actinospluerium,  and  had  their  greater  diameter  mostly  in  a  reverse 
direction  from  the  usual  one.  Tliough  entirely  rayless,  the  animal  showed 
some  activity,  displayed  in  feeble  changes  in  the  outline  of  shape,  and  in 
the  slow  expansion  and  quick  collapse  of  some  of  the  larger  vesicles  of  the 


GENUS  A0TINOSPri.l5RIUM— ACTIN()SPHJ5mUM  EICHHORNII.     203 

exterior  layer.  It  contained  several  articles  of  food,  among  which  were 
conspicuously  seen  a  diatom  and  a  large  rotifer.  After  twentj'^-four  hours 
all  the  food  was  expelled  except  one  green  alga,  and  the  animal  had 
assumed  a  globular  form,  0.28  mm.  in  diameter.  No  rays  appeared,  and 
later  the  animal  died. 

In  several  Instances  I  have  observed  bodies,  as  represented  in  figs.  11, 
12,  which  possessed  the  shape,  size,  and  apparent  vesicular  constitution  of 
Actinosphccrium  eichhornii,  but  they  were  lifeless,  and  the  vesicles  were 
composed  of  structureless  membrane,  without  a  trace  of  interior  or  exterior 
liquid  protoplasm.  Whether  these  bodies  really  have  any  relationship  with 
Actinosphaerium,  or  whether  they  pertain  to  some  other  animal,  I  have  not 
been  able  to  determine.  Found  in  the  same  localities  in  which  I  had,  at 
an  earlier  season  of  the  year,  observed  many  active  individuals  of  Actino- 
sphaerium, I  have  suspected  that  they  might  be  of  the  nature  of  an  exuvium, 
discharged  in  some  way  by  the  latter. 

Another  enigmatic  body  occasionally  met  with,  as  represented  in  figs. 
9,  10,  I  have  suspected  to  be  a  fragment  of  an  Actinosphaerium.  In  this 
particular  specimen,  of  which  two  views  are  given,  the  body  consisted  of  a 
globule  of  granular  protoplasm,  containing  at  first  two  vesicles,  and  then, 
by  union  of  these,  a  single  larger  vesicle,  and  a  single  pseudopodal  ray 
sustained  by  an  axial  thread. 

Another  specimen,  represented  in  fig.  8,  consisted  of  a  globule  of  gran- 
ular protoplasm,  propoi'tionately  more  abundant  than  usual,  together  with 
a  number  of  included  vesicles  of  variable  sizes.  From  the  body  there  pro- 
jected four  long,  delicate  rays,  upon  each  of  which  there  was  a  large  drop 
of  protoplasm.  I  am  uncertain  whether  the  specimen  had  any  relationship 
with  Actinosphaerium. 

Actinosphairium  eichhornii  exhibits  a  considerable  range  of  size.  Ordi- 
narily, spherical  individuals  are  from  O.IGG  mm.  to  0.33  mm.  in  diameter, 
with  the  rays  usually  of  less  length  than  the  diameter  of  the  body,  and 
commonly  from  0.1  mm.  to  0.2  mm.  long.  Oval  individuals  reach  0.66 
mm.  in  length. 

Actinosphccrium  eichhornii  is  found  in  the  same  kind  of  localities  as 
Actinophrys  sol,  and  in  association  with  it.  Its  favorite  resort  is  quiet  water 
among  duckmeat,  horn  wort,  etc.  It  commonly  appears  nearly  stationary, 
or  as  if  gently  floated  along  by  an  imperceptible  current  of  the  water.     It 


H 


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tn. 


I  I 


M^ 
M 


I   i 


iji 


264 


FHE8H-WATEU  ltniZ()POD8  OF  NORTU  AMEUIOA. 


at  times  shows  slight  changes  in  the  outline,  while  its  contractile  vesicles 
pursue  their  usual  rhythmical  movements,  at  each  moment  as  one  collapses 
giving  the  whole  body  a  gentle  quiver. 

ACANTHOCYSTIS. 

Greek,  akantha,  it  tboni ;  kiistia,  a  cyst. 
Trichoda:  Sehranlt,  1803.     Aclinoplinjs :  KlirciibcrK,  18311.     Acanlhocyatis :  Carter,  18G4. 

Animal  Acti:iophrys-like  in  general  appearance.  Body  sjiherical,  soft, 
composed  of  finely  granular  jirotoplasm  mingled  with  variable  proportions 
of  bright-green  and  colorless  corpuscles,  the  former  at  times  absent,  also 
containing  diffused  oil  molecules,  a  central  nucleus,  together  with  vacuoles, 
and  a  variety  of  food  materials  commonly  in  the  form  of  balls.  Exterior 
of  the  body  invested  with  numerous  delicate,  silicious  rays,  implanted  by 
minute  basal  disks,  and  ending  in  a  simple,  pointed  or  furcate  extremity; 
also  giving  off  numerous  delicate,  soft  rays  like  those  of  Actinophrys  ;  fur- 
ther enveloped  by  a  layer  of  protoplasm,  rising  in  pointed  processes  on  the 
rays,  and  pervaded  by  a  multitude  of  exceedingly  minute,  linear  particles; 
the  enveloping  layer  sometimes  absent. 

ACANTHOCYSTIS  CH^TOPHORA. 

Plate  XLIII,  iigs.  1-6. 

Tr'choda  cluntophora.     Schraiik  :  Fauna  Boica,  iii,  2,  180H,  'J',\. 

ActinophrjiH  riridis.     Khrciibcrg:  Abli.  AU.  Wis.  Berlin,  18:i:t,  228;  InfuBionstliierchcn,  1838,  304,  Taf. 

xxxi,   rig.  vil.— Dnjardiii :    Infusoiros,  1841,  207. — Pirty  :    Kennf.  klcinst.  Lebeusfonnftu, 
.  1852,  WJ. — Pritcharil :  lli.st.  Inlus.  1801,  500. — Micrograpliic  Dictionary,  pi.  23,  lig.  (i. 
AcanthocjialiH  liirjui.ta.     Carter:  An.  Mag.  Nat.  IIJHt.  1804,  xiii,  3ti,  pi.  ii,  fig.  2,5. — Archer:  (Jiiart.  Jonr. 

Mic.  He.  X,  1870,  27;  xvi,  1870,301. — Hcrtwig  and  Losff^r:  Arch.  mile.  Anat.  x,  1874,  Suppl. 

204.— Grceff :  Arch.  niik.  Anat.  xi,  1875,  30,  Taf.  i,  l'"ig.  1-4. 
Acanlhocjialin  viriilin.    Groell':  Arcli.  niik.  Ana),  v,   18G9,  481,  Taf.  xxvi,  l''ig.  8-17. — Grccnachcr :  ZcitH. 

wis.  Zool.  xix,  1801),  289,  Taf.  xxiv.  Fig.  1-3. — Schneider:  Ibidem,  xxi,  1871,  .505. — Leidy: 

Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  1874,  100. 
ArnntUoi-ijKtis  pallida.     Grcelf:  Arch.  miU.  Anat.  v,  1809,  489,  Taf.  xxvii.  Fig.  19. 
AraiillioeiiiiliH  {riridiH)  turfacea.    Grcefl':  Arch.  niik.  Anat.  xi,  1875,  3,  Taf.  i.  Fig.  1-4. 

Body  spherical,  usually  bright  green  from  the  presence  of  chlorophyl 
corpuscles,  mingled  in  variable  proportion  together  with  colorless  ones ; 
sometimes  colorless  from  the  absence  of  the  former.  Nucleus  central,  com- 
monly obscured  from  view  by  the  surrounding  constituents.  Silicious  or 
spinous  rays  of  two  kinds :  the  one  long,  comparatively  strong  and  acutely 
furcate  at  the  free  end ;  the  other  short,  very  delicate,  and  widely  furcate  at 
the  free  end,  and  sometimes  altogether  absent.     Soft  rays  simple,  granular. 


iii 


1  i 


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GENUS  ACANTIIOOYSTIS— AOANTUOCYSTIS  CH^TOl'IlOKA.      265 

as  long  aa  or  longer  than  tlie  spinous  rays.  Extorior  enveloj)o  of  tlio  body 
appealing  as  an  atmosphere  of  exceedingly  minute  bacterium-like  particles, 
which  are  sometimes  absent. 

Size. — Diameter  of  the  body  ranging  from  0.048  mm.  to  0.1  mm. ; 
length  of  the  larger  furcate  spines  f  m  0  02  mm.  to  O.OG  nnn. ;  length  of 
the  soft  or  pseudopodal  rays  about  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  body  or 
longer. 

Locality. — In  the  same  positions  as  Adinophrys  sol  and  Actinosphmrium 
eichhornii,  in  quiet  waters,  among  various  aquatic  pl.ants.  Observed  in  the 
vicinity  of  Philadelphia  and  other  places  in  Pennsylvania,  in  New  Jersey, 
Rhode  Island,  Colorado,  Wyoming  Territory,  and  Nova  Scotia.  Found 
in  i)onds  in  the  Uinta  Mountains  ut  Wyoming  Territory,  at  an  elevation 
of  10,000  feet. 

AcanthocystiM  chaetophora,  as  ordinarily  observed  under  moderate 
powers  of  the  microscope,  resembles  the  common  Sun-animalcule,  but  with 
the  body  of  a  bright-green  color,  hence  its  umiliar  name  of  the  Green 
Sun-animalcule.  Under  high  powers  of  the  instrument  it  is  seen  to  jwssess 
a  more  complex  structure,  as  icpresented  in  fig  1,  pi.  XLIII 

The  body  of  Acanthocystis  chatophora  is  spherical,  and  is  composed 
of  a  basis  of  finely  granular  protoplasm,  with  scattered  oil  molecules,  and 
variable  proportions  of  globular  corpuscles,  mos-tly  of  nearly  uniform  size. 
A  clearer  central  spot  indicates  the  presence  of  a  large  nucleus,  which  may 
be  brought  into  view  by  the  action  of  reagents. 

The  corpuscles  mentioned  are  commonly  for  the  most  part,  if  not 
entirely,  of  a  bright-green  color,  and  accord  with  the  characters  of  chloro- 
phyl.  They  are  often  very  numerous,  and  appear  especially  to  be  con- 
fined to  the  more  superficial  poiiion  of  the  protoplasmic  mass  of  the  body. 
Often  mingled  with  them  there  are  variable  proportions  of  clear,  colorless 
corpuscles,  of  .about  the  same  size,  and  occasionally  individuals  are  to  be 
found,  as  represented  in  fig.  4,  in  which  these  exist  to  the  entire  exclusion 
of  green  ones. 

Among  the  green  and  colorless  corpuscles,  from  time  to  time,  other 
globular  bodies  exist,  of  variiible  sizes,  some  of  which  are  distinguishable 
as  food-balls  and  vacuoles.  Distinct  contractile  vesicles  I  have  never  been 
able  to  detect. 


^-i| 


200 


FRESll  WATER  RIIIZOPODS  OK  NORTH  AMERIflA. 


i     ;*i 


'I     -  II 


!  ; 


A  central  nucleus  brought  into  view  in  un  individual,  by  the  nclion 
of  an  ammoniacal  solution  of  carmine,  was  finely  granular,  and  about 
1)0238  mm.  in  diameter. 

The  exterior  of  the  body  of  Acanthocystis  chcetopJiora  is  profusely 
invested  with  exceedingly  delicate  spinous  rays,  which  are  straight  and 
rigid,  and  remind  one  of  minute  acicular  crystals  emanating  from  a  nuclear 
centre.  In  strong,  reflected  light,  these  rays  appear  glistening  white,  and 
they  are  silicious  in  composition.  They  are  attached  to  the  surface  of  the 
body  by  little  disks,  which  give  to  it  a  minutely  mammillated  appearance, 
and  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  form  a  complete  scale-like  armor  to  the 
animal. 

The  ray  spines  are  of  two  kinds :  a  longer,  stouter  fonn,  terminating 
in  an  acutely  notched  extremity  (figs.  1,  2),  and  a  shorter  and  more  delicate 
form,  with  a  wide,  furcate  extremity  (fig.  3).  The  longer,  stouter  spines 
exhibit  a  dark  axial  line,  apparently  'ndicating  a  tubular  condition.  In 
some  individuals,  the  shorter  and  more  delicate  spines  are  absent. 

The  pseudopodal  rays  of  Acaufhoci/stis  chcstophora  are  numerous,  and 
of  the  same  character  as  those  of  Actinophrys  sol.  Conmionly,  they  are 
difficult  to  distinguish  among  the  forest  of  spinous  rays,  excepting  where 
they  project  beyond  these. 

Commonly,  the  body  of  Acanthocystis  chcctophora  is  invested  Avith  a 
thick  layer  of  jirotoplasm,  distinguished  chiefly  from  its  being  densely 
pervaded  by  exceedingly  minute,  linear  particles,  which  remind  one  of  an 
atmosphere  of  bacteria  enveloping  the  animal.  Usually,  this  dust-like 
stratum  includes  completely  the  smaller  furcate  rays,  and  ascends  in 
pointed  processes  upon  the  longer  ones  to  a  variable  extent.  Sometimes 
the  exterior  stratum,  with  its  bacteria-like  particles,  is  completely  absent. 

Commonl)',  the  body  of  Acanthocystis  chcetophora  is  about  U.0833  mm. 
in  diameter.  The  longer  furcate  spines  measure  about  0.1  mm.  in  length, 
and  appear  as  fine  as  the  micrometric  lines  themselves.  The  smaller  spines 
are  from  a  fifth  to  a  third  the  length  of  the  others,  and  much  more  delicate. 

Acanthocystis  chictophora  occurs  in  the  same  localities  as  the  ordinary 
Sun-animalcule,  and,  though  frequent,  is  not  so  common  as  the  latter.  It 
likewise  has  nearly  similar  habits.  At  times  it  appears  l-o  remain  quite 
stationary,  but  mostly  exhibits  a  slow  gliding  motion,  and  apparently  so 
passive  that  it  seems  to  be  induced  by  a  feeble  current  of  the  medium  in 


::-|tii 


GENUS  AOANTnOCYSTIS— AOANTHOCY.STIS  Cn.KTOl'UOUA.      267 

which  it  lives.  The  movement  is.  however,  clearly  active,  as  proved  by 
the  fact  that  equally  light  objects  in  the  vicinity  reniiiin  quiescent. 

AcantUocystis  chwtophora  feeds  on  the  snuiller  algaj  and  animalcules, 
which  are  captured  in  the  same  manner  as  with  Adinophri/s  sol.  In  the 
gradual  approach  of  food,  through  the  dense  forest  of  rays  investing  the 
body,  the  armor  formed  by  the  basal  disks  of  the  spines  nses  in  a  conical 
eminence,  and  opens  outwardly  ao  as  to  allow  of  the  entrance  of  the  food. 
In  the  process,  a  portion  of  projected  protoplasm  receives  the  latter,  and 
the  whole  together  is  withdrawn,  when  the  body  resumes  its  regular 
spheroidal  fonii 

In  the  act  of  discharging  excrement,  a  similar  process  occurs,  the  armor 
at  some  point  opening  outwardly,  so  as  to  give  passage  to  the  expelled 
matter. 

In  the  movements  of  the  animal,  at  times  slight  changes  in  shape 
become  obvious,  from  a  spheroidal  to  a  more  ovoidal  and  polyhedral  out- 
line. The  rays  and  spines,  though  ordinarily  regularly  divergent,  may 
occasionally  be  seen,  at  some  part  of  the  body,  to  become  more  or  less 
convergent,  or  to  a  greater  degree  divergent. 

I  think  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  Acanthocyst'is  chcetophom  is  the 
same  animal  as  the  one  described  by  Ehrenberg  under  the  name  of  Adhio- 
phrys  viridis  This,  however,  appears  to  have  been  previously  described 
by  Schrank,  with  the  name  of  Trichoda  chfeiophora,  and  the  original  de- 
scription applies  so  well  to  the  creature  in  question,  that,  according  to  the 
rules  of  zoologi  ^1  nonnnclature,  I  have  adopted  for  it  the  earlier  specific 
name.*  Ehrenberg  himself  remarks,  in  reference  to  his  description  of 
Adinophrys  viridis,  that  he  had  overlooked  Schrank's  form,  which  may 
probably  be  the  same,  and  in  which  case  his  specific  name  should  be 
preferred.f 

I  have  commonly  observed  Acanthocystis  chcetophora  of  a  bright-green 
color,  dependent  on  variable  proportions  of  chlorophyl  corpuscles,  as  seen 
in  fig.  1.  Rarely,  I  have  met  with  the  same  form  in  all  resjjects  alike, 
excepting  in  being  devoid  of  the  bright-green  color,  as  represented  in  fig.  4. 
This  colorless  fonn  has  been  described  by  Professor  Greeff  under  the  name 


"  Tho  original  description  is  na  follows:  "Kngclforini|jt,  griln,  uach  alien  Kichtnngcn  gegtruU. 
Allcntlialbcu  ziumlich  Uicht  uiit  crystallhollon  Hanren  bcsetzt.  Bewcgung  lungHniii  <'oi-tHclii-citrr.<l. 
oUnc  alio  Bewcgung  ilcr  Haare." 

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268 


FRESH- WATER  RDIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


of  Acanthocystls  pallida.  Mr.  Archer*  regards  it  as  an  accidental  colorless 
form  of  Acanthor.ijstis  turfacea  Probably  it  is  one  of  the  stages  of  life 
through  Avhich  the  ordinary  green-colored  animal  may  have  to  pass. 

In  one  instance  I  observed  a  colorless  individual  of  A.  ch(ctopJiora, 
0.048  mm.  in  diameter,  which  contained,  besides  numerous  colorless  cor- 
puscles, a  single  bright-green  ball  The  animal  was  in  active  condition, 
and,  while  slowly  gliding  by,  it  lifted  a  portion  of  its  armor,  and  discharged 
the  green  ball. 

An  individual  of  peculiar  character,  perhaps  related  with  Acanthocystls 
chetophora  as  to  form  a  stage  in  its  history,  is  represented  by  fig.  5,  pi. 
XLIII.  It  v/as  obtained  from  Absecom  pond.  New  Jer.sey,  September, 
1874,  and  was  the  only  one  of  the  kind  observed.  The  body  was  elon- 
gated ovoid  aiid  transparent,  and  was  filled  with  large,  clear,  irregularly 
polyhedral  vesicles,  together  with  a  few  small  green  corpuscles.  The  sur- 
face and  rays  wera  of  the  same  character  as  in  the  ordinary  condition  of 
A.  clmtophora,  and  a  granular  layer  likewise  invested  the  body. 

Occasionally  I  have  fourd  an  empty  sac  of  clear  homogeneous  mem- 
brane, and  fragments  of  othurs,  with  attached  furcate  spines  like  those  of 
A.  chmtophora.  Fig.  G  represents  a  snecimen  of  the  kind,  within  which  was 
an  oval  egg-like  body  with  brownish  grajiular  contents  and  a  few  scattered 
green  corpuscles.  The  empty  membranes  I  have  suspected  to  be  the 
exterior  covering  of  A.  ch(etophora,  left  by  the  animal  or  its  progeny  of 
germs  after  passing  through  the  enc}  sted  condition. 

ACANTHOOYSTIS ! 


Ill    ' 


in 


Pi,ATi:  XLIII,  figs.  7-13. 

Body  spherical,  usually  bright  green  from  the  presence  of  abundance 
of  chlorophyl  corpuscles ;  sometimes  colorless  from  the  absence  of  the  lat- 
ter; or  of  other  colors.  Spinous  rays  numerous,  exceedingly  delicate, 
emanating  from  minute  lenticular  disks  at  the  surface  of  the  body,  and 
simply  pointed  at  the  distal  end  Enveloping  layer  of  jji'otoplasm  finely 
granular;  sometimes  absent.     Pseudopodal  rays  longer  than  the  former. 

Size. — From  0.036  mm.  to  0.048  mm.  in  diameter. 

Locc.Utji. — Among  a(iuatic  plants  in  ponds  and  ditches.  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersoy,  Wyoming  Territory. 

*  Qiiortorly  Ji>iiriial  Microscopiciil  Spionop,  18*0,  'MSi. 


ii 


GENUS  ACANTHOCYSTIS— A(3ANTH0CYSTIS 


269 


I  have  repeatedly  observed  a  bright-green  Ileliozoan,  which  I  at  first 
regarded  as  Acanthocystis  chcetophom,  but  closer  examination  led  to  the 
detection  of  differences,  which  render  it  probable  it  may  belong  to  another 
species.  It  is  commonly  smaller  than  the  former,  and  appears  of  an 
intensely  green  color,  due  to  the  greater  proportion  of  chlorophyl  corpus- 
cles it  contains  than  is  usually  the  case  in  A.  chcefophora,  and  as  represented 
in  figs.  7,  8,  pi.  XLIII.  The  surface  of  the  body  is  mammillated,  and  ihis 
appears  to  be  independent  of  the  presence  of  the  minute  disks  of  the 
spinous  rays.  The  latter  are  more  numerous  and  more  delicate  than  in  A. 
chcctopliora,  and  they  are  not  furcate  at  the  free  extremity.  The  exterior 
of  the  body  is  enveloped  in  a  very  finely  granular  stratum,  as  seen  in  fig. 
7 ;  but  in  other  instances  this  is  absent,  as  represented  in  fig.  8. 

In  association  with  the  bright-green  Ileliozoans,  as  just  described,  or 
in  similar  positions  others  occur  resembling  them,  but  differing  in  being 
colorless,  as  represented  in  figs.  10,  11.  In  these  the  usual  green  corpus- 
cles are  replaced  by  colorless  ones,  or  the  latter  may  also  be  absent,  when 
the  body  consists  of  a  nearly  homogeneous  granidar  basis,  containing  a 
central  nucleus  and  a  few  vacuoles.  The  size  of  the  colorless  specimens 
ranges  from  0.028  mm.  to  0.048  mm. 

In  Size  and  stiiicture,  the  Heliozoans  above  described  nearly  agree 
with  the  Acanthocystis  spinifcra  of  Professor  Greeff.*  In  the  latter,  the  body 
coiiti  ins  variable  proportions  of  bright-yellow  corpuscles  ;  but  as  these  are 
absent  in  some  individuals,  the  color  of  the  interior  corpuscles  would  appear 
not  to  bo  an  important  distinctive  character. 

In  one  instance,  in  April,  in  water  from  a  spring  in  which  grew  water- 
cress, I  observed  a  bright-red  Heliozoan,  as  repi'esented  in  fig.  9.  In 
general  constitution  it  resembled  tho  former,  but  contained  numerous 
bright-red  corpuscles,  some  colorless  ones,  and  a  few  green  ones.  It  also 
contained  nearly  at  opposite  poles  two  largo  granular  spheres,  one  yellow- 
ish, the  other  pale  green,  which  I  supposed  to  be  food-balls. 

Late  in  autumn,  on  several  occasions,  I  have  observed  Ileliozoans,  with 
sufficient  resemblance  to  the  former  to  lead  me  to  suppose  they  were  of  the 
same  kind  in  an  encysted  condition.  An  individual  of  tliis  chai'acter,  col- 
lected with  CeratophyUum,  in  the  canal  at  Bristol,  Pennsylvania,  is  repre- 
sented in  fiyr.  12. 


'Aivhiv  f.  iiiikroH.  Aimtoinio,  IHli',),  .l'.);l,  Tal".  xxvii,  Kiy.  -JO--.';!, 


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270  FRESHWATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

The  v:j)posecl  encysted  forms  consist  of  an  outer  sphere,  bristling  with 
delicate,  simple,  spinous  rays,  but  without  pseudopodal  rays.  The  sphere 
is  composed  of  a  doubly  contoured  membrane,  apparently  cancellated,  and 
filled  with  a  clear  liquid,  including  a  second  sphere.  The  latter  is  invested 
with  a  membrane  like  that  of  the  outei'  sphere,  but  is  devoid  of  spines,  nnd 
is  occupied  with  colorless  granular  protoplasm  mingled  with  abundance  of 
oil  molc'jules,  giving  the  contents  a  milky  appearance. 

With  the  foregoing  I  have  occasionally  met  with  empty  membranous 
sacs,  and  fragments  of  others,  as  seen  in  fig.  13,  which  I  have  regarded 
as  the  remains  of  the  capsule  of  encysted  forms  of  the  sama  species  of 
Acanthocystis. 

ACANTHOCYSTIS ? 

Platk  XLIII,  fi^'s.  14-Ui. 

Body  spherical,  composed  of  a  basis  of  colorless  granular  protoplasm, 
with  a  central  nucleus,  and  with  variable  proportions  of  bright-green  and 
(uiloiless  corpuscles  or  with  colorless  ones  alone.  Spinous  rays  numerous, 
short,  i)in-like  in  form. 

Si^e.— From  0.039  nun.  to  0.0-51  nmi. 

LocalUjf. — In  water  among  fioating  alga\     Pennsylvania. 

A  third  kind  of  Acanthocystis,  distinguishable  from  the  two  former  by 
the  shortness  and  pin-like  character  of  its  spinous  rays,  I  have  occasionally 
seen,  but  imder  circumstances  unfavorable  to  making  a  full  investigation 
of  the  animal. 

In  August,  in  water  with  Spirogyra,  collected  from  the  fountain  at  the 
entrance  of  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia,  I  observed  a  number  of  color- 
less individuals  of  Acanthocystis  apparently  passing  into  the  encysted  state. 
Seven  specimens  ranged  from  0.03!)  mm.  to  0.051  mm.  in  diameter.  They 
were  without  pseudopodal  rays,  and  mostly  were  completely  inactive.  The 
exterior  of  the  body  was  mammillated  and  densely  covered  with  short  pin- 
like spines  about  0.006  mm.  long. 

In  one  individual,  represented  in  fig.  14,  pi.  XLIII,  the  body  was  a 
mass  of  granular  protoplasm,  mingled  with  fine  oil  molecules  and  a  few 
larger  ones,  together  with  a  nucleus  and  a  clear  vacuole  nearly  as  large  as 
the  latter. 

Another  individual,  represented  in  fig.  15,  consisted  of  a  membranous 


GENUS  HYALOLAMPE— HYALOLAMPE  FENESTKATA.  271 

sac,  resembling  the  exterior  of  the  former  specimens,  but  filled  with  a  clear 
liquid  and  containing  a  large  ball  of  granular  protoplasm.  This  was  nearly 
homogeneous,  and  presented  several  vacuoles  at  its  periphery,  which  from 
time  to  time  would  successively  collapse  and  again  reappear.  The  mass 
exhibited  feeble  movement  in  a  change  of  foi-m,  but  finally  it  became  quiet 
and  all  its  vacuoles  disappeared. 

Another  individual,  %.  IG,  was  like  the  preceding;  but  the  inner 
globular  mass  of  protoplasm  was  more  sharply  defined,  and  exhibited  a 
distinct  nucleus.  A  fourth  individual  presented  the  same  appearance, 
excepting  that  the  inner  ball  contained  a  few  scattered  green  corpuscles. 

The  specimens  of  Acanthocystis  above  described  appear  to  me  to  be 
most  nearly  related  to  the  Acanthocystis  Pcrtyana  of  Mr.  Archer.*  They 
also  approximate  in  character  with  the  AcantJioctjstis  aculeata  of  Ilertwig 
and  Lesser.t  but  in  this  the  spines  are  much  larger  and  coarse*-.  I  susp^rt 
also  that  the  animal  represents  one  cf  the  stages  of  the  form  described  by 
Perty  as  Actimphrys  brevicirrhis.t 

HYALOLAMPE. 

Greek,  hualos,  crystal;  lampc,  foam. 
Bijci  lampe:  Grcoff,  1869.     Pomphohjxophnjs :  Archer,  18(i9. 

Animal  spherical,  composed  of  a  finely  granular  protoplasmic  mass 
mingled  with  variable  proportions  of  colored  granules  and  vacuoles,  and 
containing  a  central  nucleus.  Body  invested  with  a  thick  layer  of  loosely 
coherent,  minute,  clear,  silicious  globules.  Pseudopods  few,  radiant, 
exceedingly  delicate,  filamentous,  and  non-granular. 

HYALOLAMPE  FENESTRATA. 

Plate  XLV,  fig.  9. 

HyalolampeM,>trai„     G,^^«..  Areh.mik.  Anat.  v,  180y,501,Taf.  xxvi,Fig.37;  xi,  1875, 18,  Taf  i  Fiu  6 

7.-Hertwig  and  Lesser:  Ibidem,  X,  1874,  Siippl.  221.$  •-'■■«•''. 

r«m;./,o/,.„;,J,^,^p„„j^„.^^And»^r :  Qnart.  .Io„r.  Mie.  So.  ix,  1809,  'm,  pi.  xvi,  ,ig.. ,,, ,. ;  .,  1870. 105,  pi.  xvi. 

IfyaMampe  exigua.     Hertwig  and  Lesser:  Arch.  n.ik.  Anat.  x,  1874,  S.ippl.  !«2,  Taf.  iv,  Fig.  6. 

Body  usually  more  or  less  yellov.rsh,  brownish,  or  reddish.     Livesting 
sdicious  globules  commonly  in  three  layers. 

'•Quart.  Jour.  Microseopieal  Seieiico,  1869,  252,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  1;  1870  32 
f  .\rchiv  f.  mikros.  Anatomic,  1874,  Snppl.  201,  Taf.  iv.  Fig.  3. 
{ Kennt.  kleinst,  Lebensformen,  1852,  159,  Taf.  viii,  i.  Fig  7  ' 

*  TI,o  names  of  Hynlolampo  and  Pompholyxopbrys  are  neiafy  eoten.pornry,  aud  I  !mvo  followed 
Hertwg  an,l  LeB»or  in  the  choice  of  the  former  as  being  the  ,nore  euphonious. 


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272 


FRESH- WATER  RniZOrODS  OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


She. — From  0.04  mm.  to  0.08  mm.  in  diameter;  the  central  body  from 
0.048  mm.  to  0.064  nmi  in  diameter. 

Localitjj. — Absecom  pond,  New  Jersey. 

Hyalolanipe  fenestrata  is  a  remarkable  Ileliozoan,  with  spherical 
body  composed  of  a  granular  basis  of  protoplasm,  enclosed  in  a  thick 
envelope  consisting  of  minute  transparent  globnles,  which,  according  to 
Professor  GreeflF,  are  silicious  in  constitution.  The  globules  are  'oosely 
coherent,  and  usually  lie  three  layers  deep,  and  would  appear  to  correspond 
with  the  silicious  latticed  capsule  of  Clathrulina. 

The  protoplasmic  body,  according  to  Hertwig  and  Lesser,  is  colored 
yellowish  green,  orange,  red,  o,'  reddish  brown.  A  central  nucleus  is  com- 
monly obscured  from  view,  and  contractile  vesicles  are  absent. 

The  pseudopodal  rays  are  simple  and  sti'aight,  like  those  of  Actino- 
phrys,  but  commonly  few  in  ntimber. 

I  have  rarely  had  an  opportunity  of  observing  Hijalolampe  fenestrata, 
having  seen  but  three  individuals.  These  were  obtained  in  Absecom  pond. 
New  Jersey,  in  June  and  October,  1877.  The  specimens  were  larger  than 
the  dimensions  given  by  Archer,  Greeff,  and  others,  measuring  from  0.064 
mm.  to  0.08  mm.  in  diameter.  In  none  were  pseudopodal  rays  to  bo 
detected,  though  the  creatures  Avere  evidently  alive,  as  indicated  by  their 
feeble  gliding  motion,  and  in  one  individual  by  a  slight  change  in  the  shape 
of  the  outline.  The  protoplasmic  body  was  of  a  pale  yellowish  color ,^  and 
contained  a  variable  number  of  large  balls,  either  vacuoles  or  food  or  per- 
haps both,  as  seen  in  fig.  9,  pi.  XLV.  One  of  the  specimens  contained 
several  brown,  biseptate  f.iUgus  spores.  The  silicious  globules  of  the 
exterior  envelope  measured  about  0.004  mm. 

CLATHRULINA. 

Latin,  clathnm,  a  lattice. 
I'tathrulina:  CieiikowHki,  18<)7.     Vodofiphara:  Arclier,  18()8. 

Animal  provided  with  a  spherical,  latticed  capsule  composed  of  silex, 
attached  by  a  long  filiform  stem  to  aquatic  jjlants  or  other  objects.  Con- 
tents of  the  capsule  consisting  of  a  soft  Actinophrys-like  body,  with  the 
same  kind  of  pseudopodal  rays,  which  project  through  the  openings  of  the 
capsule. 


' 


GENUS  CLATHRDLINA— CLATHRULINA  RLEGANS. 


273 


CLMTIRULINA  ELEGANS. 

Plate  XLIV. 

Clalhrulina  ekgans.  CiKukowski :  Archiv  mik.  Anat.  iii,  18C7, 310, Taf.  xviii.— Archer:  Quart.  Jour.  Mic. 
Scviii,  1868,71, 189;  ix,  1809,1.1.  xvii,  fig.  5;  x,  1870,  117;  xi,  1371,  [VJfi;  xii,  1872,  195;  xvii, 
1877,  08,  pi.  xxii,  figs.  23-25.— Groeff:  Archiv  mik.  Anat.  v,  18C9,  407,  Taf.  xxvi,  Fi';.  1-7.— 
Hcrtwig  anil  Lesser:  Ibidem,  x,  1874,  Suppl.  227,  Taf.  v,  Tig.  4.— Leidy:  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc. 
Phila.  1874,  145,  106. 

Podoaphosra  Ilwckeliana.    Archer:  Quart.  Jour.  Mic.  Sc.  viii,  1808,  67. 

Capsule  colorless  when  young,  but  becoming  yellow  or  brown  with 
the  advance  of  age;  openings  more  or  less  circular,  or  polygonal  with 
roundeJ  angles.  The  soft  body  occupying  the  capsule  of  variable  propor- 
tion in  relation  with  the  latter,  and,  approaching  maturity,  more  or  less  con- 
tracted from  it,  composed  of  a  soft,  colorless,  granular  protoplasm,  with  scat- 
tered oil-like  molecules,  and  numerous  vacuoles,  as  usual  in  Actinophrys, 
or  nearly  homogeneous,  and  with  a  central  nucleus.  Pseudopodal  rays 
straight,  mostly  simple,  or  somewhat  furcate,  long  and  numerous.  Pedicle 
of  variable  length,  attached  to  objects  by  an  expanded,  somewhat  lobate 
disk. 

In  the  young  condition,  the  capsule  not  obvious,  and  the  pedicle  of 
greatly  thicker  proportion;  the  soft  body  with  numerous  vacuoles,  as  in 
Actinophrys. 

Sue. — Diameter  of  the  latticed  capsule  0.03  mm.  to  0.044  mm. ;  length 
of  pedicle  from  O.Ob"  mm.  to  0.26  ram.;  thickness  0.002  mm.  to  0.004  mm. 

Locality. —In  ponds  and  ditches,  attached  to  aquatic  plants;  also  in 
sphagnous  swamps     New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Clathrulina  elcg^ans,  represented  in  the   figures   of  pi.  XLIV,  is 

well  worthy  of  its  specific  name,  and  is  a  comparatively  recent  discovery 
of  the  Russian  naturalist  Cienkowski.  It  was  first  found  by  him  on  Nitella 
and  Vaucheria,  in  a  pond  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  was  afterward  again  found 
by  him  and  others  in  Germany,  and  by  Mr.  Archer  in  Ireland  and  Wales. 
In  general  appearance  it  bears  a  likeness  to  Trichoda  fixa,  less  characteristi- 
cally described  by  MUller  in  1786.* 

1  have  repeatedly  observed  Clathrulina  ekffans,  but  mostlj^  in  detached 
and  often  dead  specimens,  collected  in  materials  from  ponds,  especially  in 
the  sphagnous  swamps  of  New  Jersey.     I  have  rarely  been  so  fortunate  as 


18   RHIZ 


•  Auimalijula  Infusoria,  217,  Tab.  xxxi.  Fig.  1 1, 12. 


274 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


to  find  tlie  aniniiil  in  an  active  condition  and  at  the  same  time  in  a  fixed 
position.  In  one  instance  I  fonnd  it  attaclied  to  bladcU'r-wort,  Utricularia 
viihjaris,  and  in  another  instance  to  the  under  side  of  a  leaf  of  the  water- 
lily,  Njjmpliaa  odorata;  both  tiinos  in  New  Jersey.  I  have  frequently 
noticed  dead  specimens,  and  occa.sionally  living  ones,  in  an  encysted  con- 
dition, amonjL''  sphaj^num  collected  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Clatlirnliiia  dcfjans  is  essentially  single  or  solitary,  though  individuals 
are  often  observed  attached  one  or  more  to  another  in  a  candelabrum- like 
manner,  a  half  a  dozen  or  even  more  together,  thus  assuming  the  appear- 
ance of  a  compound  animal,  as  exemplified  by  fig.  5. 

The  mature  Clathrulina  consists  of  a  spherical  latticed  capsule,  com- 
posed of  silex,  attached  by  a  long  thread-like  stem  of  the  same  material  to 
some  relatively  fixed  object,  and  containing  a  soft  body  resembling  the 
common  Sun-animalcule,  with  its  psendo{)odal  rays  projecting  through  the 
apertures  of  the  capsule. 

The  silicious  capsule  is  a  superb  latticed  globe,  reminding  one  of  the 
perforated  ivory  balls  so  well  known  as  examples  of  Chinese  skill  and 
patience.  In  young  animals,  the  capsule  is  colorless  and  transparent,  and 
often  continues  in  this  condition  at  maturity;  but  usually,  in  the  advance 
of  life,  it  assumes  a  straw-color,  and  in  old  specimens  is  frequently  observed 
of  a  dark  yellow  or  even  brown  color.  The  apertures  are  large  and  com- 
monly more  or  less  polygonal,  with  rounded  angles,  but  vary  to  circular 
and  oval,  and  are  of  nearly  uniform  size  The  bars  separating  the  aper- 
tures are  narrow  and  rounded,  and,  according  to  Professor  Greeff^,  are 
grooved  along  the  middle;  but  this  feature  escaped  my  attention 

In  di/ferent  individuals  the  capsule  commonly  ranges  in  size  from 
0.033  ram.  to  0.04  mm.  in  diameter.  The  apertures  are  from  0.004  mm. 
to  0  OOG  mm. 

The  stem  of  attachment  of  Clathrulina  is  of  variable  length ;  some- 
times comparatively  short,  and  but  little  more  than  the  diameter  of  the 
capsule,  but  more  frequently  double,  and  to  upward  of  four  times  the 
length  of  the  diameter  of  the  capsule.  It  is  highly  llexible,  and  has  the 
same  color  and  composition  as  the  capsule  it  sustains.  It  is  fixed  to  bodies 
by  an  expansion  or  disk,  usually  somewhat  lobate  at  the  border. 

Though  Clathrulina  is  commonly  attached  to  plants  or  other  foreign 
objects,  individuals  often  attach  themselves  to  the  capsules  of  others  of 


» 


^llil^. 


GENUa  C'LATIIIH'LINA— CLiViUIiULlNA  KLKGANS. 


275 


their  kind.  Froiiucntly  one  or  two  individuals  may  be  ween  uttaehed  by 
their  stems  to  the  eapsule  of  usually  an  older  individual,  and  somciimes  a 
greater  number  are  thus  found  attached  to  a  sin<fle  one.  Not  luifrequently 
also  individuals  of  a  third  series  may  be  found  attached  in  the  same  manner 
to  those  of  the  second  series,  as  represented  in  fig.  5,  the  whole  together  iii 
the  arrangement  reminding  one  of  a  candelabrum.  The  individuals  attached 
to  others  always  appear  successively  younger,  apparently  as  if  they  had 
originated  by  birth  from  those  to  which  they  adhere. 

In  the  mature  and  active  condilion  of  Clathruliui!,  the  soft  protoplas- 
mic body  generally  does  not  nearly  fill  its  latticed  capsule,  and  occupies  a 
central  position  within  it.  In  several  instances  observed,  the  soft  proto- 
plasm nearly  filled  the  capsule,  and  in  addition  an  obscurely  granular  layer 
enveloped  the  latter,  as  represented  in  fig.  2,  a.  In  the  mature,  active  indi- 
viduals which  have  come  under  my  notice,  the  interior  protoj)la.smic  body 
appeared  homogeneous  granular,  with  scattered  oil-like  molecules,  and  no 
distinctly  visible  vacuoles,  as  represented  in  figs.  1,  2,  a. 

Pseudopodal  rays,  like  those  of  A(tinoj)hn/s  sol,  eniaviate  from  all  parts 
of  the  protoplasmic  bod\',  and  project  through  the  apertures  of  the  latticed 
capsule.  Mostly  they  are  simple  and  straight,  and  rarely  fork.  Previous 
obserers  agree  in  the  statement  that  the  rays  not  only  branch,  but  also 
anastomose,  thougli  both  these  points  escaped  my  attention. 

In  none  of  the  specimens  observed  by  me  could  I  detect  a  contractile 
vesicle;  and  in  active  individuals  the  nucleus  was  completely  obscured 
from  A'iew. 

In  young  individuals  in  which  the  latticed  capsule  is  in  process  of 
being  formed,  but  is  not  yet  distinguishnble,  as  represented  in  fig  3,  the 
protojilasmic  body  is  filled  with  large  vacuoles,  as  in  Adinopliri/s  sol,  and 
is  invested  with  a  thick  layer  of  clearer  and  faintly  granular  protoplasm. 
After  the  formation  of  the  latticed  capside,  the  latter  becomes  less  obvious, 
or  apparently  disappears,  as  represented  in  fig.  2,  /;. 

In  an  aninialcida-cage,  in  which  I  had  placed  some  material  from  Ilam- 
monton  pond,  New  Jersey,  and  in  whicsh  I  had  observed  several  individuals 
of  Clathrulina  in  an  encysted  condition,  the  following  day  1  discovered  a 
young  active  individual,  as  represented  in  fig.  4.  It  was  fixed  by  a  color- 
less pedicle,  twice  the  usual  thickness,  to  the  glass  cover  of  the  animalcula- 
cage.     The  head  or  body  was  an  Actinophrys-like  mass,  soft  and  change- 


lii'i 


1 ; 


276 


FRESn  WATKK  RniZOPODS  OF  NOllTH  AMERICA. 


able  in  shiipo,  nnd  witliout  visible  trace  of  the  latticed  capsule  of  the  mature 
animal.  The  body  was  composed  of  granular  protoplasm,  with  numerous 
oil  molecules  and  vacuoles.  From  time  to  time  a  deeper  one  of  the  latter 
would  slowly  approach  the  surface  and  project  above  its  level,  but.  would 
remain  a  long  time  unclxanged.  Occasionally  one  of  the  superficial  vacu- 
oles would  slowly  and  feebly  contract  and  disappear,  but,  none  presented 
otherwise  the  aspect  of  the  contractile  vesicle  oi Adinophrys  sol.  A  nucleus 
was  indicated  by  a  clearer  central  spot.  The  j)seudopodal  rays  were  like 
those  of  Actinophrys  sol,  but  from  time  to  time  one  or  two  woiUd  become 
thicker,  and  occasionall}''  a  considerable  vacuole  would  form  on  one  or  more 
of  them. 

The  thickened  stem  of  this  individual  was  attached  by  radiating  threads, 
or  perhaps  these  may  have  been  delicate  folds  of  an  exceedingly  delicate 
membranous  disk. 

Most  frequently  the  individuals  of  Clathrulina  I  have  seen  happened 
to  be  such  as  were  in  an  encysted  condition,  as  represented  in  figs.  0-9. 
In  these  the  latticed  capsules,  colored  and  colorless,  contained  one  or  tw( 
large  spheres,  which  were  colorless  and  granular,  with  scattered  oil  molecules 
and  a  central  nucleus.  They  occasionally  presented  a  few  larger  globules  or 
vacuoles,  as  seen  in  fig.  G,  and  were  always  devoid  of  pseudopodal  rays. 

From  the  observations  of  Cienkowski,  on  the  mode  of  reproduction  of 
Clathrulina,  it  multiplies  by  division.  According  to  him,  the  Actinophrys- 
like  body  within  the  latticed  capsule  undergoes  constriction  and  divides  into 
two.  After  a  time  the  pair  of  animals  withdraw  their  pseudopodal  rays, 
and  then  appear  as  simple  granular  spheres.  These  pass  out  of  the  latticed 
capsule,  and  assume  the  appearance  of  the  common  Sun-animalcule,  which 
subsequently  develops  a  stem  of  attachment,  and  finally  a  latticed  capsule 
enveloping  the  sarcode  head.  Sometimes  the  original  Actinophrys-like 
body  divides  into  foiir,  and  at  times  assumes  the  smooth  spherical  form 
without  division. 

The  different  examples  of  Clathnilina  elegans  represented  in  pi.  XLIV 
would  appear  to  exemplify  nearly  all  the  stages  of  development,  including 
those  of  maturity. 


^ 


FORAMINIFERA. 


Tho  Foraminiltera,  though  constituting  the  most  extensive  and  im- 
portant order  of  tho  Rhizopods,  are  almost  exclusively  marine.  A  sino-Ie 
well-known  genus,  Gromia,  is  represented  by  several  species,  inhabiting 
salt  and  fresh  water. 

GROMIA. 

f  Greek,  yrunutia,  a  g-nuU  bag. 

Animal  spherical  or  oval,  composed  of  granular  protoj.lasm,  with  a 
large  central  nucleus,  and  invested  with  a  homogeneous  chitinoid  mem- 
brane. Mouth  situated  at  one  pole  of  the  body,  and  more  or  less  copiously 
emitting  streams  of  protoplasm,  which  flow  around  the  body  and  extend 
into  numerous  pseudopodal  rays,  freely  branching  and  anastomosing,  so  as 
to  form  an  intricate  net,  which  exhibits  an  incessant  flow  of  granules  along 
the  filaments,  both  outward  and  inward. 

GROMIA  TERRICOLA. 

Plate  XLVII,  figs.  1-4. 
Gromia  l.rrieola.     Lcidy  ;  Piof.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  1874,  88. 

Body  spherical  or  oval,  pale  yellowish  or  cream-colored,  and  more  or 
less  translucent.     Investing  membrane  or  shell  chitinoid,  homogeneous,  thin, 
transparent,  colo.-less,  or  pale  yellowish,  smooth,  or  with  more  or  less  adhe- 
rent sand  and  dirt.     Interior  protoplasm  white  by  reflected,  pale  yellow  by 
transmitted  light,  composed  of  a  pale  granular  basis  with  fine  oil  molecules 
usually  a  few  clear  vacuoles  of  variable  size,  and  a  large,  clear  or  pale 
granular  nucleus.     Mouth  obscure,  emitting  an  abundance  of  finely  granu- 
lar protoplasm,  which  ordinarily  flows  around  the  body,  and  then  breaks 
up  into  a  multitude  of  diverging  streams  or  filamentous  pseudopodal  rays, 
that  frequently  form  and  anastomose  so  as  to  jM-oduce  an  intricate  net.     An 
incessant  circulation  of  granules  outward  and  inward  along  the  course  of 
the  pseudopodal  filaments. 

Size— From  0.112  mm.  to  0.12  mm.  in  diameter;  the  oval  variety 
0.112  mm.  long  by  0.1  mm.  broad. 

377 


y* ■*■ 


1:  T 


u  I 


278 


I'KKWIl  WATKU  JMII/OI'ODS  OF  NORTH  AMKIJKJA. 


LoculHif. — Aiiion;^  moist  moss,  in  iiHsociutioii  with  Rotifer  vtifffn/is, 
Trincnin  acinus,  DiJIitgin  ronstrirta,  tarcli<rnv(li's,  iiiifrniJlulaK,  (liatoiiin,  and 
dcwnnds,  in  tlio  crevices  of  pavements,  in  shaded  jjhioes,  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

The  genus  Groniiii  was  discovered  and  described  l»y  the  French 
naturalist  Dnjardin,  in  1835,  from  a  species  occurring  among  corallines 
and  other  marine  alga-  on  the  coast  of  I'' ranee.  A  few  years  later  the  same 
acute  observer  described  a  second  species,  Gromia  Jiuriatllis,  discovered  on 
horn  wort,  CerutophifUitni,  in  the  river  Seine. 

The  genus  is  of  .special  interest,  because  it  is  u  representative,  in  th(! 
simplest  condition,  of  that  great  order  of  llhizopods,  the  Foraminifera, 
which  are  exclusively  marine,  with  the  exception  of  the  present  one. 

Tiie  animal  I  have  named  Crromia  terricola  I  discovered  in  the 
sunnner  of  1874,  among  moss  growing  in  the  crevices  of  the  pavement,  in 
the  yard  attached  to  my  home,  in  the  city  of  I'hiladelphia  It  was  asso- 
ciated with  abundance  of  the  common  Wheel-animalcule,  Tiineina  enchehjs, 
Diffliiifia  cd.s.sis,  lUujJjipha  alvcolata,  anguillulas,  tardigrades,  diatoms,  des- 
mids,  etc. 

On  .several  occasions,  having  observed  half  a  dozen  individuals,  I 
was  led  to  believe  it  was  common,  but  I  have  since  failed  to  tind  it  after 
frequent  .search  in  the  same  and  similar  localities.  Nor  have  1  been  so 
fortunate  to  find  any  other  Gromia,  a  circumstance  I  have  greatly 
regretted,  from  the  feeling  that,  with  the  experience  gained  in  the  investi- 
gation of  rliizopods,  after  several  years  I  would  have  been  better  able  to 
resolve  its  characters. 

Gromia  terricola,  represented  in  figs.  1-.'?,  pi.  XLVII,  has  a  spherical  or 
slightly  oval,  translucent  body.  By  reflected  Lght  it  is  white  or  cream- 
colored  ;  by  transmitted  light  of  a  pale  yellowish  color.  The  investing 
membrane  or  shell  is  thin,  tran.sparent,  homogeneous,  and  colorless  or  feebly 
yellowish.  It  is  smooth,  biit  usually  has  more  or  less  adherent  dirt  con- 
sisting of  fine  granules  and  coarser  part'cles  of  quartz-sand.     See  figs.  1,  2. 

In  the  individuals  observed,  the  mouth  was  obscure,  and  its  exact 
character  I  neglected  to  deteiTtiine. 

The  interior  of  the  ])ody  was  composed  of  a  pale  granular  protoplasm, 
with  scattered  oil  molecules,  completely  filling  the  shell.     It  contained  a 


' 


"n 


(5I:NU8  GKOMIA— (JROMIA  TEUHICOLA. 


279 


Inrge,  clear  or  \n\\v  j^nmular  mii'leuH  Hituiitt'd  centnilly  or  ecceiitricnlly,  and 
also  variable  proportions  of  vacuoles,  usually  few  and  of  different  sizes. 
A  vacuole  was  at  times  observed  t«  pradnally  diwippcar ;  and  at  times  one 
or  more  were  seen  to  make  their  ap))earance;  but  it  was  doubtful  whether 
Ui.y  of  these  exactly  corresponded  with  the  contractile  vesicle  of  other 
rhizopoils. 

Professor  Scluilze  intimates  the  absence  of  a  contractile  vesicle  in 
Gromia;*  but  Dr.  WuHich  remarks  that  in  one  instance  ho  detected  this 
temporary  organ  in  Gromia  ovi/onnis.j 

The  food  contents  observed  in  (iromia  terricola  consisted  of  niiiuito 
diatoms,  fragments  of  Lyngbya,  and  gl(»bular,  j^reen  algte,  together  with 
sand  and  other  materials. 

In  the  emission  of  the  pseudopodal  fdaments  f)f  Gromia  (rrricola,  the 
])rotoplasin  pours  from  the  nunith  of  the  .shell  in  a  slow  manner,  and  grad- 
ually enveloj)es  the  body,  as  represented  in  figs.  1-3.  From  the  protoplas- 
mic envelope  delicate  streams  extend  outwardly,  at  first  emanating  from  tlie 
front ;  they  more  or  less  rapidly  multiply  and  radiate  in  all  directions. 
Gradually  extending,  they  fork  into  branches  of  the  utmost  tenuity.  Con- 
tiguous branches  freely  join  or  anastomo:;e  with  one  another,  and  thus 
establish  an  intricate  net,  which  in  its  full  extent  covers  an  area  upward 
of  four  times  the  diameter  of  that  of  the  body  of  the  Gromia.  The  pseu- 
doj)odal  net  incessantl}'  changes, — putting  forth  nevv  branches  in  any  posi- 
tion, while  others  are  withdrawn, — diminishing  and  disappearing  in  one 
spot,  while  it  spreads  and  becomes  more  complex  in  another  spot. 

Gromia  terricola,  with  its  pseudopodal  net  fully  spread,  like  its  near 
relatives,  reminds  one  of  a  spider  occupying  the  centre  of  a  circular  "eb. 
If  we  imagine  every-  thread  of  the  latter  to  be  a  living  extension  of  the 
animal  under  the  same  control  as  its  limbs,  the  spider  would  be  a  nearer 
likeness  to  the  Gromia  Over  each  and  every  thread  of  the  pseudopodal 
net  Gromia  has  as  complete  control  as  if  the  threads  were  permanently 
differentiated  limbs  acted  on  by  particular  muscles,  and  directed  in  their 
movements  by  nervous  agency.  Threads  dissolve  their  connection  and  are 
withdrawn;  new  ones  are  formed  and  establish  other  connections:  they 
bend;  they  contract  into  a  spiral;  they  '  ccasionally  move  like  the  lashing 
of   a   whip,  and  indeed   produce   almost   every    conceivable   variet}'    of 

•Arebiv  f.  mikros.  Anatomic,  187.%,  116. 

f  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  18f>3,  4.58. 


i    i 


280 


FKKSIl  WATKK  KII1/()IH)I>S  OF  NOHTH  AMKKU'A. 


it 


luotioii.  Not  unl'ivtjtu'iitly  spiiitlu'-liko  lU'ouuutlntioiiS  of  j)rolopIiisin  otTur 
in  tho  ooiu*80  of  flio  psoiulopotlnl  tlin';uls.  ,'>omotii>u's,  flirou};ii  tlio  roiijum*- 
tioii  iunl  spromUnj;  o\'  sovorul  of  tlio  bttiu-  top'tlior.  islot-liko  oxpuisioiis 
ociMir,  aiul  Ihh'oiuo  tlio  rontros  of  st-ooiiiljirv  nots. 

'Ilio  psiMulopodn!  oNtons'.ona  of  (iroinia  ooiisist  of  \w\o  p:ninulju-  juoto- 
pliusm  witii  oom-sor  am!  mow  d  Minoil  jiTanuIos.  Tho  latttM-  aro  oWrvotl  to 
1)0  in  inoossant  motion  alonjj  tlio  ronrso  of  tlio  tliroads,  tlowiii";  in  o,)p()sito 
(liroi-tions  in  all  oxoopl  lliono  of  tlio  <jToatost  dolioaoy.  Si>o  ii<j-.  1.  In  tlu> 
larjxor  iluvads,  tlio  <>:nuuilos  aro  iinmorsod  and  noar  to^otlior;  in  tlio  smallest 
tlm'uds,  tiiov  avo  in  sin^^lo  rows,  luoro  or  los*s  witloly  sojiaratod,  and  thiokor 
than  tlio  tliroads,  so  that  thoso  appoar  llki*  sirin<js  of  miniito  hoails. 

In  tho  l\o\\  o\'  tho  <>niiiiilos  in  tho  psoudopodal  tliroads,  llioy  aro  sonio- 
timos  soon  to  slaokon  thoir  spood,  or  for  a  niomont  hooomo  stationary,  and 
tlion  rovoi-s<>  thoir  oourso.  (<raiiulos  arriv'.n<j  nt  a  dividinj::  brant-li  aro 
somotinios  rotardod,  and  thoii  tako  oiio  or  anotlior  dirootion;  ov,  passiiiji' from 
Olio  main  branch  fo  anotlior  thrcnjrh  a  hy-path,  tlioy  may  tako  a  rovtrso 
oonrso  from  thtur  fornior  oiio. 

Tho  movomonts  of  tho  jjninnlos,  ilioiij>li  apparontly  iiuiopondont,  aro 
ratlior  duo  io  tl;o  iMinonts  or  flow  of  tho  protoplasm  oonstitutin{>"  tho  basis 
of  tho  psondopodal  tliroads. 

Hositlos  tho  fiTannlos,  miniito  vaonolos  ofton  mako  thoir  appoaianoo 
alonji'  tho  oonrso  of  tho  psondopods.  Somo  of  tlioso  soom  fo  bo  of  tho 
olijiraotor  of  oontractih*  vosioh-s, — startin>>^as  moro  points,  sh)wlv  onlar<fin<;. 
and  tlion  oollapsinjr.  Ollior  oiroiilar  spots  in  tlio  psoiulopodal  ihivads,  or 
in  patolios  fonnod  hy  union  and  anastomosis  of  tho  lattor,  appoar  as  moro 
circular  s|mcos,  tliio  to  spp<adin<j  of  tho  protoplasm  in  tho  nioshos  of  thonot. 

Dccasionally,  minnu'  diatoms  and  other  objects  which  come  within  the 
territory  of  tho  psemh»|.odal  net  of  (Innniii  (ifricohi  i'.re  seen  to  become 
iiimuM-sed  in  the  substance  of  the  threads,  and  t«;  move  ahni-;'  in  a  manner 
romindiii}.;  one  of  a  boat  carried  aloiijj,'  in  tho  current  of  a  river. 

(lioniia  (rrriroln,  bv  means  o(  its  psetidopodal  net,  was  observed  to  be 
slroiifi-ly  dispos<>d  to  accumulate  around  it  a  qnantity  of  dirt,  and  especially 
at  the  posterior  p  M't  of  the  body,  as  se«'n  in  W^.  1.  In  one  individual,  after 
completely  surroundin<>;  itself  with  sand  and  «lirt,  it  ei-.tirely  withdrew  its 
pseuth>pvidal  rays,  and  notl>in}>'  that  was  iloue  could  imh.ci'  the  animal  a<>-.dn 
tt>  protrude  them. 


:l 


1. 


(SKNUa  HIOMYXA— mOMVXA  V/ UANS. 


L>81 


S 


Ooinnioiily,  tlio  sptHMinonH  uador obsorvation  roniiunod  nouiI>*  stiitioiuviv 
ir.  jmsitioii,  hut  oroasiotiiiliy  ilu»  body  nppoariMl  to  bo  (lrii}»{ro»l  aloiifjf  with 
I'xtromo  shnvuosa  throv.j>h  aid  o(  tho  antorit>r  |>soudoi)odal  oxtonsions. 

IVIOMYXA. 

OriM'k,  W(»»,  Hfi^;  mNjru,  miioiiii. 

Initial  form  spliorioal,  hut  inoos»a;;t!y  ohuiifjinjf,  oonaistiiiji^  of  u  {?lairy, 
I'olorloss,  tiuoly  panular  protoplasm,  whioh  has  tho  j)ow<»r  of  oxpaiuUii}^ 
and  oxt<MuHn<j  itsolf  in  any  dirrction,  and  of  projoofinjj;  jiso»uh)podal  fila- 
nu>nts,  which  frcoly  branch  anil  iu)astomoso;  a  ciroulafion  of  minuto}>'ranulos 
in  curronts  ai«>n<»-  tho  body  and  psoudopods ;  i-ontractilo  vosiclos  numorous 
and  minuto,  and  oocuning  both  in  tho  body  and  psoutlopods.  A  nudoua 
proseut  or  absont, 

mOMYXA  VAOANS. 

Vi.vTKs  Xl.Vll,  tlK«.  r.-ia;  Xl.VUI. 
nUmnxn  i-.»r:»».     I.oiity  :  IVix'.  Ac.  Ni»f.  So.  rhiln.  tSTft,  1>.M. 

Mody  at  rost,  spheroidal,  oval,  or  botuliforni ;  in  nuttion,  of  ovor  ohau};- 
iufj  form, — contrally  spheroidal,  or  elliptical,  »lisct>id,  cylindroid,  fusifonn, 
trian<,ndar,  tpiadrato,  band-liko,  ortlivMiuj-f  into  several  porti»>ns, — with  paeu- 
dopodal  proKnifjationa,  usually  as  fdanients,  mostly  bipidar,  of  very  variable 
form  and  len<rth,  branchinjv  and  anastomosing:  so  as  to  produce  more  or  h>ss 
intricate  nets,  oftei»  expandiu};  into  perforated  jtatchea.  (\>mposed  of  pale 
jjranular  pr«>loplasm  with  oil  moKcides,  and  numerous  minute  contractile 
vesicles  appt'arinjj:  at  the  surface  of  the  body  and  alonjy  tho  psendopodal 
extensiiuis.  Nucleus  when  present  iarf^e.  distinct,  clear  or  faintly  {jramdar. 
\'acui)les  few  or  none. 

<.SYv<'. — Kxceediu'ily  variable. 

iMa'ity. — Sphaj^noiis  swamps,  in  b;-.j>-water.  New  .Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania. 

In  the  Proc»«edinf>s  of  the  Aca«lemy  of  Natural  Scieiu'es  of  Thilatlel- 
phia  for  April,  I  Sir*,  I  publislu>d  a  brief  notice  of  a  » uriojis  or;fanI>in, 
under  the  name  of  lUotiiifja  nu/ans.  1  (irst  discovered  it  in  water  with 
atpmtic  plants  and  sphagnum,  from  the  border  of  Absect)m  pond,  New 
.lei-sey,  collected  in  the  autumn  and  preserved  in  the  hous(>  duriu},'  the 
winter.     The  s<'ue  thinjr  1  ajvjiin  found  in  spha-iunni,  obtained  the  follow- 


282 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


iiig  August,  in  tho  same  locality,  and  in  September,  on  Broad  Mviuntain, 
Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania.  Subsequently  I  observed  specimens 
collected  with  sphagnum  at  Kirkwood  station  on  the  Camden  and  Atlantic 
1  ail  way. 

Biomyia  vagans,  as  represented  in  figs.  5-12,  pi.  XLVII,  and  pi. 
XLVIII,  is  a  colorless  body  ot"  ever  changing  and  most  variable  form, 
consisting  of  a  glairy,  colorless,  finely  granular  protoplasm.  From  a 
usually  more  or  less  central  mass  or  body  it  spreads  itself  into  a  sheet  of 
irregular  form,  giving  off  pseudopodal  extensions,  which  branch  and  anas- 
tomose with  one  another. 

Biomyxa  moves  slowly,  incessantly,  and  evenly,  and  never  for  a 
moment  remains  the  same.  The  body  mass  of  protoplasm  composing  it 
may  spread  more  or  less  uniformly  from  the  initial  spheroidal  form,  or  it 
may  spread  unequally,  or  divide  and  extend  in  any  direction.  Frequently 
it  becomes  narrowly  extended  at  one  or  both  poles,  becoming  more  and 
more  elongated  into  a  cord,  which  may  expand  into  a  band,  or  may  divide 
and  extend  into  sevei'al  divergent  coids  or  bands.  The  whole  or  different 
portions  may  expand  and  become  very  thin,  even  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
break  into  fissures  and  circular  holes. 

The  pseudopods  appear  as  long,  tapering  extensions  of  the  body  proto- 
plasm, often  forking,  and  with  the  terminal  branches  as  exceedingly  delicate 
filaments.  Contiguous  branches  frequently  anastomose  and  form  nets, 
which  here  and  there,  by  expansion,  assume  the  aspect  of  thin  patches  with 
circular  holes.  The  pseudopods  are  quickly  produced,  and  as  quickly 
modified  or  withdrawn. 

A  citculation  of  granules  takes  place  along  the  course  of  the  pseudo- 
podal extensions  of  Biomyxa  as  in  Gromia.  It  occurs  both  outwardly  and 
inwardly  at  the  same  time  in  the  trunks  and  larger  branches,  but  in  one 
direction  only  in  the  finest.  In  the  flow,  frequent  fusiform  accumulations 
of  protoplasm  are  produced  along  the  pseudopod*al  extensions,  and  these 
sometimes  expand  into  patches  or  become  secondary  centres  for  the  emana- 
tion of  pseudopodal  filarucnts. 

In  Biomyxa  there  is  not  the  slightest  distinction  between  endosarc  and 
ectosarc,  tiie  whole  striu-ture  being  a  homogeneous,  pale  and  finely  granular 
protoplasm,  with  variable  proportions  of  minute  oil  molecules,  with  fewer, 


;!.         i 


GENUS  BIOMYXA— BIOMYXA  VAGANS. 


283 


liirge,  darkly  defined  granules,  probably  also  oil-like  in  character.  It  con- 
tains numerous  minute  contractile  vesicles,  commonly  ranging  from  0.002 
mm.  to  double  that  size,  and  rarely  reaching  quadruple  the  same.  They 
are  usually  best  seen  and  readily  recognized  by  their  characteristic  move- 
ments— slow  enlargement,  sudden  collapse,  and  reappearance — along  the 
borders  of  the  body  and  in  the  forks  and  nodal  expansions  of  the  pseudo- 
pods. 

Rarely  distinct  vacuoles,  independently  of  the  contractile  vesicles,  and 
much  larger,  are  to  be  seen  within  the  body  mass  of  Bioniyxa  The  round 
holes  which  are  often  produced  by  the  expansion  and  rupture  of  portions 
of  the  protoplasm  or  by  the  closure  of  meshes  in  pseudopodal  nets  arc  to 
be  distinguished  from  the  true  vacuoles. 

Biomyxa  vagans  occurs  of  very  variable  size,  and  sometimes  appears  so 
devoid  of  a  definite  centre,  and  without  nucleus  or  other  conspicuous 
element,  that  I  have  suppose'^  it  was  perhaps  nothing  more  than  a  detached 
fragment  of  Gromia. 

It  has  also  been  a  question  with  me  whether  to  regard  it  as  a  true 
rhizopod  or  whether  to  view  it  as  the  plasmodium  of  a  fungus.*  In 
structure  and  habit,  so  far  as  observed,  it  seems  to  accord  with  the  latter 
rather  than  with  the  former,  though  I  have  not  detected  a  coalescence  of 
individuals  in  Biomyxa 

Cienkowskif  has  described  several  organisms,  related  Avith  the  latter, 
of  which  he  regards  one  as  a  'fresh-water  plasmodium,'  while  the  others 
are  viewed  as  Rhizopods,  under  the  names  of  Vampyrella  vorax  and  Arach- 
n-.da  impaliens. 

The  character  of  Vampyrella  has  already  been  given;  the  diagnosis 
of  Arachnula  is  as  follows:  body  naked,  colorless,  without  nuclei,  with  one 
or  more  contractile  vacuoles;  j)seudopods  but  little  branched,  sometimes 
anastomosing,  usually  springing  by  thick  cords  from  any  part  of  the  surface 
of  the  body.f 

In  the  same  memoir,  under  the  head  of  Naked  Rhizopodp   Cienkowski 

"Tlio  researches  of  Bnry,  Cienkowski,  and  others  show  that  the  spores  of  the  littlo  fuugi  of  tho 
fiiiiiily  ^^J■X()f5.•lstres  emit  llagellato  cellules,  which  Bubsequeutly  lose  the  Ihigellum  and  assume  the 
jijUH'iiraiice  and  movements  of  Aimnbas.  Il.y  continued  growth  and  coalescence,  a  number  of  tho  amov 
boid  cellules  loriii  together  a  lirauching  and  reticular  layer  of  protoplasm,  retaining  its  niotory  power, 
and  mimed  'plasmodium'  by  Cienkjwski.     Tho  plasmodium  tinally  produeet  'ho  spore-bearing  fungus. 

tArcliiv  r  niiUros.  Auatoniie,  I.'),  187t). 

t  Ibidem,  "27. 


N' 


!  i 


284 


FRESH-WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


describes  a  form  with  the  name  of  Gymnophrys  cometa,  *  whicli  resembles 
Biomyxa,  as  represented  in  fig.  12,  pi.  XLVII,  and  figs  7-9,  13,  14,  pi. 
XLVIII.  The  former,  however,  diflfers  in  having  no  contractile  vesicles. 
In  this  resi)ect,  likewise,  Biomyxa  differs  from  the  nearly  related  Leptophrys 
of  Ilertwig  and  Lesser.f 

As  represented  in  fig.  G,  pi.  XLVIII,  Biomyxa  closely  resembles  the 
Amwha  porrecta  of  Schultze,  %  fi-om  the  Adriatic 

One  of  the  earliest  observed  specimens  of  Biomyxa  vagans,  represented 
in  fig.  1,  pi.  XLVIII,  occupied,  us  first  seen,  a  nearly  semicircular  space, 
about  0.6  mm.  by  0.4  mm.  The  main  protoplasmic  mass  extended  from  a 
common  base  in  three  bands,  of  whicli  the  intermediate  one  was  longest 
and  tapering  as  it  was  resolved  into  divergent  pseudopodal  branches;  while 
the  lateral  bands  expanded  outwardly,  and  presented  large  circular  holes 
previous  to  branching.  The  pseudopodal  extensions  freely  anaston)osed 
with  one  another.  Small  contractile  vesicles  appeared  in  many  jjlaces,  botii 
in  the  principal  bands  and  in  the  pseudopods.  The  median  band  and  base 
contained  numerous  minute  fusiform  desmids,  all  of  the  same  kind. 

The  protoplasm  of  the  main  bands  exhibited  a  faintly  striate  appear- 
ance, perhaps  due  to  an  arrangement  of  granides  occasioned  b}'  currents. 
Circulation  was  observed  in  different  directions  at  the  same  time,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  arrows  in  the  figure. 

'I'he  organism  gradually  changed  its  shape,  becoming  a  single  band, 
then  a  central  elliptical  disk,  etc.  Large  angular  spaces  included  in  the 
anastomosis  of  the  pseudopodal  extensions  would  slowly  diminish,  assume  a 
circular  form,  and  continue  to  decrease  until  they  seemed  to  be  vacuoles,  or 
in  their  final  closure  as  if  they  were  contractile  vesicles.  The  j^seudopodal 
filaments  were  rather  quickly  projected,  and  sometimes  as  quickly  con- 
tracted and  entirely  withdrawn.  Occasionally  they  would  appear  tortuous, 
or  would  be  seen  with  a  slow,  waving,  or  feeble,  lashing  movement. 

Circulation,  indicated  by  the  motion  of  the  granules,  occurred  along 
the  course  of  the  pseudopods,  often  in  a  reverse  direction  on  the  two  sides 

*  Ibidoin,  31,  lu  an  excollcnt  vunipilatinii  of  "  Kcceiit  Contributions  to  o;ir  Knowlc(l);c  of  Fresli- 
watw  KliizoiHHlH,"  imblislieil  in  tlin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopic  Science,  1877,  ;M!),  Mr.  Archer 
expresses  an  o])inion  iu  regard  to  GynmopbryH  which  accords  with  an  early  iniijression  of  my  own  in 
relation  to  liiuniyxa.  lie  rcmarUs  "that  the  tignres  of  this  .Sarcodinc^  remind  one  not  a  Utile  of  a 
portion  of  the  mass  of  a  Gromia  become  isolated  and  detiiched  by  some  readily  concoivable  force,  having 
wandered  too  tar  from  the  heaihinarters." 

t  Ibidem,  f)",  1S74. 

}  1,'ober  d.  OrgauiBuius  d.  Polythalamien,  1854,  f>,  Taf.  vii.  Fig.  H. 


Jil 


GENUS  BIOMYXA— BIOMYXA  VAGANS. 


285 


of  the  same  filament.  Feeble  movements,  circulatory  as  well  as  contractile 
and  expansile,  were  also  seen  in  the  body  mass  of  the  creature.  Preserved 
until  the  following  day,  it  presented  no  essential  change,  excepting  that  it 
had  completely  discharged  all  the  desmids  previously  noticed. 

In  the  same  drop  of  water  containing  the  individual  just  described  there 
was  a  very  much  smaller  one,  which  I  supposed  might  bo  a  fragment  of  the 
former.  When  detected,  it  presented  an  elliptical  body  prolonged  into  pseu- 
dopodal  extensions  at  the  opposite  poles,  as  seen  in  fig.  2,  and  after  a  little 
the  body  appeared  to  run  along  one  of  the  pseudopodal  extensions  to  the 
end,  like  a  drop  of  water  flowing  upon  a  string,  when  the  creature  assumed 
the  shape  seen  in  fig.  3.  From  the  side  of  the  body,  in  the  latter  condi- 
tion, there  projected  a  delicate  pseudopod,  which  was  noticed  to  vibrate 
slowly  toward  the  main  one. 

The  successive  chanp-es  of  shfvpe  of  Biomyxa  are  sufficiently  rapid 
often  to  render  it  difficult  to  delineate  the  exact  forms.  Figs.  5  and  6,  pi. 
XLVII,  represent  two  such  changes  in  one  individual,  and  figs.  7-9  three 
chang-'s  in  another  individual.  Fig.  10  represents  a  third  individual 
accompanying  the  preceding.  The  arrows  indicate  the  general  direction 
in  the  circulation  of  the  granules.  Figs.  4-6,  pi.  XLVIII,  represent  suc- 
cessive changes  of  another  individual.  As  first  seen,  it  was  regarded  as 
a  minute  wonn  casting;  but  after  a  moment  its  movements  and  extension 
of  pseudopods  indicated  its  true  character. 

The  material  containing  the  specimens  above  described,  consisting 
mainly  of  sphagnum,  was  collected  fi-om  the  edge  of  Absecom  pond.  New 
Jersey,  in  September,  1874,  and  was  preserved  in  a  glass-covered  case 
during  the  winter.  The  Biomyxas  weiC  noticed  in  association  with  a 
multitude  of  minute,  bright-green,  one-celled  algae,  in  a  transparent  jelly 
attached  to  the  side  of  the  glass  case  contiguous  to  the  sphagnum  covering 
the  bottom  of  the  latter. 

At  no  time  had  I  the  opportunity  of  observing  Biomyxa  take  food  of 
any  kind,  and  rarely  have  I  noticed  food  within  the  animal.  On  one  occa- 
sion I  saw  an  individual  which  attracted  my  attention  from  its  having 
entangled  in  its  pseudopodal  net  two  active,  green  Euglenias.  These  were 
watched  with  much  interest,  under  the  impression  that  they  had  been  cap- 
tured as  food;  but,  after  much  wriggling,  they  both  disengaged  themselves, 
and  escaped. 


286 


rUESn-WATER  ItniZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i:   .,      I 


Fig.  12,  |)1.  XrjYII,  Jind  fijrs.  7-1),  j)!.  XLVIII,  represent  four  views  of  an 
individual,  exhibiting  the  chief  successive  forms  assumed  in  the  course  of  an 
hour.  The  specimen  was  obtained,  with  others  of  tlie  same  oliaracter,  in  wot 
sphagnum,  from  the  cedar  swamp  of  Absecom,  collected  in  August,  1870. 

Organisms  exactly  of  a  like  character  to  those  above  described  I  also 
obtained  in  sphagnum  collected  on  liroad  Mountain,  Schuylkill  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  September,  1876.  Figs.  10-14,  pi.  XLVIII,  and  fig.  11, 
pi.  XLVII,  represent  six  successive  changes  of  an  individual  of  the  kind, 
as  observed  diu'ing  one  hour  and  tw^enty  minutes. 

None  of  the  specimens  above  described  or  indicated  contained  any 
trace  of  a  nucleus,  and  my  impression  of  Biomyxa,  as  derived  from  the 
observation  of  these,  was  that  it  would  form  a  member  of  the  order  of 
IVIonera,  notwithstanding  its  ])Ossession  of  contractile  vesicles,  which  are 
also  considered  as  being  absent  in  the  latter. 

In  April,  1877,  in  material  from  a  sphagnous  swamp  near  Kirkwood 
station  on  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  railway,  I  found  an  organism  agreeing 
with  the  former  in  all  respects,  except  that  it  contained  a  distinct  nucleus. 
This  was  globidar  and  distinctl}'  and  uniformly  granular.  An  individual 
of  the  kind,  exhibiting  tln'ee  successive  changes  of  form,  is  represented  in 
figs.  18-20,  pi.  XLVIII. 

With  the  nucleated  specimens,  others  were  detected  without  nuclei, 
mostly  smaller,  and  looking  as  if  they  might  bo  fragments  of  the  former. 
Three  successive  views  of  an  individual  of  this  character  are  represented  in 
figs.  15-17. 

Nearly  at  the  same  date  with  the  last  observations,  and  under  circum- 
stances almost  exactly  similar  to  those  in  which  I  originally  discovered 
Biomyxa  vagans,  I  found  an  organism  which  I  have  supposed  to  be  the 
nucleated  form  or  condition  of  the  latter.  It  was  detected  in  a  clear  jelly, 
among  numerous  minute  dosmids,  some  of  which  wore  crescentoid  and 
others  straight  and  fusiform.  The  creature,  of  which  a  nund)er  of  examples 
were  noticed,  appeared  in  general  of  a  more  compact  or  less  translucent 
character  than  liiomyxa  as  commonly  seen,  and  though  of  very  changeable 
form  apj)eaied  less  disjx^.sed  to  produce  those  extreme  changes  observed  in 
the  latter.  Fig.  21,  pi.  XLVIII,  represents  an  individual  of  the  kind,  and 
figs.  22-25  represent  four  successive  changes  of  form  of  a  second  indi- 
vidual.    The  body  wa,s  composed  of  colorless  granular  protoplasm,  with 


!  \ 


GENUS  BIOMYXA— BIOMYXA  VAOAN8. 


287 


numerous,  scattored,  darkly  defined  f,n-anulea.  The  nucleus  was  largo, 
globular,  and  clear,  and  contained  a  nucleoluH.  Mostly,  it  was  central, 
though  frequently  displumed  from  this  i)osition  in  the  successivo  ch-./iges  of 
shape  of  the  body.  Several  contractile  vesicles  occupied  the  borders  of 
the  hitter,  exhibiting  the  usual  characteristic  movements.  None  of  tho 
specimens  contained  distinct  food,  though  occasionally  colorless  vaiuiolcvs, 
apparently  different  from  the  contractile  vesicles,  wore  observed  among  tho 
contents.  An  individual,  shortly  after  being  noticed,  was  seen  to  discharge 
n  large  oval  mass  with  granules,  as  represented  in  fig  22. 


.  ^ 


r 


i 


m  i 


flHM 


!     •! 


litl'i 


i-ll 


il: 


!        I 


^i-i-»Lj_ 


LISTS  OF  FRESH-WATER  RHIZOPODS,  INDICATING  THE  MANY 
FORMS  WHICH  OCCUR  TOGETHER  IN  CERTAIN  LOCALITIES. 


3. 
4. 
6. 
6. 

7. 


9 
10 


11 


12 


:.    LIST   OF   RHIZOPODS    OBSERVED  IN  THE   SEDIMENT   OF    WATJiR 
SQUEEZED  INTO  A  WATCH  CRYSTAL  FROM  A  SMALL  BUNCH  OP 
SPHAGNUM   COLLECTED  IN  THE  CEDAR  SWAMP  IN  THE  VICIN- 
ITY OP  MALAGA,  GLL  JCESTER  COUNTY,  NEW  JERSEY,  JUNE  6 
1879.  ' 

1.  DiFFLUGiA  PYBiFOBMis.    Porins  like  those  of  flgs.  14,  22-25,  pi.  x.    Frequent. 

2.  D.  ACUMINATA.    Like  those  of  figs.  23-20,  pi.  xiii.    Frequent. 
D.  CONSTRICTA.    Liko  those  of  flgs.  5-7,  37-44,  i)l.  xviii.    Frequent. 
D.  OLOBULOSA.    Small  forms;  numerous. 
D.  ABCULA.    Figs.  34-37,  pi.  xv.    Occasional. 
D.  SPIBALIS.    Few. 
Nebela  collaeis.   Many  varieties.   Flask- like  forms,  with  neck  of  variable  length ; 

longth  0.06  mm.  to  0.060  mm. ;  greater  breadth  0.027  mm.  to  0.036  mm.  Broader 
pyriform  kind,  with  less  well  defined  neck:  length  0.072  mm.  to  0.132  mm.; 
greater  breadth  0.042  mm.  to  0.09  mm.  Variety  N.  hinodis,  as  in  flgs.  1-7,  pi! 
xxii:  length  0.12  mm.;  greater  breadth  0.054  mm.  Varieties  with  the  shell 
merging  in  structure  into  that  of  DiflBngia,  composed  of  irregularly  angular  and 
rod-like  plates,  or  variable  proportions  of  these  with  dif^toms  and  fragments  of 
the  same,  or  with  round  or  oval  disks :  sizes  ranging  from  0.09  mm.  to  0.15  mm. 
in  length  by  0.084  mm.  to  0.12  mm.  in  greater  breadth.  Variety  N.  retorta,  a 
peculiar  form  for  the  first  time  observed;  a  single  specimen  as  represented  in 
the  woodcut  on  page  151;  shell  retort-form,  or  resembUng  iu  shape  that  of 
Gijplioderia  amptiUa,  but  in  structure  characteristic  of  Nebela,  being  composed  of 
circular  disks  of  variable  size:  length  0.144  mm.;  greater  breadth  0.072  mm.- 
less  breadth  0.036  mm.;  greater  breadth  of  mouth  0.027  mm. 
8.  N.  FLABELLULUSi.  Length  0.09  mm. ;  greater  breadth  0.096  mm.  Comparatively 
few. 

N.  BABBATA.    Occasional. 

N.  ANSATA.  Shell  composed  of  circular  disks.  Length  0.21  mm.  to  0.24  mm. ; 
greater  breadth  at  fundus  0.102  mm.  to  0.108  mm.;  between  ends  of  processes 
0.132  mm.  to  0.144  mm.    Few. 

N.  OABINATA.  Length  0.216  mm.  to  0.228  mm. ;  greater  breadth  0.156  mm.;  depth 
of  keel  0.018  mm.    Rare. 

N.  CAUDATA.    As  in  figs.  22-24,  pi.  xxvi.     Rare. 

19  Binz  «M 


\n 


!     i 


Mr  I 


IHi! 


290 


FIJKSII  WATER  IMIIZOI'ODH  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


2X  K 


L'4. 


1.5.  .\i!<'Ki.i,A  VULC1AI5IS.  Viirii'tios  with  botli  cvonly  convex  niid  iniiiiiininated  I'uiuliiH. 
Occasional. 

14.  A.  uiscoiDKS.     Frccincnl,  and  ol  varied  sizes. 

15.  A.  MITUATA.     Rare. 

I(i.  TlKl.K.oi'KKA  VICTA.     I'reqncnt. 

17.  II.  i>KTKi(«>LA.    Occasional,  bnt  more  frequent  than  usually.     In  souje  llio  eliell 

was  incorporated  with  sand  the  greater  i)art  of  it«  extent. 

18.  (^ADKri.A  SVMMKTKICA.     Occasional. 

lit.  ('KNTUOinxis  AOi'i.KATA.  Frequent  an<l  varied.  Variety  G.  econm  fjradinn  by 
intcrnied»ate  ones  into  Diffluiiia  vonstrivtK.     I''re(|u«'nt. 

L'(».  IIyai.osimikma  I'AiMi.Kt.  Fre(|uent,  hut  not  so  abundant  as  eoinnionly  observed 
in  si>lia;;nnni  from  similar  localities. 

21.  II.  Ki.r.c.ANS.     Fre(|uent. 

'22.  Friti.viMlA  ("IMATA.  (lenerally  small,  aiul  very  variable  in  size;  hirj^er  ones 
occasionally  devoid  of  cils.  Large  empty  shells  with  twelve  blunt,  thickened 
(lenticles  to  the  mouth;  jdates  of  the  shell  distinctly  hexahedral  and  in  close 
juxtaposition,  with  no  signs  of  being  oval  and  overla])|)ing  at  lite  contiguous 
borders.     Variety  JJ.  HtrUjoiin.    Abundant. 

c'KisTATA.  Fre(|nent.  A  small  individual  with  four  conspicuously  thickened 
denticles  to  the  mouth  of  the  .shell  was  (l.(t,")t  mm.  long,  O.OIH  mm.  broad,  and 
(MN)!)  mm.  at  the  numth. 
F.  uraciiiata.  Occasional.  Two  em])ty  shells  adhered  at  the  mouth,  as  if  when 
alive  the  animals  had  been  in  conjugation.  The  shells  had  each  six  acute 
denticles  to  the  mouth,  the  jilates  of  which  were  not  |)ereeptibly  thicker  than 
elsewhere.  The  jdates  generally  were  nearly  round,  and  overlapped  at  the 
contiguous  borders,  so  as  to  include  hexahedral  spaces.  One  shell  was  i)ro- 
vided  with  a  \v,\\y  of  lateral  hair-like  s))ines  as  usual,  but  tlie  other  shell  wa.s 
Kl)inele.ss.  Size  of  the  sjjinous  shell  O.IO.S  mm.  long,  VtXYM*  mm.  broa«I,  and  O.OI.'ir* 
mm. at  the  mouth;  of  the  spineless  shell  0.1013  mm.  long,  0.030  nun.  broad,  and 
0.012  mm.  at  the  month. 

2r>.  E.  MUf'UONATA.    Occasional.     Heveral  without  the  mucro,  but  otherwise  the  same. 

2(i.  Assi  lina  SKMiNi;i.U3i.  T'lccpuMit.  Several  large  and  uneolored  observed  besides 
the  ordinary  brown  variety. 

27.  Sphenodkima  i.knta.     I'^requent.     Ob.served  severiil  with  the  border  of  the  mouth 

minutely  but  feebly  denticulate. 

28.  S.  MACKOLKi'is.     Frequent.     A  si)ei'i('s  for  the  first  time  observed,  with  characters 

as  follows:  small,  compressed  pyriform,  with  the  neck  gradually  prolonged  from 
the  body.     The  latter  with  a  ])air  of  wide  hexagonal  jdates  across  the  intermedi- 
ate i)ortion  of  the  broader  sides  of  the  shell.    Length  0.030  mm.;  breadth  0.024 
mm.;  width  of  mouth  0.012  mm.     See  woodcut,  page  232. 
25).  CVIMIODEIMA  AMPULLA.      Few. 

30.  Trinkma  enchelys.    Numerous  and  of  many  varieties.    Several  bright  brown 

shells,  lik(!  those  of  Arcella,  for  the  first  time  ob.served. 

31.  Placocista  spinosa.    Rare. 

32.  rsEiJDODii'FLUGiA  GUACiLis.     Like  fig.  21,  pi.  xxxiii.     Length  0.045  ur.n.;  breadth 

0.03  mm.,  and  at  mouth  0.018  mm.     Occasional. 

33.  Clatiikulina  eleuans.    Dead  shells,  or  indiviiluals  in  the  quiescent  state.    One 

obi^.erved  in  the  latter  condition  containing  five  nucleated  balls,  0.009  nun.  in 
diamet'M'.    Occiisioual. 


LISTS  OF  FHESII  WATl-:i{  HUIZOPODH. 


25)1 


.14.  nvALOiAMPR  FKNESTiiATA.     All  liiylosH  individuals.    Occasional. 

.'{.^.  Ac'ANTiiociYSTrsK     With  dcliciitc,  .simple,  unl'orkcd  Hi)inc,s.    Occasional. 

Mi.  Ami'iiizonella  violacka!  a  sintflc,  intlivldnal;  lor  tlm  (list  time  olworvod.  In 
the  splici'oidal  i'orm  about  0.15  nun.  diameter;  endiLsarc  of  a  tleep  violet  liu(« ; 
ccto.sarc  colorless.  Animal  remained  nearly  stationary  in  position,  with  sli;;ht, 
chauj^es  of  I'orm,  and  emitted  from  one  to  three  di^itati^  p.seudopods,  soiu(>tinics 
blunt,  sometinu's  pollited,  even  or  irregular,  clf.-ar  and  colorless  at  the  periphery 
and  end.s,  but  violet  internally  at  the  base. 

.17.  AMdiiA  UADiosA.    Occasional. 

^8.  A.  fitoTEUH?    Oecasioiml. 

With  tlio   Hhizopofl.s  thoro  were  associated  a  multitude  of  de.siuids — 
Micrasterias,  Euastruin,  Dooidiuni,  Cloaterium,  etc  ,  diatoms,  etc ,  etc. 


i» 


II.  RIIIZOPODS  OI58KUVK1)   IX   MATKllIALH  ;'()LLK('TKI)    IN   THE   TRAP 
KEGION  OF    HOCK  HILL,  HUCK8  COUNTY,   PENNSYLVANIA,  .lUNE 

27,  1870. 

a.  From  sediment  of  a  ditch  traversing  a   meadow   in   which  grew 
Spatter-dock,  Nuphar  adrena. 

1.  DU'i'LUUiA  OLOBUi-osA.    Ovoid  variety,  with  the  narrower  pole  truncated  by  the 

circ'.dar  utouth,  which  sometimes  has  a  short,  straight,  or  a  slightly  everted  rim. 
Shell  composed  of  line  (piartz-sand  or  of  chitinoid  membrane  incor[)orated  with 
thin  anj^ular  i)lates  of  (juartz.  Endosarc  colorless.  Leii}j;th  0.09  nun.;  breadth 
0.(M)  mm.;  width  of  mouth  O.OL't  nun.     Frequent. 

2.  D.  I'YKU'OKMis.    Ordinary  form.s,  mostly  small.    Shell  of  (pmrt/.sand.    r^ndo.sarc, 

in  some  green,  in  others  colorless.    Erequent. 

3.  D.  ACUMINATA.     Shell  of  chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with  variable  i)ropor- 

tions  of  thin  angular  jdates  of  quartz-siuid.     Few. 

4.  D.  I.OHOSTOSIA.     Shell  nearly  spherical  or  oval,  compose<l  of  angular  quartz  sand; 

nioutl!  trilobate,  sometimes  with  a  short  and  slightly  retlected  rim.  Endosarc 
green.  Frequent.  Variety  with  smoky-colored  shell,  co>ni)o%ed  of  line  angular 
sand,  in  shape  spheroidal,  oval  or  ovoid,  and  even,  or  mammillary,  like  7).  tiiher- 
culata,  Wallich;  mouth  si.Y-lobed,  with  or  without  a  narrow  projecting  rim. 
Length  0.1,'52  mm. ;  breadth  0.12  mm.;  width  of  mouth  O.O.'iO  nun.  Frequent. 
Variety  with  shell  of  chitinoid  membrane  ineori)orated  with  variable  jaoiKutions 
of  thin  angular  plates  of  quartz;  endosarc  colorless.    Few. 

5.  D.  CONSTUICTA.    Of  varied  sizes  and  projM)rtions ;  yellow  and  colorless  shells  of 

quartz-sand.     Frequent. 

6.  D.  spiuALTS.    Characteristic  specimens  with  shell  of  quart;;  sand.    Occasional. 

7.  CuiS'TROPYXis  ACULKATA.    Abundant,  of  considerable  variety,  large  and  small, 

mostly  yellow  or  brown,  and  generally  having  the  chitinoid  shell  incori)orated 
with  much  sand.  Variety  C.  cconih.  Frequent  and  merging  into  DiJffUigia  coii- 
stricta. 

8.  Arcella  viTixiAKis.     Shell  with  even,  convex,  and  with  manunillated  or  cupped 

fundus.     Freipient. 


Il 


111''' 
lUli 


il 

i  i 


292 


9. 


PRESH-WATEIl  RTIIZOPOnS  OF  NORTH  AMKRIOA. 


AuoKLLA.  Olio  Hpi'ciiiicn  olmorvcd  with  tranavorm'ly  oval  slicll  0.1  mm.  lonp, 
0.071.'  mm.  Iiroiid,  and  O.O.'iO  mm.  \\\n\i,  with  moiitli  ().()>.'>  mm.  in  tlic  loii^  and 
0.021  mm.  in  tli«  short  diameter.  Eveu  convex  fundus  and  of  bright  burnt- 
Bicuna  color.    Animal  active. 

10.  Nkhkla  coi.laris.     Narrow  form  with  tho  cancellated  Btrnctnre  of  the  shell 

(tbscurely  developed.    Rare. 

11.  Trinema  ungiiulys.    Abundant,  and  of  varied  size  and  development. 

lU.  Cvi'iiODiniiA  AMPULLA.  Well  developed  and  active ;  shells  yellowish  and  color- 
less.   Frequent. 

13.  liiUOLYPiiA  ALVEOLATA.    Small  spineless  forms,  of  variable  sizes  and  proportions, 

and  with  4,  0,  and  8  teetli  to  the  moutii.    Frequent. 

14.  EuoLYPiiA  CILIATA.    With  and  without  Literal  hairs. 

15.  PsEUDODiFi'LUOiA  GUAOiLTR.    Oval  form.    Occasional. 

b.  Contiguous  to  tho  ditch,  from  which  the  former  were  obtained,  in 
the  same  meadow,  there  grew  an  unusual  profusion  of  Sclaginella  apus.  Por- 
tion.s  of  tho  plant,  with  earth  .adherent  to  tho  roots,  on  being  moistened  and 
squeezed,  gave  a  sediment,  which,  besides  many  bright  active  diatoms,  des- 
mids,  etc.,  yielded  the  following  Rhizopods : 

1.  DiFFLUGiA  GLOBULOSA.    Shell  oval  or  ovoid,  even,  colorless  or  yellowish,  com- 

posed of  chitincid  membrane  incorporated  with  variable  proportions  of  thin, 
irregular,  ang;ilar  pi.ites  of  qnartz,  or  composed  of  small  sand  particles.  Mouth 
truncating  the  narrower  pole,  circular,  sometimes  \nt\\  a  short,  straight,  or 
slightly  everted  rim.  Fndosarc  colorless.  Length  0.072  mm.  to  0.0!)  mm.; 
breadth  0.030  mm.  to  0.048  mm. ;  width  of  month  0  018  mm.    Frequent. 

2.  D.  PYRU^OKMis.     Small  form ;  shell  of  quartz-sand.    Length  0.108  mm.  to  0.156 

mm.    Not  unfrequent. 

3.  D.  coxsTUiCTA.    Of  varied  proportions,  colorless  and  yellowish,  and  merging  into 

Centropyxis  e.cornis.    Frequent. 

4.  QuADRULA  SYJniETRiOA.     Occasional.     Length  0.072  mm.;  breadth  0.0.36  mm. 

5.  Arcella  VULGARIS.    Living  and  active.    Shell  with  cupped  fundus.    Occasional. 
0.  Trinema  enciielys.    Abundant  and  of  varied  sizes  and  proi)ortions,  and  with 

varied  degrees  of  obliqnity.  Ranging  from  0.024  mm.  to  0.096  mm.  in  length. 
A  specimen  constricted  just  above  tho  position  of  the  mouth  was  O.OG  mm.  long, 
0.042  mm.  broad  at  tho  fundus,  and  0.03  mm,  wide  oi)posite  the  mouth,  which 
was 0.021  mm.  wide. 

7.  EuGLYPHA  ALVEOLATA.    Small  forms,  spineless,  with  4,  0,  and  8  teeth  to  the 

mouth.  From  0.03  mm.  to  0.72  mm.  long;  0.018  mm.  to  0.036  mm.  broad. 
Frequent. 

8.  E.  CILIATA.    Compressed  forms,  with  lateral  hairs,  and  4-  to  6-toothcd.    A  speci- 

men observed  with  divergent  hairs  to  tho  summit  of  the  fundus  in  addition  to 
tin    lateral  ones.     Its  length  0.00  mm.;  breadth  0.03  mm.;  mouth  0.012  mm. ; 
I         IIS  0.012  mm.    Occasional. 
0    Cm       oeria  AMPULLA.    Several  dead  shells. 

10.  SPH-JNor^SRiA  LENTA.  OommoH  form.  Occasional.  Also  a  variety  8.  dentata, 
with  oval  shell,  composed  of  oval,  overlapping  jdates ;  nock  short  or  obsolete ; 
mouth  elliptical,  obli<iue,  with  the  border  minutely  denticulated.  Length  0.054 
nun.;  breadth  0.03  mm.;  width  of  mouth  0.012  mm. 


LISTS  OF  I'UliSU-VVATUU  lUJIZOl'ODS. 


293 


IB 


III.  ItUIZOl'ODS  OHHKRVHI)  IN  HMMK  WITH  MOSS  AND  ALO^<;  SCIIAPKO 
FROM  TIIF  VFItTICAL  FACF  OF  DIMIMMNO  (INEISS  UOCK8  OP 
FAIHMOUNT  IlESFUVOIU,  I'UILAUELI'IIIA,  JULY  0,  187!). 

1.  DiPPLuaiA  coNSiniOTA.     Occiwionul,  uiitl  merging  iuto  forms  wliicli  might  bo 

equally  well  viowed  an  tiio  variety  C'en(roj)>/xiH  ecoriiiH;  (».()0  mm.  long,  0.(178  mm. 
broad,  and  wiMi  moiitii  0.030  mm.  wide.  An  unusually  long  Kpecimon  was  0.12 
mm.  long,  0.072  mm.  in  the  grwiU-r  and  0.054  mm.  in  the  less  breadth.  When 
the  mouth  was  on  a  level  it  stood  0.00  mm.  high.  All  specimens  of  a  yellowish 
hue. 

2.  Oentuopyxis  AOUI.EATA.     Small,  of  yellowish  chitinoid  membrnno  incorporated 

with  sand,  and  usually  with  two  or  tiireo  spines.  Length  0.072  mm.;  breadth 
0.00  mm. ;  width  of  mouth  O.O.'J  mm. 

3.  BuQLYi'iiA  ALVKOLATA.     Small,  spineless  form ;  abundant.    Shell  ovoid;   trans- 

verse diameters  uniform,  rareli  slightly  compressed;  fundus  obtuse,  rarely  in 
the  smallest  acute ;  mouth  with  4,  0,  or  8  teeth,  the  number  not  in  accordance 
with  size.  More  dead  shells  tluni  living  .specimens;  many  with  the  sarcodo 
apparently  resolved  into  spores,  which  were  sliiiun -,  oil-like  globules,  from  one 
or  two  to  half  a  dozen  or  more  in  nund)»'r,  and  of  pretty  uniform  size,  being 
about  0.012  mm.  Specimens  mostly  0.060  mm.  to  0.072  nun.  long,  OmCi  mm.  to 
0.042  mm.  broad,  and  0.018  mm.  wide  at  the  mouth.  Hanging  from  0.033  mm. 
to  0.09  mm.  in  length,  by  0.012  mm,  to  0.042  mm.  in  breadth.  Nucleus  of  the 
Barcode  about  0.018  mm.  Variety:  several  dead  shells  with  the  mouth  oblique 
or  subterminal;  0.06  mm.  in  length,  0.036  mm.  in  breadth,  and  ().(H3.'5  mm.  wide 
at  the  mouth.  Variety:  with  a  slight  curvature  approaching  the  mouth.  A 
living  specimen  0.06  mm.  in  length,  0.030  mm.  in  breadth,  ai.d  0.012  mm.  wide 
at  the  mouth. 

EuGLYPHA  ciLiATA.  One  living  specimen  observed.  Shell  ovoid,  compressed, 
with  three  spines  to  one  side,  two  to  the  other,  and  one  to  the  fundus ;  mouth 
with  four  thickened  teeth.  Length  0.06  mm.;  greater  breadth  0.024mm.;  at 
mouth  0.009  mm.    Resembled  flg.  14,  pi.  xxxvi. 

Tbinema  encuelys.  Mostly  dead  shells,  small,  and  frequent.  The  cancellated 
structure  not  visible  in  the  smaller  but  distinct  in  the  larger  ones.  From  0.03 
mm.  to  0.078  mm.  in  length,  0.012  mm.  to  0.042  mm.  in  breadth.  Several  with 
the  sarcode  encysted,  and  several  with  the  latter  resolved  into  spores.  A  pair 
of  empty  shells,  observed  adhering  mouth  to  mouth,  as  in  conjugation,  and  dis- 
posed in  the  same  direction,  and  not  in  opposite  directions  as  previously  noticed. 
One  of  the  shells  0.042  mm.  long,  the  other  0.03  mm.  long. 

AoTiNOPHHYS  SOL.  Occasional ;  in  active  condition.  A  pair  observed  either  in 
conjugation  or  act  of  division. 

Amosba  badiosa.    Few. 

A.  VEBEUCOSA.    Young  condition  as  A .  quadrilineata. 

A.  PEOTEUsf    Young.    Occasional. 


4. 


•Ji>i 


KUKsuNvvr»:u  Km/»»iHM»s  ok  souru  vmkjjua. 


f. 


m 


ruMM.nuNu  i;km.vum\s 

\\\  Ak^xw^  \\\y  tilwrviuions  on  tho  Kn'sh  \ViW«M-  Ki>i(:o^Hnl!»,  tho  ivsults 
ot'  wliioh  m\>  now  ;u"t's«'mo»i  to  ti.»i  worUl.  I  nsn  i»\n)oM«>il  to  sov  tlott  tlu>v 
fm>  noitlior  so  ooiuploto  uur  so  aooiujUo  i»s  it  \\!>s  mv  kl«>s"ut>  thov  should  lnv 
vVt  o»(o  tiiuo  I  was  »lis(Hvsotl  \o  \n\  l>o;h  u>nnusr»"i|>i  auti  nn>\viu>is  asi«lo, 
t\\\\\  otun>  i'.>*MV  j;>>  o\  .>r  tlu>  j{i\MUul  l>ot'oi>>  mukiujj' luv  ;^>so««vlifs  puhli,\ 
It  w!«s  only  at^or  sovonil  yotu^s  oft'xponouoo  that  I  M\  i\\u\\\({v\\  to  invostJ- 
^alo  tlu'  suUjoot  in  tlio  niiinnor  It  niont!«  ami  as  t  sltonUl  wish  to  inli\uhn-o 
It  to  tlu'  it>n»lor  Unt.  takinj;-  into  oousidoi-ation  tho  ntu'ortaintv  t>t'  ovonts, 
an»l  tho  p>Ml>alMl>t\  titat  I  nviijlu  not  ho  al>lo  to  t>l>tain  an»l  invosti^ato  tho 
san>o  or  similai'  niatocials  umlor  o(|nall\  t'avoval>lo  oiivnnislatioos,  »»v  l»avo  an 
o«|nally  t"a\oral>K>  o|>jH>vlnnit\  tor  5>nMioati»»n,  I  oonoln«Uul  to  sond  torlli 
tho  ivsnlts  ot'  \ny  lahocs,  iniportWt  as  thoy  »u>y  ho,  Tlio  no\ol  things  ot" 
tho  ^^^'lk  innst  oontpottsato  for  a»>y  »h'lioionoi»\s,  atul  tho  o\ju>ri»>noos  ivhuo»l 
will  pn»vo  »>t'  a  Mstatvoo  to  st'ulonts  « lio  may  ioUow  in  tho  saiuo  jmth  of 
ittvtvstigation,  I  n>ay  porhaps  oontintto  in  tho  sann>  tti  hi  ot"  jx^soaroh  a«»l 
^ivo  to  tho  ivailor  t'nrthor  '.vsnlts.  hut  oaioiot  pixuniso  ',o  »lo  so ;  tor  though 
tho  snhjoot  has  j>n>vo«l  to  nn>  an  unooasiug  s».u»vo  ot'  |>h>asn»-x\  I  soo  hot'.nv 
nu>  so  n>a;iv  won»lort"nl  tilings  in  othor  l'<«>Kls  titat  a  str\>ng  inipniso  disposos 
tno  to  loap  tho  lunlg^'s  to  osanrno  tinnn. 

Tho  oojoots  ot  n\y  \v>irk  ha\o  apj*t>ar\'»l  to  mo  so  hoautitui,  as 
rx'ptvsontv-.l  in  the  atHomj«n»yit>g:  ilhtstrations,  ai\il  so  iutotvstit»g,  as  iu»li 
oatoil  ii«  thoir  history,  whioh  tonus  'ho  aooompanying  t«>\t,  that  I  «u»  lo»l 
to  hopo  tho  \\ork  may  pi\>vo  to  ho  an  inoont!vt>,  ospooially  to  luv  yotui}"' 
oomUvvuu'U.  to  onlor  into  .'unlar  ptitNuits,  Tho  stu<lv  i>t'  watural  history 
in  tho  h>isnr\<  ot"  »\>n  lit'o,  situ'o  I  was  t"»mrtoon  yoars  ot"  agi\  has  hoon  to  mo 
a  ooustaut  sotttvo  ot'  happinoss,  auil  tnv  ovporionoo  t>l"  it  is  stn'h  that,  in»lo 
pondontly  ot'  its  highor  n\orits,  I  \\arn>ly  »v>onunot>il  it  as  a  pj»stimo,  than 
whioh,  I  holiovo,  «u»  othor  oan  o\ool  It.  ,\t  tho  samo  tinu\  \\\  ohsor*  ing  tht> 
niothvs  of  lit'o  of  tluvso  aixnunl  tno,  >t  has  hoon  a  ntattor  {y(  unooasit^K"  I'ogi'x't 
that  so  t"«>\>.  so  vor\  t"o\>.  po»>plo  gi\t>  attoution  to  intolhvtual  pttrnttits  of 
any  kind  In  tho  inoosjyint  and  nooojwary  strugglo  t't»r  Invatl,  >vt>  i><p«n«to*ily 
hoar  tho  o\pr\'ssio»\  that  "man  shall  i\ot  livo  hy  hrtunl  alouo,"  and  \ot  it 


t'ONrU'lMNt!   K'TMAUKS. 


aUil 


ivumius  uu«j>|>>voiHl»Hl  l>v  \\\v  muss  oltnojt  so  ohIIoU  oulij;ht«'uo»l  luuuiuuly. 
lu  oo>u«uou  with  all  ullu>»'  Mulmals,  »h»>  o«ij{>>>!*jii»>j«-  ort»o  uf  u«u»  I*  t\H«l  lor 
tlu'  stomwoh,  whilo  intt'Uooluul  fooil  io'»  otWu  «>,>n\Mius  \mKtu>\vu.  Is  »IUtv- 
jiin>l»>»l  or  i'^'JooUhI 

"Uolnji- lisluu^' r  lltMV  o(\v\\  jlvo  »nuKH(io»  I'jts  l>ot>u  osko*!  l>y  iioijOMiut- 
tuioo-H  «».<»  ilh'V  \\i\\o  mot  »uo,  with  i'^hI  iuul  Imskol.  »>u  an  ovom-jiiou  al^i-r 
luatoiialn  for  »uio«N>?toojno  stvvily,  Yoh  !  has  hoon  tho  iuvjuiuMo  »>m?»\v»>i\  t'or 
U  siavotl  «u»oh  klotoutiou  atul  o\j>liU\aliou,  au\l  now.  l>ol»oKI,  I  otVor  t\\v\\\ 
tho  itviults*  of  that  tiy.tiujjv  No  iUh  t'or  tho  stoinaoli.  Uut,  o.s  tlu>  oUI  I'Vuoli 
uuovt>s»oo|«st  ,lt>hU>t  olworvtul.  "souu>  ot*  tho  uuvM  ivuuukaMo  tisluvs  that 
havo  t>vvv  ho«m  soon" ;  a»ul  t'ooU  Ushos  t'ov  tho  i\\tolh>ot. 

To  u>v  j>m>il!>.  \n\\]\  i\(  (ho  I'wivorsity  ot'  IVuusyKauia  t\\\A  v-^wavth* 
uioiv  (\>Uoji^\  hut  ospooiaU)  tlio  hoys  ami  ji'lHs  ot'  tho  lattor,  «lio  havo 
attoitthul  >uy  lootuivs  on  nutuial  InstoiA.  th,*i  vork  s\u\  \>t>  ot"  iotoi't'st,  us 
tlu>y  will  »voojfni«o  \\\  its  Ulustvations  u«an\  of  tho  -simplost  fonns  of  aninwl 
UIV>  with  whioh  thov  havo  hoon  n\u*lo  tiuuiHiU-  tht>>ujih  n»\  instvuolioti, 
bulooil,  in  tho  ot^u'so  of  javjmration  of  tho  ho<>k  I  h.ivo  always  ha«l  inv 
pupils  in  nnn«l.  au»l  I  shall  ho  ^hnl  {♦'  it  soivo  i«s  an  a»hlitional  uiil  to  thoir 
stu»lios. 

In  oonolnsio\»,  I  on»hn«oo  th«>  opportunity  of  thankinj>>  thoso  t>f  n»y 
fviotuls  who  havo  not  only  o\pi^>H,sokl  «  warm  >nto>vj«t  in  my  in\<'sfi^a(ions. 
hut  \vlh>  havo  aithul  \\w  in  n>y  o\ou»'si,u»s,  «>r  who  havo  ot»llootoil  nvotoi-iols 
in  tlista(»t  looalitUKH  ami  sont  thon\  to  mo,  At\umj»>  thotn.  «v^p«Hnt>Uy,  I  takt> 
th«>  lihorty  of  nn>ntio\unjj'  lh\  Ivohort  8,  KotnlorUino.  l{ov.  Thotnas  ♦'. 
l*ortor  of  Kaston.  lh\  .losoph  K,  (Na'soti.  \K  S,  A,,  Jos«>ph  Willoox,  Dr 
Isuiio  l.oa,  ClanMi'.'o  f*,  Honmnt.  aiul  Chavlos  K.  Sn».ith. 


r^irr'    iTTT;-?=-(|T,'r^--rj' 


CHIEF  WORKS  AND  COMMUNICATIONS  RELATINa  TO  THE 
FRESH- WATER  RHIZOPODS,  WITH  LISTS  OF  THE  FORMS 
DESCRIBED,  AND  A  PARTIAL  AND  PROBABLE  REFERENCE 
OF  THESE  TO  CORRESPONDING  FORMS  DESCRIBED  IN 
THE  BODY  OF  THE  PRESENT  WORK. 

Archer,  l¥illiam. 

Numerous  Memoirs  and  Communications  on  Fresh-water  Ehizopods,  published  in 
the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  from  vol.  vi,  18GG,  to  vol.  xviii, 
1878,  inclusive.  The  titles  of  the  principal  ones  are  given  below,  followed  by 
a  list  of  the  forms  described  in  all. 

f >•  Soriie  Fresh- water  Ehizopoda,  New  or  Little  Known,  18G9,  ix,  250,  38(5,  pi.  xvi 
xvii,  xx;  1870,  x,  17,  101;  1871,  xi,  108,  pi.  vi,  vii.  ' 

On  Ghlamydomyxa  labyrinthuloides,  a  New  Fresh-water  Sarcodic  Organism,  1875, 
XV,  107,  pi.  vi,  vii 

E^sum6  of  Kecent  Contributions  to  Our  Knowledge  of  <' Fresh- water  Ehizopoda," 
1876,  xvi,  283,  347,  pi.  xxi,  xxu;  1877,  xvii,  07, 107, 107,  330,  pi.  viii,  xiii,  xx'i. 

ACANTUOCY8T18,  X,  2C. 

A.  Pcrtyana,  Ix,  199,  2.')2;  x,  32,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  1;  xii,  195.     =A.  cu^tophouaT 

A.  spinifera,  xi,  137,  pi.  vi,  figs.  7,  8;  xvi,  364,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  8. 

A.  turfacea,  xii,  195;  xvi,  3G1.    =  ACA2<TnocY8Ti8  ciletopuora. 

A.  aciileata,  xvi,  305,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  6. 

A.  Jlava,  xvi,  306,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  7. 

AcTiNOPiiRYS,  viii,  69 ;  ix,  42. 

A.  SOL,  xvi,  297,  300. 

A.  digitata,  xv,  102. 

ACT1N08PU^RIUM  EICHHORNII,  XVi,  301. 

^moBJa— actinospliserium-Iilio,  xi,  101 ;  xii,  94. 

A.  rilloaa,  with  linear  appendages,  vi,  19,  207 ;  x,  305 ;  xiii,  212 ;  xvi,  3:{7.    ==  OunAMtEDA 

VORAX. 

Amphitrema,  vii,  174 ;  x,  122. 

A.  Wrightianum,  x,  20,  122,  pi.  xx,  flg.  4,  5. 

Amphizonella  vestita,  xi,  135,  pi.  vi,  fig.  1-6;  xii,  87,  195.    =Cociiliopodium  vk8Titu.m. 

A.  violacea,  xi,  126,  134 ;  xvii,  464. 

A.  digitata,  xi,  129,  134. 

A.  Jlava,  xi,  130,  134. 

Arachnula  impatieim,  xvii,  347,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  21. 

Arcella  globosa,  viii,  69. 

A.  VULGARIS,  xvii,  79. 

Aitrooocoua  rvfus,  xvi,  351,  pi.  xxi,  flg.  2. 

^«(rod««oai«s,  xiii,  320;  xvi,  348.    =  Pompuolyxophrvs  f 

A.  minutua,  X,  Hi.      =P0.MPU0LYX0PHRY8f 

A.  ruber,  x,  115.    =  Pompuolyxopurys  f 
A.  Jlavcaocns,  X,  lU).    =  Po.MPnoLYXoi'HRV8  f 

297 


I 


1^98 


FKKHH  WATKU  KIIFZOPODS  OK  NORTH  AMKUICA. 


4rcher,  ^'illiam. 


A.  JlavompHiitaliis,  x,  115.    =  Pompiiolyxophiiys  f 

A.  radiaiiu,  X,  11^.    =PoMPiioi.Yxopmivs  f 

CiUophryo  '.••/"" aion urn,  xvi,  SOO,  j)l.  xxi,  iig.  1. 

Chlamidophrjia  ukrcorca,  xvii,  1<J8,  pi.  xiii,  Iig.  3.     =  PaMPIIAOUS  hyamnus  f 

Chlami/doiny^xi,  xv,  107,  pi.  vi,  viii. 

ChondropiiH  riritUs,  xvi,  1558,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  20. 

Clathhulina  klkgans,  viii,  71,  1H9 ;  x,  117,  pi.  xvii,  iig.  5 ;  xi,  :i2S ;  xvii,  68,  jil.  xx,  figa 

S.T-a.'i. 
CochUo])odium  prUucidum,  xvii,  ;t34,  i)l.  xxi,  Iig.  8.    =  Cochliopodium  diumdosum. 
C.  pilosum,  xvii,  :t:M.    =Cociiliopoi)ium  vkstitu.m. 
Cyphoderia  iruiteala,  xvii,  iiOlt,  y\.  xiii,  Iig.  (!. 
Cyalophrj/H,  x,  110.     =Pampiiaous  f 
f.'.  ncBckcUana,  viii,  29,'),  'JlHi;  ix.'i.'i!),  jil.  xvii,  figs.  1,2;  x,  112.     =PAMPHAau8  iiyamnub' 

C.  ociilca,  ix,  2r)9, 421 ,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  :i ;  x,  112.    =  DiPi.opiinY8  AnciiKRif 
Daciijlosphmium  rilreum,  xvii,  'Mi,  ligs.  17, 18. 

Diaphoropodon,  ix,  :{21 ;  x,  12H. 

D.  mobile,  ix,  394,  pi.  xx,  fig.  C;  x,  123;  xii,  87,  194. 
DiJJtugia  acropodia,  xvii,  114.    =Difflugia  globulosaT 

U.  mrinata,  vii,  178;  x,  21,  pi.  xx,  tig.  12;  xii,  195.     =Nebela  carinata. 
D.  COHONA,  vi,  207. 

D.  triangiilata,  vii,  174 ;  xii,  195. 
1).  vinoita,  xviii,212. 

Diplophnjsf  xi,  pi.  vi,  fig.  9,  pi.  vii,  fig.  10. 
Diircma  flavum ,  xvii,  103,  33(5,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  9. 
Euijhjpha  ampuUacea,  xvii,  203,  pi.  xiii,  iig.  7. 

E,  samformis,  xvii,  19(5. 

/>.  d/iiiiosn,  xii,  90;  xvi,  2.37.     =  Placocista  hpinosa. 

E.  liiicta,  xvi,  1CJ8;  xvii,  103,330;  xviii,  105.     =  Assuuna  SUMINULUM. 

Gromia,  xii,  310. 

a.  yranulala,  xvi,  343. 

O.  pnludona,  xvii,  201,  pi.  xii,  fig.  5. 

(}.  nocialia,  ix,  322,  390;  x,  124,  pi.  xx,  fig.  7-11.     =  PampiiagU8  iiyaunusT 

Gi/mnophrya  coimta,  xvii,  348,  fig.  22. 

Jlednoci/slis,  xvii,  (i7,  pi.  xx,  Iig.  21,  22. 

llETEKOPHRYS,  X,  107;  xvi,  351. 

//.  i'ocAii,  ix,  2(17,  318,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  3;   x,  108;   xii,  195;   xiii,  214;   xv,  331;   xvii,  103. 

=  Rapiiidiopiiry's  eleoans. 
H.  MYRIAPODA,  ix,  2G7,  320;  x,  110,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  4. 
//.  marina,  xvi,  354,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  13;  xv,  202. 
a.  spinifera,  xvii,  07,  pi.  xx,  Iig.  21,  22. 
IIyalodiscus  itunicuNDUS,  xvii,  342,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  1(5. 
Hyalonplunia  lata,  xvii,  110,  pi.  viii,  fig.  5.    ^  Hyalosphenia  cuneata. 
//. /ii7a(a,  xvii,  4(i4.     =  IIy'ai.ospuenia  cuneata. 

Lecylliiiim  liyalinum,  xvii,  197,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  1,  2.     =  Pampiiagus  uyaunHS. 
Lcptophryii  vincrea,  xvii,  34.">,  jil.  xxi,  fig.  19. 
L.  ctcgana,  xvii,  345,  pi.  xxi,  iig.  20. 
Mnnligamo-ha  axpira,  xvii,  350,  pi,  xxi,  fig.  24. 
Microgromia  Hocialin,  xvii,  115,  pi.  viii,  fig.  8. 
.ir  mmicola,  xvii,  121,  194,  4(15,  pi.  viii,  fig.  9. 
OcuAMtEliA.     On  the  proposed  genus,  xv,  202. 
Pampiiagus  mutaiiilis,  xii,  194,  423. 
I'llnmyxa palimtris,  xvii,  337,  pi.  xx,  fig.  10-15. 
J'inaciophora  JliirialiliH,  xvi,  3(17,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  .5. 
Vinacooyiitis  ruhicuiida,  xvi,  3(17,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  10. 
Plagiophnjs  Hcrlwigiana,  xvii,  124.     =  Pa.mpiiaous. 
P.  lacciformis,  xvii,  122,  pi.  \'iii,  fig.  11.    i^^^Pampiiaqus. 


IMIJIJOGUAPHY  OF  FRESH  WATER  lUllZOPODS. 


299 


Archer,  l¥illiaiii. 

p.  seutifonnh,  xvii,  123,  pi.  viii,  fig.  10.    =Pampha0U8  mutabilis. 

r.  sphvrka,  xi,  14ti,  j>l.  vii,  (!«.  ll-l(i.    =  PAMPiiAOua. 

riuhopm  ruber,  xvii,  :t49,  pi.  xxi,  lig.  2U.    =  Hyalodisci's  RUBicum)U8. 

I'Inloiim  parnmi,  xvii,  199,  jil.  xiii,  lij,'.  1,2. 

Vkuroiihrimi  amjiMlrcnwidm,  x,  17,  121,  pi.  xx,  ii};.  2.    =  I'seudodifflugia. 

r.  f  compreaaa,  xvii,  204,  pi.  xiii,  ll;;.  9.     =  rsKllDODlFFl.uoiA. 

P.f  fuhn,  x   '7,  122,  pi.  xx,  fig.  :i;  xiii,  4:J7.    =  Pskudodiffluoia. 

v.  laiirniformis,  xvii,  2li4,  pi.  xiii,  fij;.  H.     =r8i.uH)ODlFFr,i:GiA. 

P.  uphnrica,  x,  17,  121,  pi.  xx,  iig.  1;  xvi,  34:!.     =PsElTDoniFFLUGIA  GRACILIS. 

Podoaphara  SwcMiana,  viii,  67.     =Cl.ATimi;LiNA  eleoaxs. 

P0MPI101.YXOPIIHY8,  X,  105. 

P.  PUNICEA,  Syii.  nijnMampe  fenestrata,  ix,  38C;  x,  lOr.,  pi.  xvi.lig.  4,r>;  xvi,  375. 

PsemloMamiin patella,  Sjii.  Jinphizonella  flam,  xvii,  107,  pi.  viii,  v.-^.  1-3.     Lyoiitik  of 

Arceli-a  vulgaris. 
PijxUUeula  ojKrci'hita,  Khr.,  Syn.  Areella  patens,  Clap,  ct  Lachm.  xvii,  110.     .-=  Young  of 

Arcella  vulgaris  f 

QUADRULA  SVM.METHICA,  XVii,  118,  pi.  viii,  fig.  fi. 

Q.  irreniildiiu,  x vi,  337 ;  xvii,  103. 

Eapiiidiophryk,  x,  103;  xvi,3(i8. 

K.  elecans,  xvi,  374,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  19;  xvii,  10.1. 

B.  pallida,  xvi,  :t70. 

li.  viridie,  vii,  179;  ix,  255;  x,  103,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  2;  xii,  195;  xv,  331. 

Rhizopod,  ix,  323  I  X,  303 ;  xi,  94, 101 ;  xiii,  102,  317 ;  xvi,  105, 109,  340,  343. 

SpharaHtnnn  conijlohatum,  xvi,  3.56.     =RAriiiDiopiiRYS  elegans. 

Tro'jludjites  zoster,  xvi,  331,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  1-7.    =lVMrnAGU8  iiyalinus. 

Vampi/rclla  Spirogxjrw,  xvii,  347.    =Vampyrella  lateritia. 

Auerbach,  Leopold. 

Ueber  die  Einzelligkeit  der  Amfleben.    Zeitsclirift  fiir  wissenschaftlicbe  Zoolocie 
1856,  vii,  365,  Tiif.  xix-xxii. 

Ameeb'i  bilmbomi,  374,  Taf.  xix.    =  Cociiliopodium  bilimbosum. 

Amaba  actihophora,  392,  Taf.  x. 

Amoiba  rau.osa,  Khr.,  400,  Taf.  xxi. 

Jm-rAft  |)Hmo/7)«,  407,  Taf.  xxii.    =Am(EDa  proteus. 

Amiclia  limac,  probably  tlie  yoiiug  oi  Aitmha i>rineeiK,  430,  Fig.  11-16.  * 

Ammbtt  giiltiila,  430,  Fig.  17,  18. 

Bailey,  J.  1¥. 

Microscopic  Observations  made  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida.    Smith- 

soniau  Contributions.     Washington,  1850,  ii. 
Observations  on  a  newly  discovered  Aniinrlculo.    Anieri(!an  Journal  of  Science 
and  Arts.    New  Havei.%  1853,  xv,  341. 
Pampiiagus  mutabilis. 
Notice  of  Microscopic  Forms  found  in  the  soundings  of  the  Sea  of  Kamschatka. 
Ibidem,  1856,  xxii,  1,  pi.  i. 

Cadiitm  marimim,  fig.  2.     Marino  form. 

Difflugiuf  marina,  fig.  7.     A  largo  marine  form,  2i  mw.  long  by  li  mm.  wide,  with 
structure  of  Quadrula. 

Barker,  John. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science. 
Amceha  viLLOSA,  vi,  1866,  1.J5. 
Bipi.opiiuys  Archeri,  \  iii,  1868,  123. 

Amaba  quadrilincala,  ix,  1869,  94.     =Young  of  Amceba  VERRUCOSA. 
Uetcrvphrya  Fockii,  420.     =  Rapiiidigpiirys  ELEOAns. 


300 


FI{I';8II  VVATKIt  lUIIZOPODS  OF  ^'ORTII  AMEUIC^V 


II! 


Barnard,  IVilliam  S. 

Protozoan  Studies.    Proceedings  of  the  American  Assoeisition  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  1875,  xxiv,  240  =  (A). 
New  Kbizopods.     The  American  Quarterly  Jlicroscopical  Journal.    New  York, 
1879,  83  =  (B). 

Echinopjiiis  uciilmta,  A,  241 ;  B,  Si,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3.    =Centi{0pyxi8  aculbata. 
a.  lentoriKin,  A,  241;  B,  84,  lig.  I.    =Diffluoia  constuictaI 
E.  hemisphcrica,  A,  242;  B,  84,  tig.  2.    =Cp,NTnoPY.\i8  aculicataT 
Eughjpha  hgulifera,  A,  242 ;  B,  85,  lig.  4. 

Buck,  Eniil. 

Einige  Rliizopodcnstudicn.    Zeitschrift  ilir  wissenschaftlicho  Zoologie.    Leipzig, 

1877,  .XXX,  1. 
BeitrJige  ziir  Kenntniss  der  Kntwickelungsgescbichte  der  Arcella  vulgaris,  4, 

AliCELLA   VtJLOAlUS,  Tilf.  i,  B,  C,  II— M. 

Arcella  Okcn'i  var.,  'J'lif.  i,  A,  D.    =Auci!LLa  dp.ntata. 

Psciidochlamys  Patella,  Clap,  ot  Lachin.    As  syiiouymous  with  Arcella  vulgaris. 

Plioncrgales  xorax,  20,  Taf.  i,  Fig.  1-11,  Taf.  ii. 

Btttschli,  O. 

Zur  Kenntniss  der  Fortpflanzung  bei  Arcella  vulgaris,  Ehr.    Archivfiir  mikrosko- 

pischo  Anatomic,  1875,  xi,  459,  Taf.  xxv. 
Beitriigc  zur  Kenntniss   der  Flagellaten   nnd  einiger  verwandten  Organismen. 
Zeitschrift  fiir  wissenschaftliche  Zoologie,  1878,  xxx,  205. 

liemerkuiigcu  iiber  die  Amceda  radiosa,  Ehr.,  271.     Poilostoma  filigerum,  Clap,  et  Lachm., 

as  synonym. 
Jmabn  Blalla;  273,  Taf.  xv.  Fig.  26  a-d.    =Endam<eba  BLATTiB.* 

Carpenter,  IVilliam  B. 

Introduction  to  the  study  of  the  Foraminifera.  London,  18G2.  Of  the  Rhizopoda 
generally ;  their  Organization  and  Physiological  History,  and  their  distribution 
into  subordinate  Gioups,  12. 

AcTiNOPllRYS  SOL,  jil.  i,  figs.  1-4.     AftiT  Cla]>ar6(lo  anil  Weston. 

EuGLYPiiA  ALVEOLA  TA,  iig.  .1.    After  Du.janUn,  pi.  iv,  figs.  9-11.    After  Carter. 

Plaijiopliri/n  eiiHiidriea,  lig.  ti.     After  Claparfcde.     =  Pampuaou.s. 

Amceba  radiosa,  fig.  l.").     After  Anerbaeh,  pi.  iv,  figs,  (i,  7.     After  Carter. 

A.  pri)icepa,  lig.  IG.     After  Auerbach.     =  Am(EBA  piioteus. 

A.  bilimlmsn,  i\g.  17.    After  Aicrbaeli.    =Cociiliopowum  bilimbosum. 

J.fporrt'o(n,  lig.  18.    After  Sehultzo.     Marine  form. 

Arcella  vulgaris,  tig.  10.    After  Elirenberg.  « 

DlFFU'GiA  GLOBULOSA,  fig.  20.     After  Ehrenberg. 

Lugijnis  haltka,  lig.  21.     After  Sehultzo.     =Cypuoderia  ampulla. 

Lieberkiihnia  Wngneri,  pi.  ii.     After  Claparfcile. 

Amceba  verrucosa,  pi.  iv,  fig.  8.    After  Carter. 

*  ExD.vsiacBA.    General  character  of  Aniceba ;  composed  of  homogeneous  granular  protoplasm,  in  the 
normal  condition  without  distinction  of  eetosarc  and  endosarc;  with  a  distinct  niiclons,  but  ordinarily 
with  neitlirr  contractile  vesicle  nor  vacuoles.     Intermediate  to  Protamooba  and  Amoeba. 
Enda.'mocba  iiLA'rriE. 

Einc  Art  Protcut.     Sicbold:  Beitriigo  zur  Naturgeschichto  d.  wirbellosen  Thiere,  1839, /rfe 

Stein. 
Amiihenform.    Stein:  Organismus  d.  InfusionRthiere,  1867,  ii,  345. 

Amoeba  lilatta:  Blitschli :  Zeitschrift  fiir  wissensehaftlicho  Zoologie,  1878,  xxx,  273,  Taf.  xv, 
Fig.  26. 
Initial  form  globular,  passing  into  spheroidal,  oval,  or  variously  lobato  forms,  mostly  clavato  and 
moving  with  the  broailer  end  in  advance.  Protoplasm  more  or  less  distinctly  striate  wlien  in  move- 
ment. Nucleus  spherical,  granular;  with  a  large  nucleolus.  Size  of  globular  forms  0.054  mm.  to 
0.075  mm.  in  diameter;  elongated  forms  0.075  mm.  by  0.06  mm.  to  0.15  mm.  by  0.09  mm.  Pariisitic 
in  company  with  Nijetothcrua  ovalw,  Lophomonas,  Thelastomum  gracilc,  etc.,  in  the  large  intestine  of 
lilatta  oriehtalis. 


il''  ■ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FRESH- WATER  RHIZOPODS. 


801 


Carpenter,  l¥illiam  B. 

The  Microscope  and  its  Revelations.    5tli  edition.    Philadelphia,  1875. 
Carter,  H.  J. 

Notes  on  the  Fre.«b-water  Infusoria  of  the  Island  of  Bombay,  No.  1.  Organization. 
The  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History.  London,  1856,  xviii,  115,  221, 
pi.  v-vii. 

Amoiba  ^uadrilineata,  243,  pi.  v,  tig.  3;  pi.  vii,  fig.  81.    =Am(EBA  VERRncofiA,  young. 

A.  Soeselii  T  Diij.,  pi.  v,  figs.  4,  a4. 

A.  Gle'whcniif  Diy.,  figs.  5-8. 

A.  radiosat  Diij.,  figs.  10-18.    =  CocniiopODiUM  dilimbosum. 

EUGI.YPIIA  AI.VEOLATA.  Dflj.,  tigs.  25-27. 

Arcellina  vulgariii,  Elir.,  247,  pi.  vii,  fig.  7i).    =Arceli.a  VULGARIS. 
Diffiugia  Iricunpis,  247,  fig.  80.    =  Difflugia  lobostoma. 
D.  proiciformw,  ViS.    :=  Difflugia  lobostoma. 

Additional  Notes  on  Fresh-water  Infusoria  in  the  Island  of  Bombay.  Ibidem, 
1857,  XX,  34,  pi.  i. 

Am(EBa  vf,uuucosa,  37,  40,  pi.  i,  figs.  12,  13. 

Eiiglyplia  plvurostoma,  35,  41,  tig.  19.    =TiilNKMA  enchklys. 

On  Amoeba  pr'nceps  and  its  Reproductive  Cells,  etc.    Ibidem,  1863,  xii,  30,  pi.  iii.' 

Amecha pr'mccpn.    ^Am(Eba  villosa. 
On  the  Value  of  the  "Villi"  on  the  surface  of  Amoeba  as  a  Specific  Distinction. 

Ibidem,  198. 
On  Fresh -water  Rhizopoda  of  England  and  India.    Ibidem,  1864,  xiii,  18,  pi.  i,ii. 

Amaha  pr'mcepa,  Vd.    =:AMtEBA  proteus  nnd  Amceda  villosa. 

A.  quadriUncata,  19.    =  Young  of  Amceba  verrucosa. 

.1.  rarfios'j  f  Duj.,  19.    =  Cochliopodium  bilimbosum. 

A.  verrucosa,  Ehr. 

A.  Gleicheniit  Dwi;  if).  . 

.(.  monociliata,  21,  pi.  ii,  fig.  19. 

Difflugia  pyriformis,  Pcrty,  21,  figs.  1-4. 

D.  COMPRESSA,  22,  pi.  i,  figs.  5,  6. 

D.  URCEOLATA,  27,  fig.  7. 

V.  BomhaiimaiH,  27.  pi.  ii,  fig.  16. 

D.  tricunph,  28.    =  Difflugia  lobostoma. 

/>.  ovoglobosa,  28. 

V.  tUiptica,  28,  pi.  i,  fig.  20. 

D.  SPIRALIS,  Biiiley,  29,  fig.  9. 

Difflugia,  2!».    Fig.  10,  =  Difflugia  acuminata.    Fig.  11,  =  D.  pyriformis. 
EchinopyxU  acuUala,  Clap,  et  Laclim.,  29,  tig.  8.    =  Centropyxis  aculeata. 
Akcella  vulgaris,  Elir.,  30,  pi.  ii,  tig.  14. 

A.  i>aien8,  Clap,  et  Laclim.,  31,  fig.  15.    =  Akcella  vulgaris,  young  T 
Euglj/plia  compresaa,  32,  pi.  i,  tig.  1.^.    =EuGLYPnA  oiliata. 

E,  ALVEOLATA,  Duj.,  pi.  ii,  fig.  17. 

Cyphodcriamtmjaritacca,  Sclilum.,  33,  fig.  18.    =Cyphoderia  ampulla. 
Actinophrys  paradoxa,  34,  tig.  20. 

A.  Eichhot-nii,  Ehr.,  35,  figs.  21-24.    =  Acting sphjskium  eichhornii. 
A.  oculata,  Stoin,  36.    =  Actinophrys  sol! 
Plagiophrys  aphceiica,  Clap,  et  Lachm.,  35.    =  Pampiiagus. 
Acanthocysth  turfacen,  36,  tig.  21.    =  Acanthocystis  chj?topiiora. 
On  tha  Fresh-  and  Salt-water  Rhizopoda  of  England  and  India.    Ilndem.  1865, 
yv,  277,  pi.  xii. 

•    Actinophrys  oculala,  Stein,  figs.  1-3.    =  Actinophrys  sol. 

A.  Eiehkornii,  Elir.,  283,  fig.  6.     —  Actinosph^rium  ElcnuoRNII. 
Eiiglypha  spiiioaa,  21M),  tig.  13.     —  I'lacocista  hPinosa. 
E.  globom,  2.10,  fig.  14.    =  Spiienoderia  i.enta. 


f 


I 


302 


FRKSII-WATER  KlIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMKUICA. 


Ibidom,  1870,  v,  323,  pi.  v,  flgs.  G-9. 


Arcliiv  fiir  inikroskopiselio  Anatomie,  1865, 


Ibidem,  1867,  iii,  274, 
Ibidem,  18G7,  iii,  311, 


Carter,  H.  J. 

On  a  new  Species  of  Difflugia. 

Viffliiijia  hiiwH. 

CienkowMki,  Ij. 

Beitiii};e  znr  Kenntniss  der  Monuden. 
i,  203,  Taf.  xii-xiv. 

VamiiyrvUa  Spirogtira',  210,  Fi>;.  44-5().     =VJ!W1'YREU.a  i.atkihtia. 
('.  pcndiila,  *il,  rid.  r>7-)):t. 
V.  rornx,  22:»,  Fi({.  (i4-7:». 
Niiflearin  dcliiatulu,  !ftjf>,  Fig.  74-78. 
y.  Himplix,  "JiJO,  Fig.  7<J-81. 
AcTixopiiUY.s  SOI,,  Khr.,  227,  Fig.  S!i-90.  ' 

A.  ICivhhornii.  221t.     =  ArriNosi'ii.KiiirM  KrniiioUMl. 
Ueber  den  Ban  luid  die  Entwickelung  der  Labyrinthulen. 

Taf.  xv-x\ii. 
Ueber  die  Clatlnulina,  cine  iieuo  Actinophryen-Gattung. 
Taf.  xviii. 

Cr.ATllltn.INA    r.I.F.dANS. 

Ueber  Sehwiirnierbildung  hei  Radiolarien.    Ibidem,  1871,  vii,  371,  Taf.  xxix. 
Das  Plasmodium.    .lalirblleher  tiir  wissenschaftliche  Botanik,  1803,  iii,  4C0,  Taf. 

xvii-xx. 
Ueber  einige   I?hizop(Hlen  und  verwandte  Orgauismen.    Archiv  fiir   mikrosko- 
pische  Anatomie,  1876,  xii,  15,  Taf.  iv-viii. 

VampyreUa  vorar.  24,  Fig.  14-17. 

Arachnula  impalicnn,  27,  Fig.   18-24. 

Ciliophrji!  injuiionum,  2lt,  Fig.  2()-4H. 

ChimiinphrjiH  romeia,  'M,  Fig.  25. 

(rromia  palmloHa,  'M,  Fig.  44-77. 

Microi/romia  mcialiH,  Ilertwig,  34,  Fig.  48-59.     =  Cystopkriis  hackeliana. 

lAteytliium  hiialiuum,  Hcrtwig  ii.  Lessor,  118,  Fig.  (>0-72.     =PampiiagU8  hvalinus. 

ChlamiidnphrjiH  utereorea,  '.\9,  Fig.  73-70.     =Pampiiagi'8  llYALlNUsf 

DirtopiiUYs  AitcHKiti,  Fig.  00,  01. 

D.  Hlercoira,  44,  Fig.  02-100. 

Mioroconulcn paliiduHa,  l(i,  Fig.  lOl-llO. 

Clapar^de,  ^doiiard,  et  liachmann,  Johannes. 

fitudes  sur  los  Infusoires  et  les  Rhizopodea,  vol.  i.  Geneve,  1858-1850.  Deuxiemo 
partio.  Anatomie  et  Classiftcation  des  Rhizopodes,  413,  vol.  ii.  Paris,  Geneve, 
1800-61. 

Am(E1>a,  438. 

I'odostoma  Jiligcriim,  441,  jil.  xxi,  flgs.  4-(). 

I'ftnlopuH  diJJIucns,  442,  lig.  3. 

Pneudochlamiii)  Palellti,  443,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  5.    =AncKLLA  vulqauis,  young f 

AncEi.i.A  vfuiAitis,  Klir.,444. 

.1.  pulfiis,  441>,  tig.  7.    =  AitOKLi.A  viTLGAilis,  young  1 

Kvhinoijxiii  iitHhala.     Syii.  Arcella  uviileata,  Elir.,  Difflugia  aculcala,  FcHy,  447.    i=CEN- 

TltOPYXIS  ACUI-EATA. 
UlKKLUGIA,  447. 

AcTiNOPHKY'S  SOL,  Elir.     Syii.  A.  difformis,  Ehr.,  A.  Eichhornil,  Clap.,  450. 

A.  JiiMioniii,  Ehr.     Syn.  A.  ml,  Kool.,  i,  450;  ii,224,  pi.  xii,  lig.  10.     =:Actinohph^iiiiim 

EICUIIOKMI. 

A.  brcvivirrhix,  Pcrty,  450. 

^■1.  trnuipeii,  451,  i,  jtl.  xxii,  fig.  4. 

TrivliodinciiH  koI,  Ehr.     Syii.  Actiiioplirys  diacim,  Dli,i.,  4!J2.  »  • 

Playiophri/H  riiliiidrira,  4.')3,  fig.  1.     =PampiiaoUS. 

/'.  s^Att'ricrt,  454,  fig.  2.    ^  I'a.mpiiagus. 

PUnrophniH  nplitrriin,  4.55,  fig.  3.     =P8BliiioiHF|.xiiOlA  GRACILIS. 


f 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FRESH  WATER  RIIIZOPOD8. 


303 


Claparide,  l^tloiiard,  ct  Lachiuann,  Johannes. 

Trinema  ArhiuH,  Piij.     Syn.  Dlffluffia  Enehehjn,  Ehr.,  Euglijpha  phuronloma,  Cnrter,  45ri. 

=  TnlNEMA  ENCIIELYH. 

Euijliipha  tiibirculala,  Diij.,  '<5fi.     SiipiioHcd  to  lio  Syn.  ]■:.  ahrotala,  Di\).,  E.  laris  mid 

A'.  Heligera,  IVrty.    =Kugi.yi'Iia  ai,vi:oijvta. 
Vrnula  EpuhjMiii,  4i)7,  ii,  lid",  pi.  x,  ligH.  l-l((. 
Lieherkuehnia  Wagneri,  4(55,  i,  pi.  xxiv. 

Clapnrdde,  ^d. 

Ueber  Actinophrys  Eichhornii.    Archiv  fllr  Anatomio,  rhysiologie,  und  wissen- 
scbaftliche  Merticin.    Berlin,  1854,  398,  Taf.  xv,  Fig.  1-6. 
Actinophnjii  Eichhornii.    =  ACTlNosPH^niUM  eichhornii. 

ACTINOPIIIIYS  SOL. 
AltCELLA   VULOARIS,  401,419. 

Clark,  Henry  James. 

On  Actinoplirys.  Proceeding.s  of  tlie  Boston  Soci«ty  of  Natural  Eistory,  1802, 
ix,  282. 

Actinophnja  Eichhornii.    =  Actinosph^rium  eiciiiioknii. 

Cohn,  Ferdinand. 

Beitrage  zir  Entwickelungsgeschicihte  der  lTifn.sorien.     Zeitschrift  filr  wissen- 
scbaftliche  Zoologie,  iv.    Leipzig,  1853,  25;$,  Taf.  xiii. 
DiffliKjia  Helix,  2lil.    =  Dieki.ugia  spiralis. 

Actinophnjmhnlichfn  Thicrchon,  262,  Tuf.  xiii,  V\<r.   17,  ll^.     =  uochliopodium  pellu- 
cinusi  ? 

Czerney,  Vincenz. 

Einige  Beoba«htungen  iiber  Amoeben.  Arcliiv  fiir  mikroskopische  Anatomic, 
1809,  V,  159. 

Amoeba  priiiccpn.    =  Amceda  proteits  f 

A.  (lifflucilS.     A.  KADI08A.      A.  (juttula. 

A.  liilimhata,  1G2.    =Cochliopodium  bilimbosum. 

Dujardin,  F<;lix. 

Observations  nonvelles  sur  les  Cdphalopodes  niicrosc-opiques,  par  M.  Desjardins. 

Aunales  des  Sciences  Naturelles.    Paris,  1835,  iii,  108. 
Observations  nouvelles  sur  les  pr^teudus  Ceplialopodes  inicroscopiques,  par  M. 

Dujardin.    Ibidem,  312. 
Recherches  sur  les  Organismes  Inferieurs.    Par  P.  Dujardin.     Ibidem,  iv,  343. 

I.  Sur  la  Gromia  oviformis  et  sur  les  Rhizopodes  en  general.    PI.  ix. 

II.  Sur  les  lufusoires  appeles  ProtiJes,  etc.    352. 
Ammba  pnnccpn.    Amceba  Proteus.    Amo;ba  radiosa,  357. 

Amwba  diffliteim,  :177,  pi.  x,  fig.  D.  E.,  xi,  (ig.  G.  H.     Ibideiii,  183(),  v,  l'j;<,  pi.  ix. 
Trinemc,  198, 205,  pi.  ix,  lig.  A.    =  Trinema  enciielys. 
Amibe,  199, 205,  lig.  C.    =  Am<eba  radiosa. 

Sur  une  uouvelle  espece  de  Gromia  et  sur  les  Difflugies.  Ibidem,  1837,  viii,  310, 
pi.  ix,  figs.  1,  2. 

DiFFLl'aiA  r.LOBt'LOSA,  311,  313,  pi.  ix,  fig.  1  o,  *. 
,  ^fromio/i/m/is,  312,  313,  fig.  2  (I,  6. 

Note  sur  les  lufusoires  vivant  dans  les  Jlousses  et  dans  les  Jungermannes  bumides, 
et  particulierement  sur  une  Amibe  revi'tue  d'un  tegument  membraueux.  Ibi- 
dem, 1852,  xviii,  240. 

Corycie,'Ml.    =  Tamphagus  miitabilis. 

Observations  sur  les  ibizopodes  et  les  iufusoii-p.s.  Comptes  Rendus  bebdomndaires 
des  Seances  de  l'A<!ad6mie  des  Sciences.     Paris,  1835,  338. 


304 


FRErtll-WATHK  IMIIZOl'ODS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


i  ''  \  1 


DiUardin,  F^lix. 

Ilistoiro  Xiiturollo  <It>.s  Zoophytes.     Infiisniros.    Pftria,  1841. 

Amihiitm,  '2'M.     /Wiuo/iwf**, '-MH.     Aiiinnplinicnn,  'J!>'J. 

Amiha  /)/i«((7«i,'?:t5i,  pi.  i,  fl);.  II.       -Amikiia  puoteus. 

Amiba  lt(Mnilii, 'i^H.    =AM(EnA  piiotkus. 

A.  (liffliirng,  'iXi,  1)1.  iii,  tiff.  1.     -=  Amikba  KADinflAf 

A.  (Ileirhenii,  ij:)4,i)l.  iv,  li^.  li.      --AMilcnA  VKKIIUCOSA,  young t 

A.  mullUubn,  '■iM.     Amiha  Umax,  U:i.5. 

A.  fluttiila,  1!:I5,     Amiba  lawratu,  'S.iti, 

A.  reirucosa,'i'.W>.    =  Aakeba  VKimrcosA. 

A.  rndioia,  '£HS,  pi.  iv,  fi({s.  'i,  3.    =  Am<kiia  hadiosa. 

A.  brachinia,  ZiH,  jil.  iv,  (If?.  4.     -=  Am<eha  raoiosa. 

A.  rrassa,  2:18. 

A.  rnmom,  21)9,  pi.  iv,  tl){.  5.    =  Askeiia  kapiosa. 

Arcella  vui.oAnis,  247,  pi.  ii,  llgH.  IJ-.'i. 

A.  acuUala,  247.    =  Cejjtropyxis  acdleata. 

Cijphidimn  nureolum,  247. 

Dii'Fi.fGiA  oi.oui;i.08A,  248,  pi.  ii.fig.  0. 

1).  proMformia, 'H9.     =  Diffluoia  ai.0BULO8Af 

D.  ACUMINATA,  249. 

Trinema  acimi8,  249,  pi.  iv,  fig.  1.    =Trinema  enchf.lts. 
Eujiypha  titherciilata,  251,  pi.  ii,  figs.  7, 8.     Kuolypha  alveolata. 

E.  AI.VKOLATA,  252,  pi.  ii,  flK8.9, 10. 

Gromin,  252.     Gromia  flimalili»,  255,  pi.  ii,figN.  1  n,  6. 

ACTINOPHRYS  SOL,  262,  pi.  iii,  (ig.  3. 

A.  aigitata,  204,  pi.  i,  flg.  19,  iii,  fig.  4. 

A.  dkciiH,  264.    Syn.  Trichodiaeua  hoI,  Ehr.    =  Vampyrella  lateritia  f 

..•1.  <//^<>niii«,  Elir.,  265.    =  Actinopiirys  sol,  f 

A.  ririilis,  Ehr.,  267.    =-Acantiiocysti8  cifiETOPHORA. 

Duncan,  P.  martin. 

Studies  amongst  AiiKBba;.  The  ropular  Science  Review.  London,  1877,  i,  217, 
pi.  V,  vi. 

Amaba  princepn.     =  AMfEBA  PROTEUS. 

AM<EBA  VII.l.O.'iA. 

Ehrenberg,  Christian  Crottflried. 

Beitriige  /ur  Kenutniss  der  Organisation  der  Infusorien  nnd  ihrer  geographiaclien 
Verbreitung,  bcsonders  in  Siberien.  AbliandUingen  der  koniglichen  Aliade, 
mie  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin.  Aus  deni  Jahre  1830.  Berlin,  1832. 
Page  1.     =  Abh.  1830. 

tlber  die  Entwickelnng  nnd  Lebensdaner  der  Infnsionstliiero,  nebst  femeren  Bei- 
triigen  zn  oiuer  Vorgleichiuig  ihrer  organiscben  Systeine.  Ibidem,  1831.  Ber- 
lin, 1832.    Page  1.     =  Abb.  1831. 

Verbreitung  nnd  Einfluss  des  mikroskoi)!M(!hen  Lebens  in  Siid-  nnd  Nord-America. 
Ibidem,  1841.    Berlin,  1832.    Page  291,  Taf.  i-iv.     =  Abh.  1841. 

Passatstaub  nnd  Blutregen.    Ibidem,  1847.    Berlin,  1840.   Page  270.    =  Abh.  IS 47. 

Beitrag  zur  Bestimmung  des  stationarcn  niikroskopischen  Lebens  in  bis  20,(K>0 
Fua.s  Alpenhohe.     Ibidem,  1858.    Berlin,  1850.    Page  429.     =  Abh.  1859. 

Uber  miiclitige  GebirgH-Schicliten  vorlierrsc.hend  aus  mikroskopi&chenBaccillarien 
unter  und  bei  der  Stadt  Mexico.  Ibidem,  1809.  Berlin,  1870.  Page  1. 
=  Abh.  18G9. 

Dbersicht  der  seit  1847  fortgesetztcn  Untcrsuchungen  iiber  das  von  der  Atmo- 
sphiire  unsichtbar  getragene  reiche  orgauische  Lebeii.  Ibidem,  1871, 1,  i'af.  ii. 
Berlin,  1872. 


.5 


V 


t 


IJIBLIOOUAPHY  OF  FRESH  WATER  RDIZOPODS.  305 

Ehrenberg,  ChriNtian  GottfVied. 

Nachtraff  ziir  Ubersioht  aororgaiiischeu  Atmospliiirilien.    Systemati.fche  nnd  rco- 
grai)lii8(!ho  Studien  iibcr  die  Arccllincn.    Ibidoni,  23.},  Taf.  iii. 
8,V8f«inuHo  Arrungoiiiuiit  nf  tlui  'Arrellinon,'  244 
DiiignoHcs  of  'Arcelliueii'  lioretofdru  not  (tpccially  (aioractoiizoil,  24H. 

Notices  of  Freshwater  Rliizopods.  Monatsberichte  dor  koi.iKlu'h  proHssihc-lien 
Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berliii,  183(5-1872.     =  Mb. 

Dio  Infusionsthicrciien  als  volkoinineno  Orgaiiisuion.    Leipzig,  1838.     =  Inf 

Mikrogeologie.    Leipzig,  1854.     =  Mg. 

Das  unsicbtbare  wirkendo  Leben  der  Nordpolarzoiio.  Die  zweite  deiit.sche  Nord- 
polaifalnt  in  den  Jalueu  1809  uud  1870.  Leipzig,  1874.  Baud  U  437  Taf 
iii,  400.     =  Nordp.  ' 

Actinophri,,,  Kichhornii,  Ahh.  1840,198.    =  AcTlNospiMsmuM  Eicnnonxii. 

A.  ilifformis,  Inf.  304,  Taf.  xxxi,  Fig.  viii.    =  Aotinoi-'ihys  sol. 

A.  801.,  AWi.  1830, 61,  GO,  7li,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  iv;  Inf.  .'iO.'t,  T  <•.  xxxi,  Fig.  vi. 

A.  viridis,  h\{.  304,  Taf.  xxi,  Fig.  vii.    =:  Acanthocvstis  cii/KTornoiiA. 

Amaba  difflutim,  Abb.  1830,  39,  61,  08,  09,  75,  Tuf.  i,  Fig.  v;  1831,  79;  Inf.  127,  Taf.  viii 

Fig.  xii.  ' 

A.  Jongipes,  Abli.  1840,  199.     A  marino  form. 

A.  princeps,  Abb.  1830,  7i);  Inf.  12(i,  Tuf.  viii.  Fig.  x.     =  AMffinx  pnoTEUS. 
A.  RADIOSA,  Abb.  1830,  39;  1831,  79;  Inf.  128,  Taf.  viii,  Fig.  xiii. 
A.  VERRUCOSA,  Inf.  120,  Taf.  viii,  Fig.  xi. 
Arc-.lla  acukaia,  Abb.  1830,  40;  1831,91 ;  1841,  442,  Taf.  iii,  vi,  Fig.  5;  Inf.  133  Taf  ix 

Fig.  vi.    =  Ci;ntropyxi8  acui.kata.  '        '     ' 

A.  amerkam,  Abb.  1841, 410, 4:{8,  Tiif.  i,  iv  Fig.  10  a. 

A.  Arctiseon,  Abh..l871,  258,  Taf.  iii,  ii,Fig.  17.    ^biFFLUOi*  constricta. 
A.  borcalis,  Nordp.  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  29;  Mb.  1872,290.    =Difflugia  cons.ricta. 
A  caumcoW  Ahh.  1848,-218;  Abb.  1871,  143,  Taf.  ii,Fife.  31.    =Tr,.ve.ma  enchelys. 
A.  ccllulosa,  Abb.  1871,  258,  Taf.  iii,  ii,  Fig.  14.    =Centropyxi8  EcoRNisf 
A.  drrhom,  Abb.  1871,  2.')9,  Taf.  iii,  ii,  Fig.  9. 
A.  comtricta,  Abb.  1841,  410,  444,  445,  Taf.  iv,  i.  Fig.  35,  v.Fig.  1 ;  1847,  459,  Taf.  vi,  iii, 

1;  ig.  12 ;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxix,  ii.  Fig.  3.    =  Diffi-Ugia  constricta. 
A.costata,  Abb.  1847,  442,    Taf.  i,  i,  Fig.  52;    1871,  259;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxix,  ii,    Fig.  3. 

=  ARCEI,LAMITRATAf 

A.  DKNTATA,  Abb.  1830,  40;  1831,  90;  Inf.  134,  Taf.  ix,  Fig.  vii  a. 

A.  Diadem,,,  Abb.  1831,  259,  Taf.  iii,  ii,  Fig.  7,  8.    =Centropyxi8  aculeata,  and  C 

EC0RNI8. 

A.  DiscoiDES,Abh.  1843, 139;  Abb.  1871, 259,  Taf.  iii,  ii.  Fig.  I. 

A.  Dixphwa,  Abb.  1841, 410, 445,  Taf.  iv,  ii,  Fig.  12 ;  Nordp.  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  3 

A.  eeo™«,Abb.  1841,410,  438,441,  Taf. i,iv,Fig.  9;  Taf.  iii, i, Fig. 46;  Mg.Taf.  xxxiv,ii. 

!•  Ig.  1.    =  Centropyxis  ecornis. 
A.  EnchoUjs,  Abb.  1847, 444, 400,  Taf.  i,  ii,  Fig.  63;  Taf.  vi.  Fig.  64;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxix,  ii, 

1'  Ig.  4.      =  TRINEMA  ENCHELY8. 

A  galcala,  Abb.  1871, 2i)9  ;  Mg.  288. 

A.  Glob„l„,,  Mb.  1848, 379 ;  1856,  337,  Taf.  Fig.  4 ;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxiv,  ii,  Fig.  2 ;  Taf.  xxxviii 

A.  XXl,  Fig.  9.      =DlFFLUGIA  GI.0nUL08A  Ond  CENTK0PYXI8  EC0RNI8  ' 

A.  granulata,  Ml).  1848,379. 

A.  guatimaUum,  1871,  259,  Taf.  iii,  ii.  Fig.  16;  Nonlp.  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  35.     ^Diffluoia 

CONSTRICTA. 

A.  thyalina,  Inf.  1838, 134,  Taf-viii,  Fig.  viii.    =  Pampiiaocs  iiyaunus. 

A.  hyalhia,  1811,  444,  T.af.  i,  ii,  Fig.  31 ;  T.if.  iii,  vi.  Fig.  6 ;  Taf.  iv,  i.  Fig.  34,  v,  Fig  3-  Mg 

Taf.  V,  i.  Fig.  39 ;  Taf.  xiv.  Fig.  96  «,  6;  Taf.  xxxiii,  iv,  Fig.  1 ;  T.af.  xxxiv,  v,  U,  Fig.  3. 

xii  A,Fig.7;  Taf.xxxv,ii,A,Fig.2;  Taf.xxxviii, vii,  A,Fig.4;  xxi,A,Fig.5;  Nordp. 

Taf.  Ill,  Fig.  .32.    =Trinemaf.nciif;ly8. 
A.  laticeps,  Mb.  1872, 296 ;  Nonip.  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  30. 

A.  lunata,  Abh.  1841, 410 ;  1871, 259,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  3, 4.    =  Diffluoia  c0X8tricta. 
A.  Macrostonm,  Mb.  1862, 597 ;  Abh.  1871, 259. 
20  EHIK 


306 


ruRsii  WATi:i{  iMiizoi'ons  or  voifTn  amf.rica. 


Ehrenberff,  ChriNdnn  CiioftlVied.  ^ 

.1.  Mi-naHtonia,  Ml..  IKVi,  :):t7,  Tiif.  KIk.  3;  M({.  Tiif.  xxxlv,  vlll,  Fig.  1;  Ahh.  IWl,  IW. 

---  TlllNKMA  KNCItKI.YS  f 

.1.  VirroHhimii,  M^.  Tiif.  xxxviii,  xsi,  Fin.  11;  Alili.  1H7I,  aiO,  Tiif.  iii,ri){.  IX 

A.  XiiliiH  I'liiihiliiH,  Alih.  IHII,  Jllf,  Ml,  Tut',  iii,  i,  Ki«.  'IH.     _  'I'iiinkma  knciIELYH, 

A.  Miiriliindii,  Mli.  H:>(1,  nw.Tuf.  Kin.  ^'i  Alili.  1^71,  '^Kl. 

/I.  nutnim,  AMi.  1^71,  'Jdl.       -Tiiinkma  KNtniKi.YS. 

A.  iterintUn,  Alili.  IHTI/jiMl.Tiil'.  iii,  il.  Kin.  11,1'.'.     =AncKM.A  iHSCOinKSl 

.(.  I'HiHM,  a1>Ii.  1H4I,  UK,  141,  Till",  iii,  i,  V\g.  47. 

A.  I'unim,  Al>h.  1H71,  iflkt,  Tnl".  iii,  I'lu.   15;   Nordp.  Tiif.  iii.   Tin.  M.     =DlFFI,UOIA 

fONSTIIKTA. 

A.  retivHlala,  Al.li.  1H71,  'JfiO,  Tuf.  iii,  l'l(,'.  Ti;  Mj?.  Tnf.  xxxiv,  I,  H,  Fijj.  1.    =  NrhelaT 

j'l.  roHtnilii,  Alili.  lH;i,a7'.i,Tal'.  iii.ii,  Ki;{.  !i.      -Tiiiskma  knciiki.ys. 

A.  Hnihni,  Al«li.  I. ■'71, ','('. I. 

A.  Hiriiild,  Alih.  lK71,'.'til,  Trtf.  iii,  l''i(?.  (1.      -TltlNr.MA  KNOllKLVsf 

A.  HiiiiniiKila,  Alili.  1H71,  'HM.      =  Nkmki.a  cdi.i.aiii.s  f 

A.  hIiIIiiIii,  AI)Ii.  Irf'i,  2(il,  'I'lif.  iii,  Fi^.  10.     =Alll'KI,I,A  DKNTATA. 

A.  Tislrix,  .Mil.  XfTi,  'JiKi;  Norilii.  Tiif.  iii.  Fijj;.  :il.    =Tm.Ni;.MA  knciif.i.ys. 

A.  uniinaln.  Mil.  |rt4,".,  aiil ;  Aldi.   1H71,  '-'('(t  ;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxiv,  viii,  Fig.  'Z\  Tnf.  xxxvHI, 

A,  xxi,  Fi^.  4.      -^TltlNK.MA  KNCIIKI.YS. 

A.  Vt'UiAiiiH,  Al.h.  IrttO,  4(1,  (il,  (Ml,  7.S  Tuf.  i.  Fig.  vl;  IKU,  UO;  Inf.   1311, Tnf.  ix,  Fig. 

v;  Mg.  Tiif.  xxxviii.  A,  xxi.  Fig.  1(1. 
CijphUVimn  'uiriiibim,  Iiil".  !;(.'>,  Tar.  ix.Flg.  ix. 

Diffluijia  aninthopliorn,  Aldi.  1H.U,  41:),  444,  Tiif.  iv.  i.  Fig.  '.Vt.     7=  EUOI.YPHA  AT.VKOLATA. 
1).  ACCMLNATA,  Ahli.  IStd,  *.■> ;  Hill,  IH) ;  Inf.  i;il,  Taf.  ix.  Fig.  'li. 
J),  iiiliiiipti,  Alili.  iilH,  T;if.  iii,  i,  Fig.  H,  0.    —  C'YriioDKiilA  ami'UI.la. 
7).  iildhameiiiiiK,  Alili.  24H,  Tnf.  iii.  Fig.  10.     =  Cypiiodkkia  amI'UM.a. 
I>.  alpiroh,  Abli.  IKV,  4.^.:!,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  vi. 
y».  iihriiUila,  Alili.  1^71,  aiH.    z=  KiJOLYriiA  alveolata. 
n.  Amiihnra,  Alili.  1H71,  a4M,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  17.     :^=:  Ercii.Yl'llA  T 

IK  Amimlla,  Mb.  IKIO,  I'.n);  Al.li.  lH71,i.>74,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  II.    =  CYPllonF.IllA  AMPULLA. 
J),  nnniilala,  Alih.  1H71,  yid,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  lit.     =  Nkbkla  t 
D.  antarclira,  AUIi.  1H71,  14:1,  •.' lit,  Tif.  ii.  Fig.  11. 
/).  'ipiciiloHa,  .Mil.  1H7'J,  \J!>7;  Nnnlp.  MM,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  17. 
]).  arrtirn,  Mli.  ls:-i.  ii'.W;  Nord)!.  4(!li,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  'jH. 
7).  Airlhi-m.  Alih.  I-CI,  'Jl'.t,  Taf.  iii,  i,  Fig.  a. 
J),  r.rmhila,  Aldi.  1H41,  4i:i,  Taf.  i,  iv.  Fig.  Hr;  Taf.   ii,  i.  Fig.  4.');  Tiif.  iii,  i,  Fig.  49; 

Taf  iv,  V,  Fig.  'i\  IKl",  Taf.  vi.  Fig.  01  ;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxiii,  iv.  Fig.  'i;  Tnf.  xxxiv,  i, 

H,  Fig.  "J,  iii,  I),  Fig.  1;  Taf.  xxxviii,  xxi.  A,  Fig.  2;  Taf.  xxxix,  iv,  Fix;,  ii,") ;  Nordp. 

4(i:i,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  U:t.     - .  FiUii.vi'ilA  Ai.viCdt.ATA. 
/».  anHiilald,  .\ldi.  1H71,  14:t,  rillt.  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  4,").     -- Quadrula  8Y.MMF.TRICA. 
I).  fiiHlnoiilioni,  Aldi.  1*^71,  '.'lit.  Taf.  iii,  i.  Fig.  IH. 
J>.  azoricii,  Aldi.  1H71,  M:t,  •J4',»,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  '-t>. 

D.  Itnihiji,  Aldi.  1871,  U.'iO,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  •£).     =  Mftrino,  Cadi'TM  MAlWNrM,  Bailoy 
V.  hiilliva,  Aldi.  1''71.  yi>4.     —  Cypikidf.uia  a.mpi'i.i.a. 
7).  Ilatlloiii,  Aldi.  1X71,  14:t,  •J.'-.O,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  17. 

1).  hiiwiUa,  Aldi.  \>*7\,  14:1,  -jro,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  •i->,'i:i.    — Nedela  Collarls. 
D.  lli-iiittti,  Mil.  IH|H,  ;i7i);  Aldi.  l.-<71,  ','74,  Taf  iii.  Fig.  20.    =NkiielaT 
I),  c/iiicilluta,  Mil.  l'^48,  :17'.»;  Alih.  1H71,  14:i,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  :t.     =NKnEl.A  coLLAllIst 
D.  c'ljivnii'm,  Alih.  1H71,  14:t,  J,"i0,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  \i'i.    =QUADnuLA  symmetrica,  var. 
P.  carulhii'iiKiM,  Aldi.  1S71,  a.'.O,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  14.     =Q'  A^R^LA  hy^.mmetrica. 
I).  Carpio,  Aldi.  1H71,  14:!,  'i'll.  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  sil ;  Taf.  iii.  i'  g.  'il.    =  \eiiela  collaric 
D.  faiucfiHica,  A'di.  1871,  -.J."!!,  Tiif.  iii,  Fig.  yrt. 

J),  celhilifn-d,  Mil.  lrt7'J,  ulW;  Nordp.  4j(i,  Taf.  iii.  I'lg.  :4.     =NEnKLA  COLI^ARIS. 
D.  celMom,  Abli.  1847,  400,  Tuf.  vi,  iii.  Fig.  70;  1871,  i51 ;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxix,  xiv,  Fig.  26. 
D.  i-ilidtd,  Mil.  1848,  .179;  Ahh.  1871,  14:1,  Tuf.  ii,  Fig.  20.     =  Klolypiia  ciliata. 
D.  collaria,  Mb.  1848,  218;  Abh.  1871,  14:»,  Tuf.  ii,  Fig. 27;  Tnf.  iii,  i.  Fig.  21.    =  Nebula 

coli.ari.s. 
D.  Cucurbilula,  Abh.  1871,  14:»,  S.'il,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  8. 


lUMLKMJHAl'HY  OF  KliKSIl  WATKK  RJIIZOPODS. 


307 


Ehrenbrrff,  €hriN«inn  CiotlfVird. 


i>, 
J). 
J). 
i>. 
jj. 
J). 
J). 
1). 
J). 
J). 
1). 

D. 
J). 
D. 
1). 
I). 
JK 
IK 
I). 
D. 
I). 
D. 


IK 
D. 

n. 

D. 
J). 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
J). 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
V 

V 
D. 
JK 


D. 
D. 

D. 
D 
D. 
D 
D. 
D. 
D. 


iilliiiilrici,  Alili.  1H71,  U:i,  *■>!,  Tat",  il.  V\g.  IS. 

(iirUmira.  Alili.  1M7I,  a.VJ;  M({.  Taf.xxxiv,  v,  A,  Kig.  7. 

itmirn.  Ml..  \X7-i,  liiW;  Norilp.  40(1,  Tuf.  Hi,  Fig.  Mi. 

(Iinliriilalii,  Alili.  |H|1,  .llll. 

/'»•.//«»,  Ml).  lH4H,al8;  Abli.  If^l.lU.Taf.  ii.FJK.aS.     =  Nkiiki.a  cou.aiiis! 

KmhibjH,  IiiC.  i:r>, TaC.  ix,  Fik.  iv.    =_  Thiskma  knciiklys. 
fuUux,  Ahli.  tH71, 1  i:t,  'iWi,  Tnf.  ii,  I'lj;.  li». 

Fhritla;  Al.li.  lH7l,a5a;  Mn.Taf.  xxxlv,  vi,  A,  ll>{.  3.     =  IUoi.YI'Ua. 

FruumfiW,  Al.h.  1H71, 14;i,  UWi,  Taf.  ii,  Y\^.  Vi-U.     =  Cyphodkhia  ampuixa t 

f.i»i<,  Al>li.  1871,  14:i,  yr.!i,  Tuf.  ii,  l"l(,'.  1. 

glohularix,  Al.li.  IK71, yr,;i,  laf.  iii,  I'Ik. 24,    =  Diffluoia  oloiiulosa t 
giiicilia,  AI)Ii.  1H71,  'HU     -^  I'HKUDoDiFFr.uaiA  oiucius. 
granuUita,  Abh.  1H71,  i'.'lll,  TaC.  iii,  Vift,.  W.    =  HyalohPIIKNIA. 
granhmiliru,  Mh,  1872,  81)8:  Nortlii.  4ti<!,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  '.«,    ■ 

Ilnrlimmni,  Alili.  1871,  14;l,  a.'-h!,  Tuf.  ii,  Fij?.  :t4. 

hmnilann,  Alih.  1871,  14:i,  a.i:!,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  K). 

/iJ«y)rtH(V«,  Al.li.  1871,  !i7!i,  Taf.  iii,  i,  Fijr.  2:1.     =Np.nELAr 

ijaliiu,,  Al.li.  1871,  2ii:t,  TaC.  iii,  Fig.  X     =  1Ivai.08Piie.via. 
,>Mra*»iro,  Al.li.  1871,  274.    =Diffi,uoia  8PII.ai.I8. 
Imiijata,  Abli.  1841,  4i;i,  4:ii»,  Taf.  ii,  i,  Fijf.  4:t.    =  Ki'OI.ypiia. 
Imis,  Abh.  1871,  25:!,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  J-,.    =  Hyalosphenia. 
Lagena,  Abh.  1841,  413,  445,  Taf.  iv,  ii,  Fig.  U;  1871,  143,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  2.    =CYPno- 

DEHIA  AMPULLA. 

hti„,  Al.h.  1871,  2.14,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  22.    =NEnELA  coujvnis.' 
lenla,  Abh.  1371,  2(i4.    =Spiienoderia  Lenta. 

.  UploU,nH,  Abh.  1871,  254,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  15.     =QtIAI)UULA  8YMMKTRICA. 

linrata,  Abh.  1871,  254.     =QrAi>uuLAf 

LioHtoma,  Abh.  1871,  854;  Mg.  Tftf.  xxxviii,  xxi.  Fig.  3.    =IlYALOsriiENiAt 

longieollis,  Abh.  1871,  143,  2!>4,  Tuf.  ii,  Fig.  30. 

Macmhpii),  Abh.  1871,  2.'' 4,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  12.    =Quadrula. 

margaritacea,  Al.h.  1871,  SJ'W.    =  Cyphodkhia  ampulla. 

marina,  Bailoy,  Abh.  1871,  264.     =QuADnuLAf,  iiiariiio. 

vwmbranaccu,  Abh.  1871,  274,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  1.     =NEnELA  T 

merostoma,  Mb.  1872,  21)6:  Nor.lp.  4(«i,  Taf.  iii,  I'ig.  21.     =  A88CUNA  8E.MmuLUMt 

miamurienaiK,  Abh.  1871,  143,  S.^.,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  20. 

nio/Mcc<-n»i«,  Abh.  18(;9,  48,  Tnf.  ii,  iii.  Fig.  12.     =EuGLYPiiAf 

oblonga,  Abh.  1831,  90;  Inf.  131,  Taf.  ix,  Fig.  ii. 
.  Oligodon,  Mb.  1844,  2ti7;  1856,  337,  Tufcl,  Fig.  10;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxviii,  A,  xxi.Fiu  1 
pacifica,  Al.h.  1871,  255,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  7.  <     <        ,     h- 

paratloxa,  Abh.  1871,  255. 
Phiala,  Abh.  1871,  143,  25!-.,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  9. 

nia,  Al.h.  1871,  143,  2.'-.5,  Tnf.  ii,  Fig.  C,  7.    =  Assulina  sf.minulumT 
piloaa,  Al.h.  1871, 143, 256,  Tnf.  ii.  Fig.  28 ;  Mg.  Taf.  xxxi v,  v,  Ii,  Fii;  6 
alveolataI 

i'/flnor&.»,  Abh.  1871,  264;  Inf.  132.    =  Diffluoia  spiralis. 
prorolepta,  Abh.  1871,  250;  Mg.  Tnf.  xxsiv,  viii,  I'ig.  3. 
proteifonnia,  Abh.  1830,  40,  62;   1831,  DO;   Inf.  131,  Tuf.  ix.  Fig.   1 

OLOBULOSA. 

purjturiaeeiia,  Abh.  1871,  143,  256,  Tnf.  ii.  Fig.  24. 
,  reclnmiularia,  Abh.  1871,  256,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  16;  Nordv.  466,  Taf.  iii.  Fi"  20     ==Eu- 

GLYPIIA.  )        B  • 

rencHlala,  Mb.  1848,218;  Abh.  1871,  14:5,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  2(i.    =Nedela  collaris? 
liobirli  Mailer,  Abh.  1871,  143,  256,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  16.    =EuoLYPnA 
'.  Horaimw,  Abh.  1871,  143,  257,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  25.       " 
«(.'/iirflWcii,  Abb.  1871,  143,  257,  Taf.  ii.  Fig.  1.5.  .       . 

Scelanilica,  Abh.  1869,  48,  Tuf.  ii,  ii,  Fig.  23.     =CYPiionEl.iA  AMPui.l^. 
Sennnul.,n  M'';  1848,  ^79 !  Mg.  Tnf.  xxxv,  H,  ii,  A,  Fig.  1.    =A.s.sulina8kmini,lum. 
Semen,  Abh.  1871,  257  =  i).  Seminulum,  264.     =A8SIiuna  seminulum. 


=  EUOLYTIfA 


= Diffluoia 


308 


I'HKSII  WATinj  l{inZ()P<>')S  of  >'()UTII  ameuiua. 


ffi 


Ehrcnberff,  €!^riMtinn  CroUiVird. 

V.  Kiriiilii,  Alih.  1H71,  •-'.■.*. Taf.  iii,  Vig.  !10.     =KuGI.YPnA. 

1).  mtiycni,  Alili.  1871,  li:!,  •,'.'>(,  Tat',  ii,  I'ij;.  HO.     =Kl'iil.YlMIA  Al.VKOI.ATA. 

}>.  .S'/miiHoiiidiKi,  Mil.  I-"',',  U'.W;  Xonlp.  Itili,  Taf.  iii,  IMfj.  18. 

J},  mpwmiil,!,  Mb.  1848, -JIH;  Alih.  18"l,Taf.  ii,  I'i);. -JU;  Mj;.  Taf.  xiv,  I'ig.OS.    =Nedkla 

COM. AUKS. 

D.  8lMU.vi.is,  Ml).  18411,  IW:  Ahli.  1871,  '^74,  Tal".  iii,  l'i)i.  AV'J?. 

I).  *,»irir/cr<r,  Mb.  185:1,  .VJli;  Abli.  1871, 'J74,  Tal".  iii,  Tis- ••■     =- llYALOSPIIEMAEtKaANST 

IK  -iliialu,  --  7».  ^Ii-ioltitii,  Alih.  1871,  •.•ii4.     --  Kioi.YPiiA. 

1).  slriiiomi,  Alili.  1871,  1 1;!,  '.W,  Tal'.  ii,  I'ii;.  111.     --  Krcil.YPHA  siuiiiosv. 

V.  atriotutii.  Abli.  l'^41,  41;!,  4:'.it,  Tal".  ii,  i,  I'itr.  44;  >!«.  Tnt'.  xiv,  Ki};.i>7;  Taf.  xxxiii,  iv, 

Fij;.  :t;  Taf.  xxxiv,  v,  A,  Ki};.  8.      -  Kvci-YPiia. 
J),  mhnrula,  Mb.  187'J,  iil8;  NdhIii.  4IU1,  Taf.  iii,  Vig.  lit.     --Kriil.YPllA  T 
i).  Iimiliita,  Abh.  1871,  I4:i,  '.W, Taf  ii,  l"i>;.  IW,    —  QrADun.A  syshiktuica. 
/).  unci'inla,  Abli.  '871,  '^'18,  Tuf.  iii,  Fi){.  Ul.     — -  I'YPiionKUlA  ampi'I.i.a. 
I'lixidiciiht  oixrculitlii.  Inf.  Km,  Taf.  x,  Vig.  i.     =^  Aucui.I.Af 
7Vi(7ui(/i.icH«  ,v(i/,  luf.  :iO."i,  Taf.  x\xi,  Kij;.  ix.     :=  Vampvuku.a  LATHurriAf 

Focke«  Giistav  l%^oldeiiiar. 

UcbiT  seliiiU'iilo.><c  Hiuliolarii'ii  dos  isiisson  "Was.sprs.  Zoitscliril't  fiir  wissoiiscliaft- 
lielio  Zoolofiio,  Loipzijr,  ISdS,  xviii,  'M't,  Taf.  xxv. 

Jliuliohiii- ".  No.  I,     Xu\  Kifj.  1  ti-h.    =Kapiiii>uiviii;ys  KuxiANsf 

•'  No.  II,    ;tri4,  rifj.  'J  rt-;f.      .=  VA.MPYUr.l.l.A  LATKlilTIAt 

"  ?S'o.  Ill,  ;U'>r>,  Fig.  :i  n-c.  .  ==  AcANTiioi-YSTls. 

Freseniiis,  G. 

iJcitiiifjo  ziir  Ki'iintnisa  iniUros])iisclu'r  Ortjaiiismon.  AlthaiMlluiifjen  dor  Sonckcn- 
lK>r{;ist'lu>ii  NatiulbrseluMidcr  Go.sell.st'hat't.  Frankfurt  am  Main,  1850-8,  ii, 
211,  Taf.  x-\ii. 

Aimiha  liilmliii.  '.'18,  Taf.  x.  Fig.  l;t-ll).    =Vampy«ku,a  i.ati'Uitia. 

.tmllii  liiinUiiii,  Kin-.,  •-'!'.),  Taf.  xil.  Fig.  l-'J4.    ;    TAMPUAiius  iiyai.inus. 

'/VillCHKI  (ICIHMd,  I)Mj.,'J-j:t,  Fig.  •»',">--J7.      =iTl«NKMA  KNCIlr.LVS. 

l)ii'i'i  rtiiA  spiuAi.i.-*,  I'llir.,  -Jil,  Fig.  ;i7-t'.?. 

7>.  (ihloiKja,  Kill-.,  •.'•i">.  Fig.  4;!-l5.    =-  Dii'i'i.i'iiiA  i.onosTOMA. 

(!ll>lii>(Uriii  mmiiarHiuat,  SvUliiin.,  •.W),  Fig.  2(*-:Ui.      --CYPHODEHlA  AMPUI.l.A. 

Froincntel,  E.  dc. 

Ktiulcs  sur  It's  JliiTozoairos  on  Iiifn.soircs  proproment  dits.  Paris,  1874.  Amce- 
bions, ;!!"). 

jyichdintiha  rntlitita,  1145,  \>\.  xxviii,  lig.  1.    =Hetkropiiuy8T 

T.  /iiw<i,  'Mil,  lig.  4.    =AM<r.iiA  VII.I.08A. 

Tha'innaba  iiumlriiuirtitn,  ;t4(i,  lig.  ;i.    =A»UEnA  giiADltlLlNEATA,  or  young  of  Amceda 

VKIlUllOSA. 

Anuvba  ciimm,  UiiJ.,  :!4(),  pi.  xxix,  lig.  1. 

A.  rtiniofd,  DnJ.,  Illli,  pi.  xxviii,  lig.  'J.     r  :A.  PHOTKIW. 

A.  iiiilliila,  DiiJ.,  ;!47,  pi.  xxix,  ligs.  'J,:i,ri.    =  Young  of  A.  PJiOTEUST 

A.  Iiivihiiilii,  U\\\.,  :t47,  lig.  4.     =AmiKHA  IIAUIOSA. 

.1.  Iiiiiralat  I'nj.,  ;!47,  lig.  ti. 

A.  VEUUiaosA,  Klir.,  ;148,  lig.  7. 

Ciabriel,  B. 

IJiitorsuclmiigou  illM>r  IMoritliolojjio,  Zoiismi};  uiid  EntwickplimR  dcr  Protoziwn. 
(ioKL'iiDauor:  jrorpholo};isrlu>s  .Talnbiirh.     Leipzig;,  1S7(!,  :,  rtli.^,  Taf.  xx. 
D-iMjlotljiUii  zOHtn:     -  ;  CyHtojihri/a  hnrhiuxntt,  or  :=FAMPiiA(!r8  iiyai.inus. 

tiiaglinrdi,  Joi>icph. 

Khizopods  ill  London.    Qnartcrly  .Tonrnal  of  JMiiToscoiiiwU  S«'ioiu'«»,  1871,  xi,  80. 

Kcniai'kH  (Ml  Amivim  vHIimi,  .1.  Urriivln,  A.  gruHiJ'ita,  A    f/ino'/id,  .(.  Iiriripn,  Amfihisonetla 
violaita,  Anrlla  urriiour,  Cor^ciii. 


BlBLIOGRAPnY  OF  FRESLI  WATEK  lUIIZOl'ODS. 


309 


G6ma,  Kntz. 

Aszamosfalvi  sdsWbim  6\o  g.voklabuaknSl.  Kliizopoda.  Natiirhistonscho  Hoftp. 
Herausgcgol)en  vom  U  iisaii  jclicii  National -SI  iiseiun.  Budai)e8t,  1877,  i,  154, 
Tub.  ix,  X. 

"       l'lfu>vi>hr!iiihilix,lX>,tuh.\\,t\g.-l-l.     --Pami'IIAgus. 
rUclrophrjin  iiroli/ira,  IGO,  lig.  5-7. 
i'us/lyplia  puailla,  1(U,  tab.  x,  (ij;.  dS. 
ilicrocomotiK  tnnlryiiilun,  U"A,i\K.  l-Ti. 
Orbuliiiella  mnarahdia,  Kil,  llg.  <l-ia. 
Cliophryu  iiifitnionum,  Vivnk.,  UVt. 

Amaha  gutliih,,  Dnj.,  KiT.;  A.  Hmnx,  Duj.,  Ifi,-.;  .i.  princp^,  Klir.,  KMi.    ^- A.  pnoTKUS. 
A.  (liffliiinn,  Ehr.,  Kki;  A.  hadiosa,  KI.    ,  ltl(>. 
Vodomtomn  fiUijtrum,  Cliip.  ol  Litchiii,,  UUi. 

Cireefr,  Richard. 

Ueber  ciuiso  in  dor  Erdo  lobende  Anioben  uiul  audoic  Rhizopodou.    Archiv  lUr 
mikroskopiseho  Anatoaiic,  1800,  ii,  29!),  Taf.  xvii,  xviii. 
Amahn  Urricohi,  IlOO,  Kig.  l-U. 
A.  bmUvpn,  'Ml,  Ki^.  17. 
A.  ijiani/era,  3Ai,  Kifj.  '20. 
A.  grafilis,  [&J,  Fij;.  -Jl. 
AmphiMiioUa  vioUm-a,  ;t2;i,  Kin.  12-15. 
.(.  ilijiilata,  ;1S8,  Ki;;    tH. 
J.  ^(ii'H,  ;f.><>,  !•'!({.  T<). 
^('•'JC.'mi  nrtt;i«Wn,;i30,  Fijj.  IC. 

Uober  Actinophrys  Eiddiornii  rmd ciiien  ncnon  Siisswaascnbizopodcn, etc.    Ibidem 
1867,  iii,  .•«)C.  ' 

Avihiophrya  (ACTlNOSP:i«imiM,  Stoiii)  Eioimonsil. 
Uobor  Radiolaricu  mid  riwli<)lailcii-artig«>  Rhizopodou  d«8  siissoii  Wasaers.    IbidiMii 
1809,  V,  401,  Taf.  xxvi,  xxvil.  ' 

Clatiiui'i.ina  Ei.KiiANs,  (noiilc,  4(i7,  FifJ.  1-7. 

Amntlwcy>:l,.s  rimlU,  V.Uv.,  Cartor,  481,  ].'i^..  8-17.     =AcANril0CY8Tlri  cii«topiioiia. 

Ikhmophom  rividin,  lAi.    -  UAi-mDiormtYs  ki.khans  r 

Acanthnfysth  sphiifira,  VXi,  Fi);.  y()-y:!. 

AstroiUnniliiH  miiiuOin,  i'M,  Fif{,  ;10.    .-=:  Pdmpiiolyxopiiuys  f  piinicka, 

-1.  »«6<r,  li)?,  Fijf.  :U.    -^I'oMriioi.YxopiiitYs. 

A.  jUnrmviiH,  VM,  Vip.  ;t2.    =I'ompii()i.vxopiii!ys. 

A.  JI(iro-capaulalu»,  4!t!t,  Fig.  3;i.    =^ I'omi'iioi.yxopiiiiys. 

A.  rnrfiiinc,  iiW,  Fig.  :t{i.     =^  roiiriu.t.YxoiMinvs. 

niiahUimpe/ciifntriila,  501,  Fig.  ;17.    :--  I'o.MPlioLYXopiiltYs  PUxiCKA. 

Peloinyxa  palustris  (IVlobiiKs),oin  ainobouaitiKcr  Orgaiiisnms  des  bUssou  Wassors. 

Ibidem,  1874,  x,  ni,  Tuf.  iii-v. 
Ueber  Radiolarien  nud  nuUolarienartige  Rtiizopoden  des  siissen  Wiiascrs.    Ibidem 

1875,  xi,  i,  Taf.  i,  ii.  ' 

AcaiithocjiKtiii  (vii-iilis)  liirfaoea.    -- AcAKTliocveris  oii.ki-oi'ikii' 

A.  iipinij'irn,  M, 

A.  I'l-rliiniia  (Arolu>i),  17. 

A.  Jlarii,  17, 1'ig.  5. 

roMPllOI.YXOI  IIHYS  PtlNl.  KA,  Aivhor,  18,  Fig.  (i,  7.       -.-HYALOLAMPK  I.-KNK«TnATA. 

llCTiciiopiiUYS  siYHiAPooA,  Aiciior,  i\,  Fig.  8. 

JCIowhaiih  vinda.  'i:\,  Fig.  1(1.      -  DuM.opiiiiYs  AUciiKin. 

yiwflrm/iAoni/liimd/iX  aii,  Fig.  15-17. 

VhoiiiliopiiH  nriihii,  M7,  Fig.  18. 

AKtiomnuK  rii/m.,  'J?,  Fig.  19. 

JMiophrim  wUMlis, -iS,  Viy;. 'JO-'iX     —  Uttfrophn/a  vmiaMf 

Sphwattfum  Honglobation,  20,  Fig,  'Zi-W.    ^  UAPiiiDioriinvs  ki.EOASS. 


310 


l-^RKSU  WATKR  RniZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!     ! 


Greefl;  Richard. 

Ueber  die  Eiicjstiruug  nnd  Fortpflauzung  des  AotinosphvEuium  Eiciiiiornii. 

Ibidem,  1877,  xiv,  107. 
Ueber  eineii  den  liathyUuit  HaecUclii  Huxley,  dcr  Meercstiefen  durch  Vorkommen 

uud  Bail  iiahestelieiideu  Orgauisinus  des  siisseu  Waasers.    VerLandluiigen 

des  uatnrliistoiiscbeii  Veieiiies  der  preussiseben  RLeinhiude  and  Westpbalens. 

Boun,  1870.    Sitzungsbericbte  der  uiederrbeiuiscbeu  Gesellschaft,  198. 
Vilohim.    =  Pei.osiyxa  rALUSTnis. 
Ueber  eine  bei  Rbizopodeii  eutdeckte  wabrscbeinlicb  gescblecbtlicbe  Fortpflauzung. 

Ibidem,  200. 

Amaba  tcrricola, 

Ueber  die  Actiuopliryeu  oder  Sonnentbiercben  des  siisseu  Wassers  als  ecbte  Radio- 
larieu.    Ibidem,  1871,  4. 

ACTINOSPII/.CIllUM  ElClIUORXII. 

AcunthmiisiiH  rirUl'm,  6.    =  Acantiiocystis  ch^topiiora. 
Ueber  die  Forti)tianzuiig  der  Actiuoplirjeu,  7. 

AiHnoplmiH  EicMiornii.     :=  AcnNOSPII.ERIUM  KICUHOKNII. 
AcnSOPllKYS  80L,  8. 

Grenadier,  H. 

Ueber  Actiuoplirys  sol.     Ve.iiaiidlungen  der  i)bysikal.-medicin.  Oesellscbaft  in 

Wiirzburg,  1800,  i,  100,  Tat",  iii. 
Beiuerkuugeu  iiber  Acautbocystis  viridis.    Zeitscbrift  filr  wisseuscbaftlicbe  Zoo- 

logie,  xix,  1809,  289,  Tat",  xxiv.  Fig.  1-^. 

i=  ACANTIIOCYSTIS  CIl.ETOPHOltA. 

Griffith,  J.  !¥.,  and  HenHry,  Arthur. 

Tbe  Micrograpliic  Dictiouary.    2d  edition.    London,  1800. 

Grimm,  Oscar. 

Ueber  eine  ueue  Siisswasser-Radiolarie.  Arcbiv  filr  mikroskopiscbe  Anatomic, 
1872,  viii,  531,  Taf.  xxi.  Fig.  A. 

Jilaslcr  Gnvffii.    =  Clatuhulina  eleoans  T 

Hacckel,  Ernfst. 

Betrachtungeu  iiber  die  Grenzen  nnd  Verwaudtschaft  der  lladiolarieu  nnd  \iber 
die  Systematik  der  Ebizopodeu  im  Allgemeiuen.  Die  Eadiolaiicu  (Rbizopoda 
riuliaria).    Berliu,  1802, 194. 

Studieu  iiber  Moneren  nnd  andero  Protisteu.    Leipzig,  1870. 

I'rotamuba  jirimiliva,  A'i,  (il),  Tal".  iii,  Fig.  ^5-30. 

Vtniij>!irilla  Siiiroimra;  Cieiik.,  ~'2. 

V.  pcndula,  Ciciik.,  72. 

V.  vorni,  Cieuk.,  7'J. 

V.  (lor:i)honcmalie,  UVi,  Tnf.  vi,  Fig.  1-4. 

I'rotamaha  Himplex,  17'j,  Tat",  vi,  Fig.  12, 

I'rolaniwba  agiliti,  17H,  Tat",  vi,  Fig.  !>. 

J'.  Si'hulhatna,  174,  Taf.  vi.  Fig.  10.     M.iriiiu  I'niiii. 

/'.  polypodia,   175,   Taf.  vi.  Fig.   11.     Syn.  Amaha  poiypodia,  Solniltzo.     Marino  form. 


;  VaMPYUELLA  LATEniTIA. 


Marino  fonn. 

=  AMIKUA  VEUUUC08A  f 


=  AM»EIIA   IIADIOSA  t 

Das  Protisteiiieicb.     Leipzig,  1878. 


.  ■  i^   1 


{    I 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  FRESnWATEIl  RHIZOPODS. 


311 


Hertwig:,  Riehard. 

Ueber  Mikrogroiiiia  socialis,  ciiio  Colonic  bildondo  Monothalauiie  ties  siissen  Was- 
sers.    Aicliiv  iiii'  inikioskopisdic  Anatomic,  1871,  x,  Supplementbeft  1,  Taf.  i. 
JUikroyromia  socialis.    —  Cystophrys  Haivkvliaiia. 
Bemerkungcn  zur  Organisation  und  systcmatisclicn  Stelhing  dcr  Foniniinifcreu. 

Jenaisfhe  Zcitscbiifr  fiir  iS^aturwissenscbaft,  1870,  x,  41,  Taf.  ii. 
Ueber  den  Ban  und  die  Entwickolung  dcr  Ileliozoen.    Ibidem,  1877,  xi ;  1877, 331. 
AmHthocystis  aculeata,  'S'.YJ,  TaC.  xx,  Fig.  1-6. 

Hertwiff,  R.,  und  licsser,  E. 

Ueber  Kliizopoden  und  denselben  uabestebende  Organismcu.    Arcbiv  fur  niikro- 
skoi)ische  Anatonue,  1874,  x,  Supplementbelt  35,  Taf.  ii-v. 
llYAi,om.scu8  nuiiicuNDus,  49,  Taf.  ii,  Fig.  .'j. 
Davtylosphairiiimvilrcttm,^,  Vig.  \. 
Leplophrys  ciiierea,  m,  Fig. -i.     =  VampyrellaI 
L.  elegans,  .W,  Fig.  4.     =  Vampyrklla? 
VampyreXla  tipiroyyrw,  CI,  Fig.  2.    =.  Vampykella  lateritia. 

CoCKLIOPODItlM  PKLLUCIDUM.CG,  Fig.  7. 

C.  pUosum,7S.     =  COCIILIOPODIUM  VESTITUM. 

Akchlla,  93.    Arcella  vulgaris,  90. 

I'seiidochlamys  Patella  (Claparcdo  ct  Lochmann),  100,  Taf.  iii,  Fig.  1.   =Voung  of  Arcella 

VULGARIS. 

I'yxitlicula  opcmtlala  (Eln-.),  103.    S.vn.  Arcella palais  (Clap,  ot  Lachm.,  Carter).    =  Young 

of  Arcella  vulgaris. 
Dilfi-LUGIA,  10.->.     ViJIIuyia  aciopotlia,  107,  Tuf.  iii,  Fig.  0.     =.  Difflugia  glouulosa. 
riagiophrys  (Clan,  ct  Ladi.),  112.    =  Pampiiagus. 
P.  saccifonnis,  114,  Taf.  iii.  Fig.  ;t.     =1'ajipiiagus. 
P.  sculi/onnis,  ll.'i,  Fig.  2.    =  l>AMPiiA(iu.s  mutahilis. 
U-cylhium  hyalinum,  117,   Fig.    8.    S.vu.   Oromia   hyalim,  Sclil. ;    Arcella  hyalina,  liUr., 

Fre,s.niiii.s;  Diffluijia  ciwhvlys,  Scliiioiilfr.    =I'amphagus  hyalinus. 
Triiwma  acinus,  119.    S.vu.  Diffim/in  cncliclyn,  Klir.    =Trine.ma  enchelys. 
KuGLYPiiA  (UujarUiu),  121.     Kuyhjpha  amjmllacea,  123,  Fig.  6. 
■E.  ALVEOLATA  (Dujar.'.iu),  124,  Fig.  ,1. 
i:.  glohoaa  (CiwU-y),  lt9.  Fig.  7.     =  Spiienodehia  lenta. 
VyphoiWia  margariUicea  (Sclilun.b.).     Syu.  Lugynis  hallica  (SI.  Sdn.ltzc).     IJiighipha  mar- 

g,irilac"a  (Walliih),  l:!S.    =  Cypiioderia  ampulla. 
1  leurophrys  sphariea  (Clap,  et  Laelini.),  IX,,  Fig.  4.     =  I'seudowffluoia  gracilis. 
DiPLOPiiRYs  AliCiiERi  (liailicr),  139,  Fig.  9. 
Amphilrcma  ll'rightidiium  (Arfbiu-),  14(i. 
Actinopiiry.s  sol  (Klimibcrg),  1()4,  Taf.  v,  I"ig.  2. 
ACTlN().SPHyERH:M  EICIIIIORNU  (Khfcuboig),  17G,  Fig.  1. 

Acantiiocvstis  (CuitiT),  193.    AcuHtliocystis  spiiiifiya  (Gr.:eft),  195,  'I'af.  iv,  Fiir  3 
.4.  aciilvala,  201,  Taf.  iv.  Fig.  2.  '  >      b 

A.  lurfaco,  (Carter).     Syu.  .1.  viridis  (Oroiiaclicr),  204.    =:AcANTnoCY8Tl8  ciMiTOPHOKA. 
Pimiiucyali.i  rubiciiiidu,  209,  Fig.  Ck     Marine. 

HETEROP1IUV.S  (AiThor),  211.    UvUropUrys  marina,  213,  Fig.  4.    Marino. 
Jlehrophrys  sjnnifmi,  215,  Tal".  v.  Fig.  3. 

liaphidiopUryx  (AitIut),  217.     KAriliDioi-iiRys  ELE(iANs,  21S,  Taf.  iv,  Fig.  1. 
Uyalulampc  ((ircoll).     Syu.  ro.MPiioLVXoi'iiitvs  (Aiclicr),  220. 
UyulolampcfcniMrata  (Chv.'ll}.     Syu.  I'iHipiiolyxopiirvs  pimcka  (Archer)  221. 
n.  exigna,  'iiii,  Taf.  iv,  Fig.  (i.    =  Pompmolvxopiirv.s  punicea?  ' 

llcdHocystis  pellucida,  22."),  Taf.  v.  Fig.  .">. 
Clatiirulina  elegans  (Cienkowski),  227,  Taf.  v.  Fig.  4. 

Joblot,  HI. 

Observations  d'bistoire  iiatiuvllo  faiies  avec  Ic  microsijonc.    Paris,  1754  i  Partio 
-"i",  04.  ' 

"  llii  poison  des  plus  extrnordinnirc.&u.",  pi.  vii,  flg.  lo.    ^  ArriNopiiRys  sot. 


i^.i; 


312 


FRESH  WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


KOlliker,  A. 

Das  Soimeiithierchen,  Actiuopbrys  sol.    Zeitsclirift  fdr  wissenschaftlicho  Zoologie. 
Leij.zig,  184!),  i,  198,  Taf.  xvii. 

Actlnophnjs  ml.    =  Actinosph^iuum  GiciinORNll. 

Lang,  F.  H. 

A  new  Diffliigia.    Qnaiterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  18C5,  v,  285. 
Diffliigia  triungitUita.    With  two  woodcuts     Probably  a  Nebei^a  t 

liCclerc.  m. 

Note  snr  la  Difflugie,  nouveau  genre  de  Polype  amorpbe.    Mdmoires  du  Museum 
d'Histoiro  Naturelle.    Paris,  1815,  ii,  474,  pi.  17. 

DlKFLUGIA.      Fiss.    1,  4  =:PlFFLUGIA    SPIRALIS.      FigS.  2,  3  =  DiFFLUGIA  PVRIFORMIS. 
Fig.  5  =  DiFFLUGIA  ACUMINATA. 

Leidy,  Joseph. 

Many  notices  of  Fresb-water  Rbizopods  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of 

Natural  Sciences  of  Pliiladclphia,  1874-1878. 
Remarks  on  Protozoa,  1874,  13. 

Amaba  pnncepn,  14.     =Am(EBA  proteus. 

ARCELLA   VULGAIilS. 

A.  dentata. 

Diffliifiia  aculeata.     =  Centropyxis  aculeata. 

D.  ACt'MIXATA. 

D.  comprmaa,  var.  of  Difflugia  pyriformis. 

D.  COUONA. 

D.  lagcniformU.    =Difflugia  urij.olata. 
D.  proteiformin.    =  Dippluoia  lobostoma. 

D.  PYRIFORMIS. 

On  Actinojihrys  sol,  23. 

Note  on  the  Enemies  of  Diftiugia,  76. 

Notice  of  some  New  Freshwater  Rbizopods,  77. 

OURAM(EBA  VORAX,  78. 

O.  IlipM,  78.     =  OURAJia;BA  vorax. 

DiFFLUGIA  L0B08T0MA,  79. 

D.  crenulata.     ==DiFFiX'GlA  LOBOSTOMA. 

D.  PYUIFOliMIS. 

D.  SPIRALIS. 

D.  CORO.VA. 

D.  ACUMINATA. 

D.  ENTOCIllORIS.      =  DiFFLUGIA  PYRIFORMIS. 

D.  amphora.  =  Difpluoia  i;rceolata. 
D.  LIQATA.  =  IIyalosphenia  guneata. 
Catharia.    =  IIyalosphenia. 

Notice  of  some  Fresh- water  and  Terrestrial  Rbizopods,  86. 

Amccha  nahulom,  87.    =  Pelojiyxa  villosa. 
Amaha  :onalis,  87.    =  CocHLlOPODlUM  peixucwum. 
Gromia  terricola,  88. 

Notice  of  a  Remarkable  Amoeba,  142. 

Deina:moeba  mirabilis,  113. 
On  the  mode  in  which  AmcEba  swallows  its  Food,  143. 

Amaba  princepa.     =  Am<kba  PROTEUS.  " 

Clatiirui.ina  eleoans,  14.1. 

Notice  of  some  Rhizopods,  155. 
Oeinamceba  mikabius. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FRESH- WATER  RHIZOPODS. 


313 


I<eidy,  Joseph. 

Difflugia  vas,  155.    ^  Var.  of.  Diffluoia  pyriformis. 

D.  olla,  156.    =  Var.  of  Difklugia  urceolata. 

Catharia.    =  IIyalosphenia. 

Difflugia  ( Catharia)  jiapilio.    =  Hyalosphknia  papiuo. 

D.  {C.)  elegant.    —  "      ....dPHE^aA  klegans. 

Nebela. 

D.  (N. )  ansata.    =  Nebela  ansata. 

D.  {N.)  equi-calceus.    =  Nebela  iiippochkpis. 

D.  (K)  sphagui,  157.    =  Heleopeua  picta. 

V.  (K)  numaia.    =  Nkbela  collakis. 

D.  {If. )  barbata.    =  Nebela  barbata. 

D.  {N.)  flabellitlum.    =  Nebela  flabellui  UM. 
Notices  of  Rhizopods,  ICC. 

CLATIIRULINA  ELEGAN8. 
ACTINOSPH^RIUM  EICHHORNII. 

Acanthocijstia  viridis.    =  AcANTHOCYSTia  ch^tophora. 

RaPIIIDIOPHKYS  ELEGAN8,  167. 

Amoeba  qiiadrilineata.    =  Young  of  Am(eba  verrucosa. 

Amaiba  viridis. 

Amoeba  lentaculaia.    =  Dinamceba  mirabilis. 
On  Supposed  Spermaries  in  Amoeba,  168. 
Notices  of  Rhizopods,  225. 

EUGLYPHA  ALVEOLATA,  825. 

£.  compreaea,  226.    =  Euolypua  ciliata. 
Ji.  apinosa.    =  Placocista  spinosa. 

E.  CRI8TATA. 

K  globoaa.    =  Sphenodebia  lemta. 
E.  brunnea.    =As8UHNa  seminulum. 
Trinma  acinus,  227.    =  Trinema  enchelys. 
Cgphoderia  margarilacca.    =  Cyphoderia  ampulla. 
Coryt'ia.    =  PAMPnAGU8  mutabius. 
On  a  Curious  Rhizopod,  1875,  124. 

BlOMYXA  vagans,  125. 

On  Ouram(Bba,  120. 

OlRAMffiBA  VORAX,  127. 
O.  BOTOHCAUDA. 

Remarks  on  Rhizopods,  413. 

QUADRULA  SYMMETRICA,  415. 

Syalospheuia  ligata.    =  Hyalosphknia  cuneata. 

H.  PAPILIO. 
H.  ELEOANS. 

DiNAMffiBA.    =  Dinamceba  MIRABILIS. 
Remarks  on  Arcella,  etc.,  1876,  54. 

ARCELLA  VULGARIS,  55. 
f  A.  DI8COIDE8,  56. 

a.  mitrata. 
a.  destata. 
a.  artocrea,  57. 
Centropyxis. 
Nebela  caudata,  58. 

Remarks  on  the  Rhizopod  Genus  Nebela,  115. 

Nebela  numata,  116.     =  Nebela  com-arw. 

N.  PI  UIELLULUM,  118. 
N.  JAIUXATA. 


314 


FRESH-WATER  RHIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


:)  1 


Leidy,  Joseph. 

iV.  iqiiicalceug.     =N'F.BELA  niPPOCREPIS. 
jy.  tphanni.     =  IIlSLEOFERA  I'ICTA. 
N.  BAUBATA,  119. 

Observations  on  Rliizopods,  197. 

Hyalosplienia  Vujata.    =■  Hyalospiiknia  cuneata. 
H.  papilio. 

AMQiBA  VERUUCOaA,  198. 
A.  LIMAX  f 

The  Biith  of  a  Rhizopod,  1877,  261. 

EUGLYPIIA  ALVEOLATA,  262. 

McMa  mimaia,  2<>4.    =Nebela  collaris. 

N.  FLAnn^LULUM,  205.  . 

AUCELI.A  VULGAHI9,  205. 

On  the  Feeding  of  Dinamceba,  288. 

=  DiNAMffillA  HIRABILI8. 

Apparent  Discriiniuativo  Power  in  the  Selection  of  Food  by  a  Holiozoon,  201. 

ACANTIIOCYSTIS  8PINIFERA  f 

Remarks  on  Rhizopods,  and  Notice  of  a  New  Form,  293. 

Campascus  cornutus,  294. 
Remarks  on  American  Species  of  Difflugia,  306. 

Viffluijin  proteiformia,  307.    =D.  GJLObulosa. 

D.  PYllIKOKMIS. 
D.  ACUMINATA. 

J).  comprcHta,  var.  of  D.  PYRiformis. 
1).  entochloris,  var.  of  D.  pyriformis. 

D.  URCEOLATA. 

D.  oUa,  var.  of  DiFFLUOIA  URCEOLATA. 

D.  CORONA. 

D.  lobostoma. 

D.  globiilaris.    =  Difflugia  globulosa. 

D.  CRATERA. 

D.  van.     =  Var.  of  DIFFLUGIA  PYRIFORMIS. 

D.  SPIRALIS. 

D.  maniipij'ormiii.    =  Difflugia  constricta. 
Rhizopods  in  an  Apple-tree,  321. 

Difflugia  cams.    =  Difflugia  constricta. 

D.  glohularis.  =  Difflugia  globulosa. 
Trinen  I  acinim.  =Trinema  enchelys. 
Euglypiia  alvkolata. 

E.  hrunnca.     —  AssULlNA  SEMINULUM. 

Ou  Amoebu,  1878,  99. 

/    ocha  chaon.    =  Amceba  proteus. 

J-  .  PROTKUS. 

On  the  Relation  of  Amoeba  quadrilineata  and  Amoeba  verrucosa,  158. 

A mabti  qumlriiincaia.    ■-    Young  of  Amceba  verrucosa. 

A.  nutaiiH,  A.  hrricola,  unil  Thccamaba  qiiailHpartita  m  synonymouH  with  AsicEBA  VER- 

RUC0.1A. 

Species  of  Englypha,  Triiiema,  Pamphagus,  and  Cyphoderia,  with  Syuonyma  and 
Descriptions  of  New  Forms,  171. 

Kl'OLYPlIA  alveolata,  171. 

E.  ciliata,  172.  '• 

K.  Hrmillllllim.     =  AsBUI.INA  SKMINULUM. 


BIBLIOGKAPIIY  OF  FRESU-WATEK  EHIZOPOBS. 


315 


Leidy,  Joseph. 

E.  Ijhlhmi.     =  SPIIF.XODKUIA  i.knta. 

E.  HpillOsa.      =  I'LACOCISTA  SPINOSA 

E.  alrllJOH'l.      =  KCGLYl'llA  ciliata.  •  . 

E.  CniSTATA. 

E.  MUCHONATA. 

E.  BUACUIATA. 

TniNKMA  KNCHELY8. 

PaMPHAQUS  MUTAllILIS. 

CVPIIODEIUA  AMPULIJV,  173. 

Amojba  proteus.    American  Naturalist,  Philadelphia,  1877,  235. 
Iflereschkowsky,  C.  Ton. 

Studion  ilber  Protozoen  des  nordlichen  Buf^sland.     Arehiv  fUr  mikroskopische 
Anatoniio,  Boun,  1878,  xvi,  153,  Taf.  x,  xi.    Ehizopoda,  191. 

CliithruUna  C'ienkowskii,  191,  Taf.  x,  Fig.  34. 

Pleuro^ilmja  nni/ulala,  192,  Fig.  11.     =  Pseudodiffluoia  OKACIUS. 
Dii'Fi.UGiA  SPIRALIS,  Ebr.,  193,  Fig.  15. 

V.  fiolowehkii,  194,  Fig.  17.  - 

'  flyo/orfiocus  iCocodiraii,  194,  Taf.  xi,  Fig.  20-26.    =  CochijopodiuM  t 
AmuvBA  verkucosa,  Ehr.,  200,  Taf.  xi,  Fig.  33-35. 
^.  tra8»a,  Diij.,  201,  Fig.  28.    =  AMUiBA  veuiiucosa  f 
A.  mimtia,  202,  Fig.  27.  .         ,        .        , 

A.  papillala,  203,  Fig.  31, 32.    =  Amcbba  VERBUCOSA. 
A.  angulata,  203,  Fig.  3. 
A.  Jclaginia,  204,  Fig.  29, 30. 
A.  emillens,  205,  Fig.  G-11. 
A.  nheolata,  207,  Fig.  40. 
^.yiJi/cra,  209,  Fig.  41,42.    =  Am<eba  kadiosa  T 

Iflttller,  Othone  Friderico. 

Vermium  Terrestrium  et  Fluviatilium.    Havniaj  et  Lipsia,  1773. 
Vohox  spliarula,  31.    =  Ajheba  proteus. 
Trivhoda  Sol,  70.    =  Actinopiirys  sol. 

Animalcula  Infusoria  Fluviatilia  et  Marina,  Ilauuia},  1786. 
Proteus  diffliiena,  9,  tab.  ii,  figs.  1-12.    =  Amkba  proteds. 
Tric/iorfo  ,So?,  164,  tab.  xxiii,  figs.  i;j-15.    =  Actinophrys  SOI. 

Pallas,  P.  S. 

Elenchus  Zoophytorum,  17GG,  417. 

Volvox  jiroieua.     =  AMffiUA  PROTEUS.  '   '      ' 

Perty,  Maximilian. 

Uber  verticalo  Vcrbreitung  mikroskopischer  Lebensformen.    Mittheilungen  der 
uaturforschenden  Ocsellschaft  in  Boun,  1849, 17. 

Difflugia  llacillariarum ,  27.     =  Diffluoia  acuminata.  "  ... 

i>.  ac« /<)«<«,  45.      =  C'ENTROPYXIS  ACULEATA. 
EUGLYPHA  ALVEOLATA,  45. 

E.  acanlhopltora,  45.    Syn.  Dlfflmjia  amnthophora,  Ehr.    =  Euglypha  alveolata. 

Mikroskopische  Organismen  der  A-lpen  nnd  der  italienischen  Schweiz.    Ibidem,  153. 

Arcella  mridin,  167.    =  Arcella  vulgaris  T 
VijUiugia  MaiiUn,  IGT.    =  Difi'luoia  acuminata. 

D.  PYRIFORMIS,  168.  .     .       __, 

Emjljipha  acligera,  108.    =  Euglypha  ciliata. 

E.  Iwris,  16S.    =  Euglypha  alveolata. 

Zur  Kenntniss  kleinstor  Lebensformen,  nach  Ban,  Funktion,  SystfeTiatik,  init 
Specialverzeichniss  der  in  der  Schweiz  beobachteteu.    Bonn,  18o2. 


316 


FKESn  WATER  RDIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i  li-- 


Perty,  Iflaximilian. 

Acliiiophriiina,  Ut9.     AcTlNOPHUVa  sol,  Elir.,  ISO. 

AcHiwphrjis  riridin,  Elir.     Sjn.  'lYkhoda  Chatophora,  Schiauk,  ICU.    =  ACANTUOCYSTIH 

ciletopiioha. 
A.  brivicirrliia,  1C9,  Tub.  viii,  Fig.  7.    Acantiiocystis, 
A.  difformin,  Ehr.,  1110.    =  AcnNOPllliYS  SOL. 
KlIIZOPODA,  18i. 

Akcella  vuLGAitis,  Khr.,  IWi,  Tab.  ix,  Fig.  1-3. 

A.  tiridif,  180.    =  AncEi.i.A  vci.GAnw. 

J.  hcniigplidricii,  186,  Fig.  (i.    =  Ahcklla  vuloaris. 

A.  Okeiii,  180,  Fig.  4.    =Arcella  dentata. 

A.  angiilosa,  18<i.    =  AnCELLA  VUl-GAlus. 

A.    DENTATA,  lilir.,  180. 

Dijlftuyia  acnhatii.     Sjn.  AiciUa  acuhata,  Elir.,  180.    =Centiiopyxis  aculeata. 

1).  protcifornm,  187.     Tab.  viii,  Fig.  •-«,=  DlFEl-UOlASPlltAUS.    Tab.  ix,  Fig.  8,  =.DlF- 

FLUOIA  I'YIUFORMIS  t 

D.  PYRIFOHMIS,  187,  Tab.  ix.  Fig.  9. 

1).  Bm-iUuriarum,  187,  Fig.  7.    Difkluoia  ACU.MINATA. 

D.  ACUMINATA,  Khr.,  187,  var.  aeaiilin,  Fig.  0. 

JVincwid  Aciniiu,  Dtij.,  187.     Sjn.  I).  EncheUjn,  Elir.    ==Trinema  enciiklys. 
Jiitijhjpha  tubcrculala,  Duj.,  187.    =  Euolypha  alveolata. 

E.  alveolata,  Diij.,  187. 

A".  to'i«,  187,  Tab.  viii,  Fig.  18.    =  Euolypha  alveolata. 

J'J.  aetigcra,  187,  Fig.  19.    =  Euolypha  ciuata  f 

E.f  minima,  187,  Fig.  20.    =  Tampiiacus  jiyalinusT 

K.  ninala,  187,  Fig.  21.    —  Cyphoderia  ampulla. 

Gromia fluviatilia,  Duj.,  188. 

J»ia;iaj)nn(rj)s,  Ehr.,  188.    =  Am<£BA  PROTEUS. 

A.  diffluma,  Duj.,  188. 

A.  VERRUCOSA,  Ehr.,  188.  , 

A.  Umax,  Duj.,  188,  Tab.  viii,  Fig.  12. 

A.  (imtiihi,  Duj.,  188,  Fig.  13. 

A.  R.U)I08A,  Duj.,  188. 

A.  natans,  188,  Fig.  14. 

A.  striolala,  188,  Fig.  15. 

Actinoaphara  volrcna,  189,  Fig.  17. 

Pritchard,  Andreir. 

A  History  of  Infusoria.    London,  1861. 

l{hizo])0(la,  201,  .'')47,  pi.  xii,  xxi-xxiii. 

Rdsel,  August  Johann. 

Insecteu-Belustigung.    Niirnberg,  1755,  iii,  022,  Tab.  ci,  Fig.  A-T. 
Dor  kloinc  Trotcus.    =  Amceua  proteus. 

Schlumbergcr,  M.  P. 

Observations  snr  quelqnes  nouvclles  espfcces  d'infusoires  do  la  famille  des  Rliizo- 
podes.    Aunales  des  Sciences  Naturelles,  1845,  iii,  254. 
Diffiugia  deprcaaa,  254. 
IMfflugia  giganica,  254. 

Zccquereuaia  jurassica,  2^.    =  Difflugla  spiralis. 
Gromia  hyalina,  255.    =  I'a.mpiiagus  iiyalinus. 
Cyphoderia  margaritaiea,  255.    =  Cypiioderia  ampulla. 

PSEUDODIFFLUGIA  GRACILIS,  230. 
SPIIENODERIA  LENTA,  256. 

Schneider,  A. 

Beitriige  zur  Naturgescbichte  der  Infusorien.    Archiv  filr  Anatomic,  Physiologio 
und  AvissenscLaftlicho  Medicin,  Berlin,  1854,  xxi,  204,  ii. 

Uiffivgia  Enchclja,  Ehr.,  Taf.  is,  Fig.  10-24.    =^  Pampuaous  hyaunus. 


lUULKKlHAlMIY  OF  rUESlI-WATKU  KHIZOPODS. 


317 


Sclirank,  Franx  Ton  Paula. 

Fiiiiiia  Jloicii.    liiindslmt,  ISO.J,  iii,  21e  AbthcilunR. 
ProtruH (liffluiiiK,  24.    :^-.  AxauiA  protkuh. 
I'roteuH  <riiHlalHiinn,  !i4. 
I'rolniM  (lUUhenii,  27. 

Triclmla  ChalopUora,  9;!.    =  Acantiiocystis  CHiETonionA.  " 

Trklioila  Sol,  "H.     =.  AcTiNOPlinYS  sol. 

Schultze,  max  Sigmund. 

Uobor  den  Organisums  dor  rolythiilamieii.    Leipzig,  1854. 

General  view  of  fho  Htructiiro  nnd  phenompna  of  life  of  the  Rhizopodg,  7. 

Classiticiition  of  ltbizui)0(la,  52. 

Gromirt,  54. 

Lagtjnw  ho.Uica,  56,  Tab.  i,  Fig.  7-8.    =CYPnoDEniA  ampulla. 

Amaha  por.reta,  Tab.  vii,  Fig.  18. 

Amceba,  Fig.  19. 

Amoeba  ijlobularui,  Fig.  !,0. 

Ammha  polypodia,  Fig.  21.    =  Amceba  radioba  T 

Reichert  und  die  Gromien.    Archiv  fiir  inikroskopiscLe  Anatomic,  1866,  ii,  140. 

Schnlze,  Franz  Eilhard. 

Ehizopodenstudion  I,    Ueber  den  Ban  und  Entwickelung  von  Actinosphterium 

Eicbhornii.    Arcbiv  fiir  mikroskopische  Anatoinie,  1874,  x,  328,  Taf.  xxii. 
Khizopodenstudien  II.    Ibidem,  Taf.  xxvi,  :^..  v  ii. 

Saphidiophrys pallida,  377,  Taf.  xxvi,  Fig.  1. 

Jleterophryg  variang,  :i86.  Fig.  2-5.    =  IIetkuophrys  myuiapoda. 
Ehizopodenstiidien  III.    Ibidem,  1875,  xi,  94,  Taf.  v-vii. 

EuGLYPliA  ALVF,OLATA,  Diijardiu,  99,  Taf.  v,  Fi'^.  1,  2. 

E.  compressa,  Carter,  101,  Fig.  3,  4.    =  Euolypilv  ciliata. 

E.  glohosa.  Carter,  102,  Fig.  5-8.    =  Sphknodeiiia  lenta. 

Trinemn  acinus,  Diijardin,  104,  Fig.  9-11.    =TmNEMA  enciielys. 

CyphodiTia  margarilacea,  Schliimbergor,  lOfi,  Fig.  12-23.     =Cypiioder/a  ampulla. 

C.  Iruncata,  113,  Fig.  21,  22. 

PZff/oiim  jximoii,  11.5,  Taf.  vi.  Fig.  1-4.     Marino.     Baltic. 

Gromia  oriformis,  Dnjardin,  110.     Marine.     Baltic. 

G.  granulata,  117,  Taf.  vi,  Fig.  5,  0. 

G.  socialig,  Carter,  U8,  Fig.  7-13.    =PAMPnA0us  iiTAHNUst 

Plcitrophrya  amphitrcmaloides,  Arcber,  123,  Taf.  vii.  Fig.  1.    =  Fseudodiffluoia. 

P.fulva,  Arclior,  124,  Fig.  2,  3.    =PsEUDoniFFLUGlA. 

P.  comprexm,  125,  Fig.  4,  5.    =r8EUD0DlFFLUGlA. 

P.  laficiiifonim,  125,  Fig.  6-8.    =  rsEUDODiFFLUGlA. 

PUigiophrya  eylimlHra,  01.  n.  Lac-b.,  120,  Fig.  9.    =PAMPnAOU8. 

DlPLOPllliYS  Arciieri,  Barker,  127,  Fig.  10-15. 
Ebizopoden.studieu  IV.    Ibidem,  329,  Taf.  xviii,  xix. 

QUADRULA  symmethica,  Diffiui/ia  symmetrica,  \V,aliicb,  329,  Taf.  xviii,  Fig.  1-6. 

PseudocMamys patella,  CI.  u.  Lacb.,  332,  Fig.  7-14.    =  Yonng  of  Arcella  vulgarisT 

Ilyalosphenia  lata,  33.".,  Fig.  15-18.    =  Hyalospiienia  cuneata. 

CociiLiopODiUM  PELLUciDUM,  Ilertwig  n.  Lesser,  337,  Taf.  xix.  Fig.  1-J>. 

Pclomym  iialiwlrin,  Groeil",  342,  Fig.  0-8. 

Plal-opm  iiiber,  :M8,  I'ig.  9-10.    =  IIyalodiscus  RunicuNDUsT 
Khizopodenstudien  V.    Ibidem,  583,  Taf.  xxxv,  xxxvi. 

Mastigama:ba  aspera,  583,  Taf.  xxxv. 

Beobacbtung  eiuer  Kerntlieihing  nut  na«bfolgender  Korpertbeilung  bei  Amoeba 

polypodia,  M.  Schultze.    Ibidem,  592,  Taf.  xxxvi.  Fig.  1-8. 
Khizopodenstudien  VI.    Ibidem  xiii,  1877,  9. 


318 


FUESIl  WATKU  IMIIZOPODS  OF  NORTH  AMKIMCA. 


Mil, 


Stein,  Friedrich. 

Die  lufusionstliicre  anf  iliro  EiitwickclnngsgCRcliiclito  uiitorHiicht.    Leipzig,  1854. 
AcTiKoriiitYS  80I.,  Klir.,  140,  V<\,  1(>4,  2r.S,  Tiif.  iv,  Fid.  a<l-'J8.    =An  Arincto. 
Actinophnjs  J'Achhornu,  Klir.,  148,  1:>1,  Kil,  l(i3.     =AfTiNospilA;ilH!M  EICIIIIOIINII. 
Aclinophrj/H  oculala,  IM,  157,  Taf.  v,  Fig.  25-128.    =ACTIN0PHRY8  80I.  in  coiijiiKatioii  t 

Tatem,  J.  6. 

On  Free-swiinniinff  AniceboB.    Monthly  Microscopical  Journal.    Transactions  of 
the  lloyal  Microscopical  Society,  London,  18G9,  i,  352,  pi.  xvii. 

Amaba  priiiceps,  Amecba  Umax,  Amuha  diffliicns. 
Amaba  guUiila,  Amalin  porrerlii,  Amaba  fillofa, 
Amaba  witli  ii  llu)rflliiiii,  Ciroui)  11,  pi.  xvii. 

Notes  on  New  Infusoria.    Ibidem,  1870,  iv,  313,  pi.  Ixviii. 

Diffluiiia  ligata,  Vi)i,.  I.    =  IIyalospiienia  cunkata. 
Conjugation  of  Amoeba.    Ibidem,  1871,  vi,  275. 

Amocba  villosa. 
A  phase  of  Actinophryan  Life.    Ibidem,  1872,  vii,  1G9,  pl.  xv. 

AetinophrijH  eol.     =HETEnoPlinY8t 

Wallich,  «.  C. 

On  an  nndescribed  Indigenous  Form  of  Amceba.    The  Annals  and  Magazine  of 
Natural  llistory,  London,  1803,  xi,  287,  pl.  viii. 
=Am(eba  villosa. 

Further  Observations  on  an  undescribed  indigenous  Amoeba,  with   notices  on 
remarkable  forms  of  Actinophrys  and  Difflugia.    Ibidem,  305,  pl.  ix. 
Amceba  villosa. 

Further  Observations  on  Amoeba  villosa  and  other  indigenous  Ehizopods.    Ibidem, 
434,  pl.  X. 

Am(£ba  villosa,  figH.  5-10. 

Amceba  radiosa,  443,  Amoeba  princeps {\at.  radiosa),  453,  figs.  1-3.    ==Amceba  PROTEUst 

AetinophrijH  ICiclihoniii,  444,  45.3,  ligs.  1-3.    =;  ActinospiI/EKIum  eichiiohnii. 

AcTixopniiYS  SOL,  440,  453,  iij;.  4. 

Difflugia  proieiformU  iyuT.  aeptifiru),  453,  fig.  12.    =DlFFLuaiA  SPIRALIS. 

Difflugia  prolfifonnis  (vnr.  acuminata),  453,  fig.  13.    =  DiFFLUOlA  ACUMINATA. 

AllCELLA  vulgaris,  4.53,  fig.  14. 

On  the  Value  of  tlie  Distinctive  Characters  in  Amceba.    Ibidem,  1803,  xii.  111. 
Further  Ob.servations  on  the  Distinctive  Characters  and  Reproductive  Phenomena 
of  the  Anicuban  Rhizopod.s.    Ibidem,  329,  448,  pl.  viii. 

Difflugia  piiriformin  (viir.  si/mmetriia),  4."i8,  467,  fig.  IG.    =Quadrula  symmetrica. 

Amceba  villosa,  figs,  of  pl.  viii,  except  IG,  uml  probalily  10,  whieU  1o()1<h  liko  Amceba 

VEIiUUCOSA. 

On  the  Process  of  Mineral  Deposit  in  the  Rhizopods  and  Sponges  as  aflbrding  a 

Distinctive  Character.    Ibidem,  1804,  xiii,  72. 
On  the  Extent  and  some  of  the  Principal  Causes  of  Structural  Variation  among 

the  Dilflugiau  Rliizopods.    Ibidem,  215,  pl.  xv,  xvi. 

Classification  of  forms,  page  240,  as  follows: 

Species  1.  Difflugia proteij'ormis  (EliT.).  " 

Subspecies  1.  D.  mitriformiH  {Wal.). 
Variety  o.  D.  acuminata  (FAir.). 

b.  D.  spiratiii  (Leclorc). 

c.  D.  piriformis  (Perty). 

d.  D.  lageniformit  (Wal  ). 


BIELLOORAPnY  OP  FRESH  WATER  RUIZOPODS. 


319 


WalUch,  «.  C. 

Siiljspccids  2.  7).  «/?o6«/ari«  (DiiJ.). 
Variety  o.  D.  Uiherculata  (Wnl.)- 
D.apulcala(V:.\n.). 
D,  corona  (Wiil.). 
Subspecips  3.  D.  Arcdhi  (Klir.). 

4.  D.  marmipij'onnis  (Wal.). 
Variety  a.  1).  cn/win (Will.). 
Spccii'H  2.  EiKjhjiiha  aheoUUa  (Diij.). 

SubspecicB  E.  Eiiehelys^  I).  Encliehjn  (Ehr.)  =  Trincma  adnm  (D^).). 
Species  3.  Eughjpha  margaritacca  =  Cyphoderia  vmrgaritacea  (Schlum.). 
Variety  t  E.  h<iHica  —  T.a<jiim»  balliea  (Schiiltze). 
Difflugia  glohuJaris,  iigH.  1,  2,  17,  21.    =DlFFHJOIA  OLonuLOSA. 
D.  maraupi/ormis,  ligs.  3-5.    ==  Difflugia  coNsrniCTA. 
D.  cams,  tig.  G.    =  Difflugia  constricta. 
D.  mitrifm-mis,  flgs.  7,  8.    =  Difflugia  acuminata  t 
D.  PYHlFonMis,  flgs.  9,  10;  also  fig.  12,  specimen  of  the  mifrifom  series. 
D.  acuminata,  flg.  11 ;  iilNO  flgs.  12,  12a,  126,  specimens  of  the  acurainnte  seriej. 
Oblong  variety,  figs.  13,  14.    =  D.  OLonuLOSA. 
Difflugia  htgeni/ormiH,  Hgs.  15,  16.    Difflugia  urceolata. 
D.  Uiherculata,  fig.  18.    =  D.  GLonULOSA  t 
D.  CORONA,  ligs.  19,20. 

D.  aculcata,  plain  variety,  flg.  22.    =Centropyxis  ecornis. 
D.  acuteata,  flg.  23.    =CENTitoPYXi8  aculeata. 
D.  SPIRALIS,  figs.  24,  25. 

D.  aymmelrica,  fig.  2C.  =  Quadrula  symmetrica. 
Transition  forms,  flgs.  27-33.  =Nebela  collaris. 
Difflugia  Arcella,  figs.  34-:(8.    =  Arcella  vulgaris. 

Two  Diflliigias  in  conjugation,  flg.  SD.    =D.  pyriformis  and  D.  olobulosa. 

Difflugia,  fig.  40.    =  Difflugia  pyriformis. 

Varieties  of  Eughjpha,  figs.  41-45.    =Euglypiia  alveolata  t 

Eughjpha  cnchclys,  flgs.  46, 47.    =  TriNema  enciielys. 

E.  margaritacca,  flg.  48.    =CYPnoDERiA  ampulla. 

On  the  Structure  and  Affinities  of  the  Polycystina.  Qnartorly  Journal  of  3Iicro- 
scopical  Science,  18G5,  v.  Transactions  of  the  Microscopical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, 1865,  xiii,  75. 

A  classiflcation  of  the  Rhizopoda,  64. 

The  Amoeban,  Actinophryan,  and  Difflugian  Rhizopods.    Monthly  Microscopical 
Journal,  1875,  xiii,  210. 
IFesfon,  J. 

On  the  Actinophrys  Sol.    Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  London, 
1856,  iv,  116,  pi.  ix,  flgs.  3-7. 
Upright,  E.  PerciTal. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  x,  1870,  305. 
CijHtophrjiH  Ilacclceliana.    =PAMPnAGUS  iiYALTNt;sf 

Upright,  T.  S. 

On  the  Reproductive  Elements  of  tlie  Rhizt,poda.    The  Annals  and  Magazine  of 
Natural  History,  London,  1801,  \ni.  360. 
H^yman,  J. 

On  Amoeba.    Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  1862,  ix,  281. 


S?"! 


\{ 


INDEX. 


Names  in  small  copitulH  rof«r  to  .loseripticms  in  the  body  of  the  work;  tboso  in  itolicsto  synonyms 
and  forms  Incidcntolly  mentioned. 


ACANTIIOCYSTIS 204,  208,  270,  VCJl 

AcanthoKjIHth 5)50  sj((4 

A.  aculrala gyj 

A.  CU^TOPIIOHA 2C4 

A.paUida i>(j4 

A.  npini/era 85C,2r.7 

A.  tur/acea y(j,j 

A.  riridia , ij(}4 

ACTINOSPHJJRIUM 358 

A.  KICilllORNII ij5g 

ACTIKOPIIIIYS 2:1.} 

A.  brericirrltia ^Tx 

A.  (UfformiH ijjjr, 

A.  Kkhhormi , a;i.-.,251» 

A.  ociilata gllTi  STiO 

.1.  I'crlyana 271 

Al-JCTA 241 

A- SOL 235,21);! 

■^•*»' 250,259 

A,  viridtD. 2(54 

Allodictya 145,150 

Amiba ;jo 

A.  divergent ;jj 

A.  Mullen ;(j 

A.  princeps ;{i 

-•(.  Itocsili  . ;{J 

AMfEBA yo 

^'"'«'*'' 02,184,25;i 

A.  aelinophora \^^ 

A.  bilimboHa  I84  j^r, 

A.  lllatlac 3(10 


A.  Iirachiala . 

A.  chaos 

A.  com  mil  Ills  . 

diffluriiH  .. 

Olcichenii. 


A. 
A. 


A.  giiUiila 


A 


58 

:n 
ui 

32 

4 
4 


'«'<■'•'"■« 253,254 

A .  Umax 47 

A.  natann gu  I 

A.  priiiccj)s ;ji  (J2 

A.  I'liOTKUS 30,35,291,293 

A.  giiadrilincala 63,293 

A.  IIADIOSA 58,291,293 

.1 .  ramosa   ;)i  53 

-J.  sabiilom 7;j 

21    RHIZ 


P»ge. 

A.  Icnlarulata 81,90 

A.  viixosA 02,C:( 

A.  viltusa 67 

A.  VKIIRUCO8A r>3,  293 

A.  with  proccHsea 07 

A,  :onali» J84 

Amphizonella 1H4 

A.  reilita igg 

A.  VIOLACEA 291 

Aihfmllaria 201,208 

A  r<  elm  Ilia  impa  liens 283 

AHCKU.A lC<i,292 

'ircella 95,180,190 

A.  arulmta igo 

A.  aiiijiilosa 170 

-'/.  Arvliscon 120 

A.  AUTOCIIEA 178,179 

A.  hunalis X21 

A.  cuiidivicola 226 

A.  conslricla 120,220 

A.  costata I7(j 

A.  dnitala   170 

A.  DENTATA 177 

A.  Diadema 180 

A.  DI8COIDK8 173,290 

A.  IMsphara 226 

A.  emriiia 180,181 

A.  Eiwhchjs 227 

A.  ylobosa I7(i 

./.  glial imaUtisis X20 

A.  hcmispherica 170 

A.  hijalina 194,195,226 

A.  laticcps X21 

-1.  liiiiala 120 

A.  Mcgastoma 227 

A.  JIITHATA 175,290 

^•1.  Xidiis  I'ciidulus 226 

A.  Okeni ,..       ^77 

A.jicrisiicta 173 

A.  I'ljiiim 227 

A.  reticiilala 227 

A.  roslrala 227 

A.  scriata 227 

A.  slellaris 177 

A.  stellata 177 

.4,  riridis 170 

321 


iiV 


822 


INHKX. 


!     ' 


A.  vn.i.Miis 170,I7I,«K>.WI.'.W 

.(iivl/iHU  i'M(;(iirt» W(l 

Assn.lNA IWI 

An.iuliMiX U'i,iiOI,\,HHi 

A.  iiifHttiii ".thj  j 

,1.  iifiifHiwrH.'iiii 'H^i 

.(.  .iJiwfWii '.W 

A.  iimji^oni "JtW 

.^,  .ii,tj»t<»<i  «•'■' 

.1,  .iiv<)».lfil WM 

A.  iisiin/)W)I I'I'J,  I'M 

.1.  lMr<l/l'Hl°N.'<l« t'tV! 

.<,  hlioHthe iJtW 

A.  /.H/.i W.t 

,1.  /r;ifii/r;»i» 11'.' 

,(.  iHiiiy  •rWi'rtii "W 

A.  IIKlJ/lli'.'l'M.MS *'f* 

A.  i;,>l<,rti  Miiltir '-'OS 

.■1,  .N'rt/iiNifiiii V't'.' 

A.  Sl-MIMM  M iftJft.VW 

.1,  /(^^•IVN^1(.^. ""■•^ 

.1.  «H.i».i(n WJ 

HlOMVX.V V'«*t 

n.  vui.ws '.'HI 

rAMl<AS»    -8 'JtM 

0,  OOliM  TVS '.'('."> 

CiifAiiriii •■■if* 

C,  rlcixtiii' 140 

C.  ti<»<iM I'.".* 

('. /hi/n7ii> i:u 

fKNTUOrVXlS li^O 

r.  Ai'n.KATA !.>*<),  iHi/jiM.'.nii/.x.t:! 

(\  /Wrtif-mii I-'^O 

(\  nvrxM lt<0,  If^l.'JlHl/.'SH 

rnAHiNi;i-i!U>A '.'I 

( "Alios  I'l-olkcim !M) 

Ct.ATlll!\l.lXA ■ '.'T'.' 

r.  1-.I.1.!A\S.    •JTH.-'iKl 

COOIIIUII^IIMI  XI 184 

l\  mnMii<>srM IS-I,  ItNi 

• ".  jh  //m-iiJMiH 1><4,  I'M 

« ',  pilMHm It*-"* 

0.  VKSTITVM  ...^ !!<'* 

( VirfjiT  f/ii  iK'xmiNrWii UH) 

('.  Jlj»r^f".ll•w^.•l ".It*,  Uv! 

('.  .'>;iirii/i.« I'.M 

<'.>n,.i(i  JIH).  I'.tl 

(  ory,-),- IIHI,  l!»l 

i'Yl'UODKlilA '-'01 

C.  AMini.UA '.O-J.-JsHi/.".)! 

C.  l>HJ<tnUMi  '. I'.U 

( '.  IHiir.;iiri*iIiYiI 'JOJ, '.'(•I 

<  'jtfloi'hrii* "J.Mi 

c.  .vii/.fl arH!,',':.- 

lhicl!iloiii>hirriuir>  vilrtHm 911 

Dirri  rc.i  A ".*."> 

J>ij>lH,ii,i !>.>*,  '.Kl,  im,  lv.'4, 1-if*.  t4:>,  ts«t, 

«SHt.'.H»l,'»'0ii,\.'V'4 

l>.  illMIN/AllflAllll    '.'07 


1 1.  lll\IN(il<     101) 

(>.  iii'iM/>i>i(i<i tm 

/>.  iicii(iii/(i IHO 

n.   A.IMINATA IW,  no, '.'«), 'JIM 

/).  .iid.Hisi aoa 

IK  (t/llf>illHtNltM 'JO'J 

/).  <iiH))ftiiiti lott.'jor 

f>.  .im/«ii//ii itft) 

/>.  iMiHii/diii 145,  mo 

ll,inMl,i ir>H 

p.   AIM  I  A im,  117,'M> 

/».  .;cii/.i'ii 'J07 

/).  .iHHiihht tW,144 

/>.  fiiiiH'if.'iiniirMm 1011, 114 

/».  /piii7..iM 1M> 

/».  i<i)>o,iis Mf.,  ir.o 

I:  .(iiic/liiM Mfi,  i:iO 

l>.  iiin'iiiWii I  Til 

/),  cllMlfiHc'NIlill 14'.',  144 

/).  C.iivii. Iir..  l.'iO 

;».  .iiMis I'.'o,  i'.';i 

f»  -.vil-ii-    I4f.,  1..0 

1>,  f()Ml'Ui;n».\ !m,  I4H 

l>.  roNsniKTA I'.Ht,  l'.'l,'.'«0,aH,«K'.'.''.Vl 

l>.  lOltNtTA in» 

n.  rouoNA 117,118 

0.  fUATKIlA 10(4 

;».  iirjMfiiJii lOsJ 

/>.  W.,».iH» 140 

/>.  /hiAWk* liM.'AHl 

/>,  <'ii/iii7i/iiriii '.*,• 

IK  ii/mrii/iVMii l.'iO 

l>.  iliil'illiilum Ifi'J 

IKI-loriiliV a07 

/).  nhhuUirh iU! 

n.  <a..ilUI,(i«A IHs'JHO.'JOl.'.'Sl'J 

/).  II,  lit r.'4 

/).  /i.i,ii(iiiii  ^^<l'^^<^••,  hIioiiIiI  lio  t'M<Mii») l!>r> 

/).  f(r>'i;ii(ii '.'07 

IK  /.<i;/<im IKi.'.'O'J 

/>.  Ui.iriiij'ormiii I(H! 

/).  (.1.1.1 i4r>,  irio 

/).  hnla -J-Jlt 

;t.  I.iiiti>lii>is I4".',144 

IK  li;liltil !•.".» 

O.  i.oiiosroMA II'.', '.".•l 

/).  mcii'ifdn'fiirt'.i '.'O'J 

/•.  miirniiiiijDrmiii I'.'O,  l'.';i 

/•.  iHi/i((iirHiiii !Oli,  10',>,  l'.'4 

IK  mo/iii ci'iisiVi 'J07 

n.  NOKOSA Oit 

/).  iiumiitii 14,'> 

/>.  ol>l,in,m IU'.» 

iKolUi' 101) 

IK  f),i,.M«i i:ii,  i:i;i 

/».  i>il,mi •J07,'.'I4 

IK  iHlliiiiriimi 14.'.,  I.'O 

/>.  iti\)MJ\>rmit IKl, !>H, IR),  UKi,  UH),  ll'J, 

117.i'.>0,  l'J4,  t4'J 


»    t 


INDIOX. 


32« 


/>,  l>ivlv{fiirmlii  iiKHMd'DJd p.'.J 

I>.  i'vmi.(n;Mm lW,m»,  l(Kl,«Hi»,'.'i»|,','lf.' 

"•  iiinilormtii |((i( 

II,  ifiliiiijiiiliiiiii yi»7 

/>.  riiiirllii |r,o 

l>.  ivliiiiliila Ur,,  iMt 

l>.  Hiilnili  Milller <.M(7 

/'.  Siiliiiiilliii , yd  J 

I'.  AVnii'M jMf, 

/■'.  Srminuliim , "••jr, 

/'.  iH'i>l{f'irtt.... ly) 

f '.  mriiWd , o(i7 

/>,  w/i'i/iTii yoj 

/'.  N/(iih«(im((||i(» yort 

I).  MIMIIAMH 17.|, '.'HI), Wll 

I).  Hiiirlfimt I  ly 

/'.  nithiijini 1(1.1 

l>.  »IHala y{i7 

/>.  »/(•((/()»» ,  ,,..8U,'.'l(i 

/'.  ulrlitlnln yo7 

1).  milmi'Hln -.'OH 

/).  Hfiinrnvhint I<ltf,  I'lf.,  IHO 

/*.  trii'iiHftiH , I  |ij 

/(.  Iiihirriitiiln 1 15 

/•.  iDirhiiiln yiii 

1>.  lnicKoi.ATA im; 

!>•   VAN HI) 

DlNAMdCllA      HO 

I).  MtllAllll.lM HI 

HllToniltYH aw) 

Dlri.OI-llllYM  AKCIIKIII uwi 

l'.ihinoi>ijx{» iHi) 

E,  iiriiliiiln (HI) 

/'.'.  /icHi iVi/i/kWiii |H| 

A',  Iriiliiriiim |h| 

liliiiiiliiiiiin y5(i 

'■<•  ''"'•'" ...       tfr.(l 

I''M>AM<I'.IIA IKHI 

i;.  lii.An  ,11 :ioii 

I'ltmi.YIMiA y(|() 

/i'«;//i/;)/i«  5!0I ,  '.'•.'I ,  y,'.! 

K.  A i.VK(>i,ATA ao7,  yoH,  •ji».>,  ysci 

H.  liilllifH yoj 

K.   llltACIIIATA !«(>,'.".MI 

A'.  brUHHin •»>,'■> 

a.  ciuATA yM.yir./jtHi/.w/.MKi 

K.  mmi>romii !il  l', 'Jill. '.'IH 

K,  CIIISTAIA '.MH,'.'Itt,V',H) 

Ji.  CHIIVl/ll .1|)1 

li.i'-.u'Mi,. ;;;;  y^? 

/■;.  ijUibtmi a;ii),y:io 

I'-  '"'••''< yo7 

A',  miirtiiirilomi i^o J 

K.  MllliONATA Ull),  a^ill,  UIKI 

/'.'.  jili'iiniHtiima yy7 

A'.  HrlifiriH y()7 

A.'.  Sriiiiiiiihim yyf, 

A'.  Hiilinmi y  J I 

/.'.  Hirigom «U,ai(l,aiH) 


A'.  /.(/M/(A'i't» UVt 

A',  /(iicfd jBJf, 

A".  luhircHUtla S07 

A',i(i»»iWi» Kf, 

A'.  hii'Htiiin log 

l'"ii,imA ml 

KllDsic  riKiropi.AMTH.. IH|t 

I''<1IIAMINH-|5IIA 7,  M,'W 

I''iii.;hii  wa'I'icii  Km/.ol'oim a,M 

<ltvml» ItHI 

oiioMiA  a77 

'•'.  Inniliiia IIM,  Hlfi 

(1.  riciimidi.A «77 

(r'i/Hi«ii;)/ir.i/»<'"»iW(» liHl 

Mm  i:i>ci<;iiA ,   Illy 

II.  1'iiiiiioi.A l(ir>,yiMi 

II.  IK  I A KW.yw 

//r/i(i/i/ii7/*  rnrUibllln  (rrnini'tntHly  qiiDtoil  nit 
ll,ln;>i>liiii>) «,|;|,  y,|,l 

iii:i.i<i/..iA 7,a;i:« 

IliliriiivmiiUi  Avvliiirnn |y I 

//.  iiuiiliiiiiiliHiilK |yi 

II.  i..tM,'I„ 17n 

//.  I'liium ay7 

II.  Hill  III  In  177 

lll.ll.ltlil'llllYH >ii'i 

II.  I'liil, ii y,);| 

II.  MvliiAfdDA U4:i 

II.  viiriiinn y,j;) 

IlitUiijIiiiilm |,|y,  |.|.|,yo|,yoj 

lliir.imiilitiimiin 1H(I,  |;i() 

II.  iniiinlnm 17(1 

II.  viinnliivla lyo  yy7 

II.  iliiiliilii  177 

II.  ilimiiiiliH |7;i 

//.  IHHphiriit if/} 

II-  rrnriiiH |h() 

//.    KllrlllhlH    i{y7' 

II.  Iiiinliiin    l|)/|| yy7 

II.  liiHiilii |y| 

II.  rimlrala , yij? 

II  VAioniHcim (M 

II.  iiriiiii'Niiim \)\ 

MvAi.oi.AMi'i-  , a7t 

//.  rriiiun , ^\ 

II.  IIMftlllATA a7l,!«tl 

IIVAI.ii.Ml-tll'.siA ly(j 

H<IM-ATA    lyl) 

il.  I-|.l:ilANH I  |l),y!M) 

//.  Iiilii lyij 

//.  Hiitilii I  yi( 

M.  I'M'iMo i;i|,  l:Ri,y<M) 

II.  TIM  TA |;|H 

LinlHiiiD yoi 

/,.  hiillii'ii iOii 

l.iriiuirriiHia \K, 

I..  jaiiiHHua |y.J,  l«r>,  |y7 

Liviilhiiim luo 

I..  Iijiallniim U)4 


llivli 


■'p-i*'»,?»r«:pjf\l«|i)!^!«^i^Aji|^;uW*5*#,!?'-!!^^^ 


324 


INDEX. 


Page. 
LoBOSA 23 

LOBOSE  P?(OTOPLA8':  ■< 23 

Mastigamaha  aapera 93 

MOXKUA 7,19 

Nebkla 145 

N.  AN8ATA 159,269 

N.  BARBATA 159,100,289 

JV.  binodia 289 

N.  CARINATA 154,289 

N.  CAUDATA IGO,  161,289 

N.  COI.LAHIS 145,140,289 

N.  vquicafcciia 150 

N.  FLABEI.I.ULUM 452,  ',489 

N.  IIIPPOCREPIS 156 

JV.  numata 145,150 

N.  rctortu 2h9 

JV.  aphayni 162 

Odonlodiclija  145,150 

Ol'RAMCEBA CO 

O.  BO'I  ULICAUDA 71,72 

0.  lapsa 07 

O.  VORAX  07 

PAMPHAGUa   190 

P.  AV1DU8 19(i 

P.  cruvus 190 

p.  IIYAUNUS 194,195 

p.  MUTABILIS 191,  193 

I'elobinK 72 

Pei.omyxa 72 

I'.  paliiHtris 74 

P.  VILLOSA 73,75 

PeritrivhaSol 2,35 

Pla'cocista 221 

P.  8PINOSA 221,222,290 

riagiophrjis 190 

P.  pyUiidrka 197 

P.  sciili/ormia 191,192 

Plakopiia  riihcr    94,95 

Pleurophnjs 197 

P.  amphitrcmoidca 198, 200 

P.  amphora 201 

P.  nngulata 198,201 

P.  comjyressa 198,201 

P.fulra 198,200 

P.  \aginifornm 198,201 

P.  ttpharica 198,200,201 

PodoHjihara  272 

P.  Hackeliaiia 273 

Pomphohjxophrtja 271 

P.  fvniairala   271 

I'yulvua 30 

/'.  (litlluiim 31 

I'liOTISTA 7 

PltiJTOPI.AWM 4 

PitoroPl.ASTA 7,8,23 

1'.  l"iu)SA  189 

P.  I.OBOSA     28 

PltOTOZOA 1 


Page. 
Paeuilochlamya  patella 175 

PSEUDODIFFLUGIA 197 

P.  GRACILIS 198,199,290,292 

PSEUDOPODS 5 

QUADUUI-A 142 

Q.  SYMMETRICA 142, 143, 290, 292 

Radioi.aria 7,1a 

Rapiiidiophrys 248 

R.  ELEOANS 250 

R.  pallida 250 

R.  viRiDis 248,249 

Itetirella  145 

II  atiAulaia 145 

It.  aatirophora 150 

li.  liinodis 145 

11.  cancellala 145 

It.  Carpio 145 

li.  collaria 145 

It.  laxa 145 

It.  reticulata 145 

RnizopoDA 1,4,7 

Sakcode  4 

Setigcrella 206 

S.  aeatithophora 208 

il  ciliata _ 214 

S.piloaa 214 

S.  aetigera ."...  208 

^'.  atrigoaa 214 

Spharaalrum  conglobalum 250 

SpirExuuERiA 229 

S.  LENTA 229,230,290,292 

S.  MACROLEPIS 232,290 

SPOXGII.LA  AMtEUOlUS 02 

Sticlwhjiia 227 

)S.  caiidiiicola 227 

<S.  Mignatoma 227 

S.  Kidna  Pemlulua 227 

S.  atillaria 177 

S.  fiilgaria  170 

Trivhnnmba  hirta 02 

Tlieiamaba  quadripartita 53 

'I'richoda 204 

T.  chwtophora  204,2<>7 

T.Jixa 273 

r.  Sol 235 

T  H I N  E  M  A 220 

T.  aciiiua 220 

T.  KNCillEYS .220,227,290,292,293 

Vampyukm.a 253 

V.  LATERITIA 253,2.54 

r.  Spirogyrw 253 

r.  vitrax 283 

Vibrio 30 

I ',  Proleua 31 

Voleox  thaoa 30 

y.  Proleua 30 

r.  Sphainla 30 


if 


ii  m 


hi 


REFERENCES   TO   THE   PLATES. 

Till'  ii>;iiii'H  liavi'  all  V)i"i'ii  ilrnwn  in  llicir  |>ri-]u'r  piopoiiioiis  iipoii  ii  Hciilc  ol' iiicamiicini'iitM,  wliicli 
arc  Kivcii  in  (lianictciH,  or  in  fractioiiN  iiCtlic  niillcnietiv.  It  was  intontlnl  to  nnikc  tlicdrawinuN  ^cncr- 
ull.v  njHin  the  winii'  scalt'  of  mcnHnromont,  but  mibHcquont  oonipariHon  of  tlie  nizc  of  the  lignivs  with  tho 
actnni  nicasuronu-ntH  of  the  upeoimenH  indicated  wide  variation  in  tlic  Ncah'. 

The  lithofrraphH  fairly  ri'iireaeiit  the  characteriHtic  fcatnri's  of  the  HiiccinicnK,  thon^rh  not  no  well 
as  tho  ori);inal  drawin};H.  The  Hoft  protophmniic  Htriictiirc  in  general  is  too  darkly  and  dcdnitcly  out- 
lined, and  often  too  deeply  nhndcd. 

In  regard  to  the  contents  of  the  animals  when  visible,  so  fur  as  the  more  conspicnons  objects  ara 
concerned,  the  relative  proportions  are  preserved.  In  the  case  of  the  food,  wlie:i  consi«tinj{  of  delinite 
forms  snch  as  diatoms,  ilesniids,  etc.,  while  the  shapes  and  jiroportions  have  been  mostly  repn-scnted, 
comparatively  little  attention  was  given  to  accuracy  in  delineating  the  details  of  their  structure. 

In  those  Irgnres  in  wliich  a  pink  ball  is  observed  it  is  intended  to  represent  tlia  api)cttrance  of  tho 
contractile  vesicle,  but  generally  it  is  colored  too  deeply.  TIk'  same  is  often  represented  without  color. 
AiTows  dr.?wn  with  many  of  the  tignres  mostly  indicate  the  direction  of  movement  in  the  nninuvls. 

When  the  si/.e  of  the  tignres  in  diameters  is  nut  imlicated,  it  is  tho  sniuo  08  in  tUo  preceding  figure 
iu  which  tho  measurement  is  given. 

PLATE    I. 

Figs.  1-7.— AMCEBA  PROTEUS. 

l'"i(l.  1.  An  individual  as  often  observed  shortly  after  being  transferred  to  the  field  of  the  micro- 
scope. At  iirsl:  simply  globular  or  oval,  it  ([iiickly  projects  numerous  small  pseudopods  as  represented. 
At  the  lower  part  of  the  ligiire  the  discoid  nucleus  n  and  the  contractile  or  pulsating  vesicle  p.  v.  arc  seen. 
200  diameters.     From  a  ditch  below  Philadeljihia. 

FlO.  a.  Another  individual  of  tho  same  kind,  and  found  with  tho  former,  with  globular  body  and 
fewer  but  larger  pseudopods ;  a  condition  nsuoUy  succeeding  that  of  the  previous  specimen. 

Fl'J.  3.  An  individual  of  ramose  form;  a  condition  Usually  succeeding  that  of  the  previous  one. 
The  nucleus  obscured  from  view.  Two  contractile  vesicles,  of  which  the  moro  constant  and  larger 
marked  /),  r.  A  posterior  process  of  the  body,  n,  which  in  contraction  assumed  a  nmlberry-like  aiipenr- 
ance.  h,  discharge  of  eifete  matter.  From  a  large  spring,  in  which  grew  cress,  on  Darby  Creek,  Dela- 
ware County,  Pennsylvania,  October,  1H74. 

Fig.  4.  A  ramose  individual  with  tho  posterior  part  as  a  mulberry-lilto  moss,  a.  h,  discharge  of 
oxcrement.  «.  two  discoid  nuclei.  ]>.  >:,  contractile  Vesicle.  The  striated  yellow  bodies,  of  which  one 
is  discharged,  are  particles  of  sawdust.  From  ooze  mingled  with  sawdust  obtained  in  a  ditch  below 
Philadelphia, 

Fig.  5.  An  individual  found  with  the  preceding,  ind  obe"r\-ed  in  tho  oet  of  capturing  an  activo 
infusorian,  Urocentrmn,  tliv  iiigh  tlii'  approach  and  conjunction  (c)  of  a  pair  of  pseudopods.  Another  re- 
ccntly-e.aptured  ('rMrntrni!  Is  seen  within  the  body  of  the  Aiiio-ba.  Nucleus  of  unusual  br<'adtli.  a, 
posterior  portion  of  tho  body  in  a  mammillated  condition  due  to  contraction.     /),  particle  of  sawdust. 

Fig.  fl.  An  example  of  the  grotcs<iue  appearance  often  assumed  by  Aimcba  pniteus,  Ihe  individ- 
ual being  comiiarable  to  a  caricatured  human  face.  In  the  succeeding  view  tlie  apparent  pair  of  horns 
were  withdrawn,  and  the  face  expended  itself  in  the  prolongation  of  the  nose.    Same  locality. 

Fig.  7.  A  large,  jialinate  individual,  represented  as  in  movement  from  right  to  left.  The  poste- 
rior part  of  tli(^  body,  with  three  mulberry-liko  lobes,  of  which  the  intermediate  one  contains  the  eon- 
tractile  vesicle.  The  imcliMis,  though  present,  w.as  mostly  obscured  from  vii'W.  The  endosaic  appeared 
to  tlow  within  tliiidi  walls  of  ectosarc,  which  often  seemed  to  be  longitudinally  folded.  250  diameters. 
Woodstown  Pond,  New  Jerney. 

Fig.  a  Probably  young  of  AMfEBA  PROTEUS.  Individual  of  small  size;  in  the  initial  glolmlar 
form  O.Dii  mm.  in  diameter.     oOO  diameters.     Lake  on  Brldger  Hiitte,  Wyoming  Territory,  August,  1H77. 

l'"lns.  !),  10.  Probably  young  of  AMO'HA  VIM.OSA.  (ilUi  dlameterH.  From  a  iiond  on  Darby 
Clock,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  March,  1H77.  Habitually  of  clavate  shape,  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity («)  dLscoid  and  minutely  villous.  The  interior  containing  a  small  nucleus,  many  crystals,  sev- 
eral small  coiitractilo  vesicles,  and  u  few  green  uigie. 


n 


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PLATE    II. 

I'liis.  l-i:i.— AMtEBA  PROTEUS. 

l'"lo.  1.  ludividiml  in  a  conilition  ropeatiMlly  olisorvcd  immediately  succeeding  those  represented 
in  tl^H.  1, 2,  of  the  preceding  jilato.  llody  ovoid  with  long  divergent  psendopods.  ti,  nucleus ;  p.  v.,  cou- 
tructile  vesicle.    8(K)  diiinieterH.     Ditch  below  IMiiliidelpliia. 

Flo.  2.  An  individuiil  of  stelhite  form,  ns  frefpiently  observed  when  swimming.  Tlie  large  con- 
tractile vesicle  central,  with  the  nucleus  in  advance  to  the  left.     Same  locality. 

Fid.  :t.  Small  individual,  similar  to  that  of  tig.  8  of  the  preceding  plate  and  found  with  it.  p.  v., 
contractile  vesicle;  «,  nuclei's.  A  large  diatom  exten<ls  across  the  posterior  part  of  the  body.  SOO 
diameters. 

Fi(i.  4.  An  active  individual  with  a  profusion  of  psendopods,  containing  a  large  granular  nucleus, 
together  with  vacuoles,  brown  food-lmlls,  diatoms,  minute  crystals,  etc.  a.'iO  diameters.  In  several 
similar  individuals  the  nucleus  ranged  from  OM'M  una.  to  O.OtXi  mm.  broad  by  0.02  mm.  thick,  and  the 
contractile  vesi('le  enlarged  to  0.0;!(i.     With  151adder-wort,  Jacksonville,  Florida,  Febnuiry,  1875. 

Fi(i.  .1.  Individual  from  China  Lake,  Mount  Gilbe't,  Uiutu  Mountains,  AVyomlng  Territory, 
August,  H77.  Tho  yellow  septate  algo  seen  in  the  figure  was  afterwards  observed  to  bo  expelled.  200 
diunu-ters. 

Fi(t.  Ii.  Robust  inf'ividual,  eimtaining  two  contractile  vesicles  and  a  discoid  nucleus.  Anmng  tlio 
foixl  contents  of  brown  ills,  grains  of  sawdust,  etc,  there  nniy  also  be  no»i"<"'.  an  Arcella.  270  diam- 
etera.     Absecom  pcmd.  Lew  Jersey. 

Another  i  dividual  accompanying  the  former,  at  one  tim^  extern;  d  in  a  cyliud<'r,  with  a  single 
divergent  pseud,  pod,  and  measured  1.3  nmi.  in  length. 

Fui.  7.  A  large  and  unusually  pale,  translucent,  and  seemingly  starved  individual,  containing 
only  colorless  fond^balls,  together  with  clear  vacuides  and  c<nitractilo  vesicles.  No  nucleus  detected. 
200  diameters.     Sphagnons  bog-water,  Pokimo  Moi\ntain,  Monroe  (,'ounty,  Pennsylvania,  August,  ItffG. 

Fkj.  8.  Small  individual,  found  in  company  with  that  of  fig.  3.    2.'i0  diameters. 

Fl(i.  9.  Appearance  of  (he  nu<-leus  in  a  large  individual  like  thus*'  of  figs.  1,  2,  from  the  same 
locality.     3!j()  diameters.  • 

Fio.  10.  Appearand^  of  the  nucleus  of  another  and  similar  individual  after  the  action  of  acetic 
acid.     250  diameters. 

Fio.  11.  Extremity  of  a  chief  pseudopodal  exteusi<ui,  intending  to  represent  the  nmde  of  entrance 
(  "  the  granular  endosare  into  the  advancing  ectosarc.  In  the  f4>rmer  nuiny  '  lear  vacuoles  and  nunu^ous 
crystals  are  seen.     500  diuuieters. 

Fio.  12.  Apparent  forms  of  crystals  as  seemingly  observed  in  tho  Bar ..:  individual  from  which  tho 
preceding  figure  was  drawn.    2,.'i00  diameters. 

Fio.  1'.!.  Apparent  fonns  of  other  crystals  observed,     1,000  diap..'tcni. 

Fios.  14-10.  Probably  young  of  AMCEBA  VILLOSA.  .'',00  diameters,  From  water  squeezed  from 
w(<t  moss  from  the  crevices  of  pavements  in  Philadelphia. 

Fui.  14.  Individual  containing  a  discoid  nucleus,  and  as  food  several  diatoms  and  a  fragment  of 
hyngbya. 

Flos.  15,  Ki.  Two  views  of  tho  same  individual,  ending  in  a  posterior  minutely  villous  boll. 


U  S  GEOLOGICAL  SUHVKY   OK  THE    rF.KHITOWlKS. 


.ATK   i: 


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4m^m^  (%  ih  .'<i: .  I'M 


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AMOEBA    I'i-JO'rKUS 


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PLATE    III. 


AAiaCHA  VEKRUC08A. 


FlOA.  1-4.  AIiiiikIjiiiI  Innii  11111011^  Om'illiiiiii,  in  11  l)<>;{  iit  tin'  focil  nf  Hit'  /iiiild^iiiil  (>iirili>ii  iiii  tlin 
St'liii.vlkill  Kiver,  l'liiliiilrl|iliiii,  .liiiii'.  Ir'iH.  Mimtly  tlir  aiiiiiiiilM  ciiiiliiiiiril  an  alinnilnnri' III'  llir  ali;ik 
Lvn^liva,  many  of  llir  M-Kincnls  nl'  wliiili  wiii'  clianK'il  I"  liii>\vn  an  a  ri>.nlt  of  ili^jitlinii.     im'Mliaini'tcix. 

I'm.  I.  hill  I  vie  Ilia  I  w  illi  iiinrli  wriiiMiil  rrliiMai'i'  iiiiliiif;  in  a  |iiiHtri'iiii' niiiinti'l.N  |ia|iilloM'  ixlrrniil.v. 
Il  I'xliiliilnl  lliirr  |iri  sislinl  liiii;{il  Miliiial  liiii  ">.  'I'lir  niiliiHarc  runlailiN  u  ilisiniil  iiiirliiis  anil  luii  iiiil- 
Iriu'lllr  vrsii'li's.      i'lir  lalli'V  iinilril  lirl'oir  riillu|>H('  anil  llnri'  al'li  rwarilN  apprairil  in  llir  Hanii*  piisiliiin. 

Vui.U,  An  iiiiliv  iiliiiil  nrarly  lil>     llir  rnriiiri.  Iml  ixliiliitiii;;  im  Innuiliiiliiial  linrH. 

l''li).  :i.  An  iiiilividiial  willi  I'liiii' luiiKiliiiliiial  liiirs.  a  Hiiiall  nnilriis,  anil  lai;;i' I'liiilriictlli' vi-Hii-U>. 

I'm.  I.  An  iiiiliN  iiliial  w  liirli  « In  n  liisl  nlpsi  ivril  lnnUiil  marly  likr  tin'  rniiiirr,  lint  wliich  Hiilmr- 
i|n<'iilly  'liHi'liarcril  tin'  lai'^i'  piiiicli-likr  ilnip  nl  yrllnwisli  liipiiil  ninl  Imiw  n-riiliinil  wj^niriilN  nl'  l.ynu- 
liyii.  Many  (if  till' lalli  T  HI  IT  al  lir  t  j;i'''''>. "'"' ""' "'"'i'"""""''*?  liipinl  wlicii  "illiin  llir  Imily  of  llin 
iiniiinil  iiIho  iniparlril  a  kii  rni.sli  liiir. 

I'Kis.  .'-7.  I'oiriiM,  III  watrr,  »i|in't'Z«'(l  friini  iiiokh  urowiiin  in  tin-  rir\iiTH  of  llir  lirick  pikvi'iiiiiit  of 
my  lioiisi'  in  I'liilaililpliia;  fonnil  in  iiKHOfiiitioii  with  tlio  Wlu'i'l-aiiiinalcnU',  lti>lij'tr  r«/(/nriii,  .liini-,  IH74. 
:i:i:i  ilianii'trrN. 

rid..").   Imliviiliial  iniiipanilivrly  i|iiirsrriil,  with  iinrlcns  iiml  coiitnii'lili'  vrsiilo. 

riii.li.    Iniliviilnal  witli  nin  Iriis  ami  Iniiil.  lint  thr  nmliai  til<'  vcNirlr  iiillapNiMl  or  nlittoiit. 

l''ii!.  7.    Imliviiliial  with  nmlriis,  I  wn  iniiirarl  lie  vrsii'lci.  ami  fnoil-lialU. 

riii.H.  .'^niall  iniliviilnal.  It  mnvril  ipiirUly  «  illi  tin 'Onoail  rml  fniwaril.  Sivcnil  ronlractilp 
vcHich'N  woiilil  appiai,  I'linjiiin  in  a  siii<;li'  nni'  ami  thru  (iilla|Mr.  I'lripiriit  fniiii  in  the  Ihi){  at  llic  foot 
of  tin-  Ziioliii^ical  liaidrii.  i'liilailrlpliia,  .liim',  I^TH. 

riii.'.l.  Small  iiiilii  iilii.'il  with  ailivi'  iiiiivrim'iit.  It  c.xhiliilN  livi' conliai  llir  vr.sirlrH  whirh  nil 
t'onjoimil  ill  oiii' III  tiuT  tollapsc.  otm  iliamctoiv.  rniiurnt  in  l>oj;-watir,  Itroail  .Mimntain,  Schnylkill 
County.  I'l'iinsylvniii!!. 

I'm.  III.  \\\  iniliviilnal  wiilcly  Hprnad  and  oxcffdinjily  hIiiukInIi  in  iiiovi'nu'iit ;  with  a  niii'UiiH  and 
contraitilr  visirlr.     liiti  iliamrti  is. 

I'm.  11.  Thr  :  ami'  iniliviilnal.  nia;iniliril  half  tho  t'Xtint  of  tilt;  forincr,  as  ohsi-rvnl  NwinniiinK. 
I'roin  the  pavciiii'iit  at  llir  fininlain  in  Irinit  of  the  (.'ity  llall.iin  .Markrt  mIiitI,  rhihiilclpliia. 

I'lo.  I','.  Imliviiliial  with  llini'  Inn;;  it  mil  mil  linr.s.  It  ronlaiiis  a  niiilriis,  Iv  n  roiilrailili'  vrNirlrs. 
tn;;rthri'  with  fraKiiii'iit.s  nf  l.yn^hya,  ami  a  ilialom.  :!:t:t  ilianirtii'M.  rniintain  in  I'liiinionnl  I'ark, 
.St-ptfiiiliff,  lf<7(>. 

I'Kl.  111.  An  individual  with  four  loii({i(iidinal  lines.  It  hIiow.s  two  ciiiitnu'liln  vi'Mirlcs,  nf  whirh 
the  lar;;iT  is  in  thr  art  nl  rnllapsr.     With  thr  pirrrdin;;.     :!;!;{  diatnrti'l>i. 

I'm.  11.  .\ii  individual  with  fivr  nr  six  lniin;iimliiial  liiirs.  Tho  cniitrartilc  vi'sirlu  in  tho  art  nf 
rnllapsr.     .'ilWl  diamrtns.     Willi  thr  prnrilin;;. 

Klfis.  I.'i,  111.  Two  virws  of  an  individual,  with  four  InnKitmliiial  lines.  A  vaiialilo  nnnilirr  nf 
Biiiall  rontrartilr  vrsirirs  wniilil  appeal'  as  srrii  in  li;^.  I.'>,  rniijniii  as  in  11^.  lii,  thru  rxpaiid  to  a  ir^iilar 
Hphrrr  and  rnllaiisr.     I'oi't  ririd^ri',  Wyoming'  Tmilnry,  AiikukI,  Im77. 

I'Ki.  17.  Imliviiliial  with  two  IniiKitnilinal  liiirs.  Thr  runt  met  lie  vrsirlr  marly  cnlhipscd,  Saimi 
lorality. 

I'm.  IH,  Individual  with  four  loii^jiludimil  linrs.  It  ronliiiiiM  a  niiilrns,  many  clear  vacnoh'H 
(inadvrrteutly  roloird  liy  the  lithoKraiiher),  ami  at  the  iio.slerior  extrrniity  a  hu'j^e  eontractih<  vesiele. 
Cuuinion  in  .Swartliuinre  lirirk-pnud. 

Kios.  Il)-'.i7.  Yoiin^  forms,  ohscrved  ainon;;  (jrepii  al);ons  material,  I^yiishya,  etr.,  seraped  from 
the  lirirk  paveiiirnls  in  damp  .shaded  places  in  I'liiladelphia,  and  preserved  a  few  days  in  a  ili.sli  with 
watrr.  .'^uiall  artivrly  ninviuu  imlividiials.  rxliiliiliiitr  ninstly  two  to  four  IniiKitiidiual  liiirs  nr  folds, 
L'ontaininK  a  iinrleiis  ami  a  lar^e  pnstrrinr  contiartile  vesicle.     'idO  iliauieters. 

I''l(i.2'"'.   Matni'r  fnnii,  I'oiiml  with  thr  iirrrnliii^.     .'il«l  iliamrters. 

I'"io.'Jil.  Mature  fiiriii.     rnuiid  in  assmialinii  with  thnse  nf  ti;;.s.  .^7. .  IIIKt  diametcrH. 

I'm.  ;iO,  Individual  cniitaiiiiii);  a  niicleiis,  rnntractile  vesicles,  and  fnnil  coiiKistin^  of  yellowish 
and  colorless  Kiaiinlar  halls,  a  dialnin,  and  grains  of  sand.  ."illO  diainetois.  Marsh  of  the  Uinta  Mount- 
ains, WynniiiiK  Territory,  .\ii;tiist,  1^77. 

I''l(i.  :!1.  Individual,  with  nnclrus,  and  hir^e  contraetile  vesicle  (to  left  of  the  uiiddle).  The  food- 
contents  consi..it  of  ahundance  nf  the  al^a  l.y  iiKliy.i.  The  lar^e  ]iosterior  vacuole,  with  the  xi'i'cnish  liquid 
and  nnmerous  i.solaled  Kcjiincnts  of  l.ynshya,  was  ohserved  to  he  expelled.  riIMP  diameters.  Anions  the 
al;{nnsslinieat  thehasrnfllirfnniitaiu,  Klevrnthstrrrt  nearCheslnul  slieet.  riiiladelpliia,  Septeiulier,  l.'^7l>. 

I'm.  :W.  Individual,  finm  aiiinn^  Oscillaria  and  ntlier  al^a'  preserved  during  the  winter,  oh.sirved 
with  otlirrs  of  sai.ie  chararlrr,  l'"eliiuary.  If7'). 

I'lo.:!:!  Individual  of  slii;;^isli  liahit,  with  discoid  nucleus,  contractile  veaicle,  and  food-lialls. 
21)0  diameters.     .Swartliuinre  hrick-ponil. 

l'"i(j.  ;t4.  Individual  ol'  cxcceiliiifjly  Hlugj^ish  liahit.  With  larjio  discoid  iiuclenH,  contra. 'tilo 
vesicle,  and  fund-balls.  nIMt  iliaiueteis.  .SplianimiiH  swamp  of  Viiielaiid.Xew  .Jer.sry,  Sr))trinhrr,  1H7I). 
The  cniitraclile  vrsirlr  I'lniu  its  lii'st  appearance  to  its  f^icatcst  expansinii  rei|niicil  alinut  ten  iiiiiintcs; 
its  collapse,  alioiil  six  .seconds. 

I'k;.  ;!.'>.  An  almost  motionless  individual,  without  cniispicuniiH  conleiits  excciit  the  contraclile 
vcsicle,  which  was  oh.scrved  to  collapse  and  reappear.  ,')IIO  diameters.  Kort  liridger,  Wyominj;  Terri- 
tory, AiiKiist,  1877. 

l"i(i. :!(!.  Individnal,  with  oval  imcleiis, contractile  vesicle  (to  llio  right),  and  food-ballH  (errone- 
ously colored).     2111)  iliaiiieterH.     Kroin  ooze  on  the  rocks  helnw  Fairnioniit,  I'liiladelphia,  Oclidier,  1^7"). 

ri<j.;!7.  Small  aclivi^  individual,  found  with  the  preceilinii. 

l'"l(i.  'AS.  Large  »lug;fish  indivulnal,  found  with  that  nf  lig.  'ii.  Besides  the  oval  nucleus,  and  largo 
coDtractilo  vesicle,  it  coutniiiod  a  Diffluijia  coimirkta  iiiul  a  Trinema  enchdija.    500  -|-. 


I  P! 


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II 


iii 


I 


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A'   I  I 


K' 

1 

m'- 

i 

Pi 

tKl , 

s 

PLATE    IV. 


Figs.  1-1(^.— AMtEH.V  KADIOSA. 


in  1  I 


Figs.  1-4.  Fimi- views  (il'tlir  .smihc  indiviiliiiil,  cxliihitiii;;  llii'  siicci'ssivt)  cliatige.s  of  Hliiipe'within 
u  frw  iiiiimtcs.  rniiii  ;i  jkkiI  iil  Fort  Itiiiln"'!'.  Wvciiiiiiif;,  Aii^tii.sl,  1^77.  'I'lic  i)iiik  }{li)liult' within  ii'piv- 
.sciits  llif  cciiitrarlili'  vc  sirlc.  Of  tln'  (it  I  hi-  ylcihulcs  i  wo  wcii'  tdod-lKillsaiul  tlic  rciniiiiiiii;!;  inic  probalily 
tlii^  imcli'iis,  tlidiifili  it  WHS  not  very  disliiiit.     r.(M»  iliiiiui'lirs. 

l"l(i.  .''.  Indiviilii.il  \vitli  }il(ilml:ir  Imdy  and  Iciif;  marly  limar  rays,  as  seen  linjilin};.  II  (■(inlain<'d 
II  Iai'K<' >'l<'ar  ^Icdinlc  anil  :i  snialli'r  line.  'I'lii' iMinlraclllc  visiclc  aliscril  or  collapsi'd.  Tin'  animal  snb- 
Hciiuciitly  assuiard  a  nioi'i'  stcllalr  appcaranti'. 

Fl(i.  i>.  Anotiirr  indiviiliial  .nrnMiiianyin;;  llir  lornic  r.  Al  liisl  slillalr  it  llicn  a.ssinncd  llu; 
trijiiid  t'i)rni,  with  icntr.il  ((inlraililc  vesicle  as  nprisi  iiii<l.  In  iicitlicr  tliis  ncir  the  IcirnuT  si)ciinicn 
was  a  nneleiiH  deleeleil.     Kroni  :i  K|irln^  iin  Harliy  Creek,  .\|iril,  H7."i. 

Fig.  7.  Individual  iil'$r|iilinlar  Imin  ami  Inn;;  linear  rays,  with  cdntraelili'  vesieli',  Iml  no  iiueh'UN. 
From  the  fjntti'r  a  I  tlii'  t'onnlain  on  .Market  street,  in  Iron  I  id'  llw  t'ily  Hall,  l'hilad(d|phia,  Anenst,  187(). 
It  suh.seiini'utly  assnnii'd  a  more  stellate  appiaraiiee,  \v''i  sliorler,  thieker,  ,ind  more  eoniial  rays. 

Fig.  H.  Individual  with  i;lohular  liody  .ind  eomparalively  short  eonieal  pendopodal  rays.  It  con- 
tains two  eo-itraetile  vesirli's,  wliieh  altcrwanls  unilcd  in  ou<'.  It  also  eoulains  a  dialom  and  a  largo 
;j;lohule,  with  appanntly  a  central,  darkly-dehned  lorpusclc.  The  creature  sulpse(|uently  liecauur  niort) 
Btcllati'  and  with  lonf;er  anus.  From  a  KprinH;v  iilaci^  on  IJarhy  Crock,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania, 
May,  1«5. 

FiG.s. '.)-ll.  Three  views  id' the  same  individual,  IVoni  China  Lake,  Tinia  Jlonntains,  Wyoming, 
Aufjust,  1877.  Fins.  !),  1(1,  as  seen  tloalin^.  I'i;;.  11,  as  .seen  creeiiinK,  with  nunierons  long  digitate 
psendoiiods  diverging  in  ailvanco.  The  nucleus  is  seen  in  liout  with  a  clear  surrounding  zone;  tlio 
contractile  vesicle  central. 

Fig.  I'J.  An  individual,  re.semldiiig  the  lornier,  asob.serveil  tloating.  From  a  iliti  h,  among  Duck- 
moat,  hclow  I'hiladi  Iphi.i,  .Septendier,  1H71. 

Ki(i.  1!!.  An  individual  which,  when  lirat  luiticed,  had  a  more  stellate  appearance,  as  in  liguro  4, 
but  at'lerwards  a))idying  ilsidt'to  the  snrlaee  (d'  the  oliject-gla.ss  it  retracted  its  iiseudoiiods  and  .slowly 
spread  out  .so  as  to  appear  as  in  the  ]U('seut  ligure.  .\l  lirst  it  contained  but  lew  eonspii'uous  globules, 
bnl  a  nniltilude  were  snbsciineutly  developed,  and  one  among  them  becfuniug  much  enlarged. linally 
collapsed.     From  the  same  locality  as  that  of  liguie  H. 

Figs.  M-l(i.  Three  views  ol'  the  same  individual,  exhibiting  the  sueci>s.slve  changes  of  shaiie 
within  a  few  minutes.  Friun  a  dish  of  wiitcr  with  algu)  and  other  nijnatic  plants,  preserved  during  tlio 
winter.     March,  1H74.     'XV.i  diameters. 

Figs.  17,1'^.  Two  individuals  from  mud  collected  at  the  monlh  of  (!ooper's  Cri'di,  mar  Canulen, 
New  .Icrsey.  .May.  l''"  I.  'lOO  diameters.  These  in  creeping  on  the  objc'l-gla.ss  exi ended  a  pair  of  broad, 
thin  lateral  expansions,  from  which  radiated  narrow  pointed  psemlopods.  From  time  to  tim(M>ne  or 
more  of  the  latter  would  slowly  vibrate  from  siile  to  side.  One  of  the  specimens  (tig.  IS)  dragged  after 
it  a  large  |>arlicle  of  ipiarl/  .sand. 

Figs  1'.)--JI.  Sl'(1N(ill.LA  AMtKliOIDS.  Obtained  from  the  yellowish  fresh-Wiiler  sjiouge  (.S'/wii- 
(/i/^/7'/■((;/i^'.^)  atl.-iched  to  the  under  surface  of  rocks  below  Fairmiiuut  dam.  in  the  .Sihuylkill  li'iver, 
Philadelphia,  .'.(in  diamcti'rs.  Figs.  I'.l, 'JO  ari'  undislingui.shable  from  .tiiiiiliii  nitliimi ;  lig. '.il  resembles 
,1.  rvnacomi.  I'-.-ieli  contained  a  nucleus  and  from  one  to  three  contractile  vesicles,  logetlier  with  color- 
less or  yellowish  gr.iniiliir  balls,  which  in  true  Amie'ias  would  be  viewed  as  food-balls. 

Figs. ■J'i-",'l.  .Vn  Amicbanf  uncerlaiu  reference,  but  probably  a  variety  of  .Vmieba  jirotcns. 

Fig.  :iJ,  An  individual,  as  .seen  creeping  from  Icl'l  lo  rigUI,  projecting  in  advance  liroad,  clear  lobu- 
lar pscudiipods.  From  llie  sides  and  at  (he  poslirior  exiremily  there  pro.jeclcd  a  variable  number  of 
incessantly  changing  i>oinlcil  eunlcal  pscudopods.  The  inlerior  exhiliils,  from  behind  forward,  a  large, 
rontrticlile  vesicle,  a  uudlilude  of  minnle  desmii's.  a  nucleus,  and  a  number  id' eUar  globules.  •^,")0 
diameters.     From  the  .soil  oo/e  iu  the  l.cliigh  K'ivcr,  mar  Kaslon,  Pcnnsyhania,  ,lnne,  1>*74. 

Fl(i.  "Jli.  An  .\m(eba,  wilh  many  conical  p.scudopods,  luoslly  acute  anil  divergent  from  the  part  of 
the  body  iu  advanci',  the  posterior  exirennly  I'liding  in  mammillary  proees.ses.     ,">(I0  diamclcrs. 

Fig.  "Jl.  .\nollier  ami  linger  individual  of  the  same  kind  as  llie  picecding,  with  many  poinlcd 
conical  |iseuilopods:  I  he  posteiior  cxlremity  of  the  body  eiidiii!.;  in  mammillary  processes.  The  inlerior 
containing  a  mullilude  of  pinkish  globules,  iiicessanlly  changing  in  number  and  size,  logellicr  with  a 
long  doubled  lik'imenl  of  Hscillaria  and  olheralga'.  from  the  [loslcrior  end  of  the  body,  as  seen  In  llic 
iigure,  ,1  disi  barge  of  vlfele  mailers  occurred. 

The  individuals  of  figs.  ".M  and  •■'i.  together  wilh  many  similar  ones  of  various  sizes  and  inler- 
luediaie  forms,  occurred  in  waler  from  .Misceoiu  pond.  New  .Icr.sey,eollected  in  the  autumn  of  187.">  and 
preserved  during  Ihe  winter  until  .March.  Is7ii. 

I"|G.  •-'.■>.  .\M(I'.liA  l'li<t|'i;rs.  An  indiviilnal  from  Absecoin  pond.  New  ,Jersey,  November,  1874. 
yr>(l  diameters,  licsidcs  the  usual  granular  )irotoplasm,  the  conleiits  consisled  of  brow  nish-yellow  and 
green  Inod-balls.  many  ciysliils,  scver.al  large  clear  globules,  a  'mil'ormly  gi.iiiular  nucleus  (seeu  lo  Ihe 
rigid  of  Ihe  cenire),  iind  a  large  conlraclile  vesicle  (seen  lo  Ihe  lefl).  Around  llic  latter  nia\  be  ob- 
.serveil  half  a  dozen  darkly  gninular  balls,  the  conlcu'is  of  whiidi  cxhibiti'd  lively  swarming  movcmeul. 

Fig.  'M.  An  aimeboid  animal,  prob,-ibly  of  ihe  same  cha racier  as  lho.se  of  ligs. -'It  and  '-II,  and  found 
with  them.  It  moved  slowly  and  eonlaincd  a  luultilnile  of  seatlercd  chlorophyl  grains  id'  nearly  uni- 
form size.  These  were  lirst  supposed  lo  be  a  conslitucnl  eleiuenl  of  the  strncluie,  as  iu  .some  of  Ihe 
Diffliiiliiix  and  in  lljidltiHiiliciiiii  iiiiiiilid.     .")0d  dianielers. 

A  similar  speeimeii  was  ob.scrveil  oecnjiying  a  space  of  (1.18  by  (1.1  mm.,  wilh  nmdens  and  con- 
tractile vesicle.  I.aler,  March,  1^7li,  other  specimens  were  observed,  from  the  same  localily,  aiii>arcnlly 
luerging  into  forms  like  Iho.sc  of  ligs,  '.^;!  ami  'Jl. 


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TLATE  V. 

PELOMYXA  VtLLOSA,  ninlertbonomoof  Jniffifta  viUom. 

Tlio  upper  extremity  of  tlio  flgurcs  correspoiuls  with  tlii^  forcpiiit  of  the  niilinal  in  moveiiu'iit. 
Magnified  STiO  diiunetorH,  exc('))t  those  <peoially  indicated.  Fifts.  1,  U,  Ki,  14  viewed  hy  rctieeted  li)<ht; 
the  othep*  by  trniiNniitted  light. 

FlO.  1.  Individnal  from  China  /^ake,  Monnt  Gill)ert,  Uinta  MonntainH,  Wyoming,  Angnst,  1877. 
The  broader  |)art  in  ad.anee,  with  projection  of  a  cap  of  ch'ar  ectosarc,  into  wliicli  tin'  grannies  of  the 
endosarc  are  seen  entering  on  the  left.  The  posterior  extremity  with  a  eirenlar  jiateh  ofvillons  pro- 
eessea. 

Fig.  '2.  Individual  from  a  pond,  Atco,  N.  ,1.,  September,  1877.  The  narrow  )iart  in  advance,  with 
a  thick  cap  of  clear  ectosarc.  The  posterior  extremity  with  a  double  villous  patch,  within  one  part  of 
which  three  small  ciuitractilo  vesicles  are  visible. 

Fig.  :!.  .V  smaller  individual  froni  the  sani'-  ioc.i'.ity.     It  i)reseuta  four  small  conical  pseudopods. 

Fig.  4.  Another  individnal  from  the  same  locality.     It  terminates  in  a  villous  ball. 

Fig.  .').  A  inor(<  translncent  individnal,  likewise  from  the  same  locality. 

Fig.  ().  Individual  from  China  Luke,  Uintas,  exhibiting  in  the  interior,  mingled  with  the  food,  a 
multitude  of  sand  grains. 

Fig.  7.  A  snuiU  individual  from  I'ort  Bridger,  Wyoming.     The  body  ending  in  a  villous  ball. 

Figs.  8,9.  Two  small  individna'.s  from  the  game  locality.  The  former  figure  exhibits  a  granular 
nucleus  near  the  centre,  and  both  ]>ri  sent  posteriorly  a  large  contractile  vesicle. 

Fig.  10.  Individual  from  a  ditch  i  clow  Philadelphia,  September,  187."). 

Fig.  U.  An  individnal  of  largo  size,  at  rest,  from  Absecom  pond.  New  Jersey,  June,  1874.  Mag- 
nified S:}  diameters.    The  si)ccimeii  was  r>markablo  for  the  abnndan<'e  of  quartz  sand  it  contained. 

Fi(i.  I'i.  Individual  from  llannnonton  pond.  New  Jersey,  September,  1877.  The  posterior  villous 
l)roces.ses  <'xhibil  within  a  munber  of  small  contractile  vesicles.  Among  the  food-contents  posteriorly  a 
large  diatom  is  observable. 

Fig.  I'.i.  The  same  specinu>n  as  sulneqncntly  observed  by  reflected  light. 

Fig.  14.  An  individual  from  a  i)on(l  on  Dr.  (Jeorge  .Smith's  farm.  Upper  Darby,  D"laware  County, 
June,  1874.  85  diameters.  As  .seen  by  re  lecteil  light  in  movement.  The  j)0,stcrior  villous  ball  with  ii 
quantity  of  material  adherent  and  dragge  1  after  the  animal.  Many  sinnlar  specimens  were  obtained, 
varying  from  (1.85  to  0.75  mm.  i.i  length.  They  were  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  sanil  they  con- 
tained. 

Figs.  Vt-l'.  Three  small  individuaU  from  the  same  locality.     Magnified  Sr.O  diameters. 

Figs.  18,  19.  Portion  of  tlic  contents  prcB8«>d  from  the  specimen  of  fig.  11,  consisting  of  grainihs, 
clear  globules,  granular  corpuscles  withnmlei,  linear  bodies,  and  qnartz  sand.     Magnified  !jI)0  diameters. 


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PLATE  VI, 

DINAMCEBA  MIKAKILIS.    Miignilifid  250  diiimotcrs. 

Flos.  1-3.  Throo  views  of  the  samp  iiidividiml.  Fig.  1.  As  first  seen,  in  tlic  oct  of  swallowing 
portion  of  a  dcsniid  {Oidjimopriiim  (ircrillii).  Fig.  2.  As  obscrvcil  shortly  afterwards,  with  llio  unswal- 
lowi'd  portion  of  the  dcsinid  dctaclii'd  and  rejected.  Nearly  at  the  same  moment  the  ereatnre  discharged 
from  behind  and  to  the  left  a  Jiorlion  of  a  cord  of  the  same  des.nid,  with  its  segments  still  conjoined, 
together  with  many  isolated  segments  of  the  same  and  a  few  of  another  desmid  {i:<niihu»ina  hrebikmnii). 
In  the  discharged  desmids  the  internal  enduchronie  musses  are  shrniil<en  and  tnrned  lirownish-yoUow. 
Fig.  :i.  The  animal  as  it  aii]ieared  in  movement  eight  hours  subsecpiently.  Abseconi  mill-pond,  New 
.Jersey,  October,  187(i. 

In  tig.  a  the  Dinamu'ba  is  represented  willi  its  transparent  ciliated  mantle  or  investnicutj  but  this 
is  not  re]>resented  in  the  others. 

Flo.  4.  An  individual  swallowing  two  portions  of  the  desnnd  Didymoprium,  which  entered  to  the 
left  of  the  posterior  ]>apillaleil  extremity.     Ateo,  N.  J.,  September,  1877. 

Flti.  5.  An  individual,  in  motion  from  right  to  left,  from  the  same  gathering.  Viewed  by  par- 
tially I'ellectcd  light. 

Fid.  (i.  An  individual  closely  eudiraciug  by  its  posterior  widely  oxi)anded  extremity  a  cord  of 
Didymoprium.     Fc.ind  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  7.  An  individual,  fnmi  the  sanu^  gathering,  as  it  apjieared  •  discharge  of  a  multitude 

of  i.solated  segments  of  Didymoprium  from  three  difl'ereni  points  sinniluuieously.  The  three  points 
nro  indicated  by  protrusioDB  of  clear  cctosaru  and  a  single  desniid  m'gmi^nt. 


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PLATE    VTI. 

'"KiH.  l-ll.— I)IN.\M(KHA  MIUAIUMS. 

l"l('.  1  Iii(li\  iiliuil  cont.'iiniiii;,  iK'.sidcs  a  imiiilici'  iil'  I'ood-liiills,  .i  laific  I'loHti'iiiiin  which  hiul  hocn 
s\va!li'\v('(l  wl.i'ii  oil'  ha  not'  tlic  c:i'll  ;'.t'!ii  liivisiim  was  yet  in  thr  soft  ('(inditioii  and  allowed  of  li<'iii); 
dimldri'  im  the  more  eonsisteut  i>oiiii>ii.  The  lar^e  i(iiis|iieiioiiN  globule  Hitiiated  po.sleiiorly  reiiiaiiieil 
for  a  loiii.'  tiiiu'  iiaeliaiigod  but  was  I'lnally  disehaigid.  rioni  a  eranbeiiy-boi^  of  Ateo,  N.  .1.,  Se])tciiiber 
21,  1H77.     'rill  diaiueleii'. 

I'll!  .2.  The  saiiH' individual  as  seen  the  lollowing  niornin'r.  Seiileniber 'J-'.  ;i;','.!  dianuters.  Tho 
»l)iciihi  or  minute  eils  of  the  si'ifaee  had  everywhere  disapiieared.  The  Closteriuir.  had  been  dis- 
eharfjcd,  i  nd  the  interior  was  oceajiied  with  a  ii!ullitn('e  of  elear  globules.  The  pseudupods  were  long 
and  pointevl  and  were  iueessantly  changing.  The  live  pseudoiuids  at  the  fore  end,  from  the  short  liiiob 
to  the  two  bhint  ones  on  its  right  and  the  'wo  longer  pointed  oms  <in  its  left,  illustrate  the  mode  of 
prodncti.m  and  gradual  extension  of  these  temporary  organs. 

l'"lG.  H.  .ai  individual  devoid  of  spicules,  moving  from  right  to  li'll,  the  interior  tilled  with 
nunierons  segmi  nts  of  Didymoiirium  enclosed  in  drops  of  liipiid.  I'roni  Abseeom  pond,  Xiw  .Iirsey, 
,Iun"    l--7(i.     ".'rjO  diameters. 

I'iG.  4.  A  .smill  individual  of  th,  usual  form  and  appearance,  ]t  contains  a  few  seguu'ut.s  of 
Didynioi)rium,  the  or<linary  food  ;  and  at  the  iioslerior  part  a  niiml  <  r  <  f  nwuV,  contractile  vesicles  are 
seen,     Afeo,  N.  . I.,  September,  11^77.     'J.'ill  dtanielers. 

Figs.  5-7,  Three  views  of  an  ii, dividual,  as  it  a])i)cared  nt  successive  periods  during  'id  hours, 
Tlie  fore  part  of  the  body  bri.stled  with  iioiiited  pseudop'ds,  while  the  jiostirior  part  was  tliielily  papil- 
late, but  no  part  of  the  surface  exhibited  spicnies.  In  tig.  (i,  tLo  iiiicleiis  is  concealed  Irom  view;  in 
tig,  7,  ll>e  {jreeii  desinid  of  the  former  vi-'Ms  has  become  blown.  .Misecdiii  Tond,  Kew  .leisey,  Novi;ml)er 
4tl-.  to  Gth,  l'^74.     ;«K.+, 

I'lG,  8,  Tndividiial  liki'  the  preceding,  as  obsiTved  swimming,  rroiii  the  same  gathering,  Sep- 
tember, IS7\.    :,:\u+. 

Vuj.  !),  Ai:  individual  which  leiuained  nearly  motionless  and  wiUiout  ii.seudopous.  The  interior 
occupied  with  abundaiioe  r^l'  food  bal's  .md  large  clear  globules,  but  uo  distinct  contractile  vesicle  nor 
nucleus  observed.  The  [Hisien  seniicircu'.ofcrenco  of  the  body  finely  ciliate,  but  the  anterior  smooth. 
Aleo,  N,  J.,  Seiitembcr;  1877.     '»    O-f , 

Fig,  10.  Individual,  from  tho  same  gatlicring,  containing  conii)aratively  little  food  and  exhibiting 
a  distinct  granular  nucleus, 

FiCr,  11,  l'si'iidop,)d  of  an  individual,  lioni  tho  same  gatlicring,  observed  October,  1877,  The 
animal  of  the  usual  size,  and  well  lil'iil  with  foo',  had  the  surface  of  the  body  liuely  ciliate,  but  in 
addition  it  and  t.e  pseudopods  ajipeared  to  be  ciueied  by  minute  adherenl  granuUs  as  represinted  in 
the  ii^ure,     .^jull  diameters. 

Figs    l'J-19   illustrato  the  sericK  of  clianues  observed  in  the  swallowing  and  digestion  of  an 
.li.iaha  ttmivom  by  nn  .1.;  -oteiin.     From  Bristol  niai'sli,  Pennsylvania,  August  '^7,  1870,     ,''.(K)  diameteiH, 
Fi»i,  }'i.  AitKetia  reniicoHa,  comparatively  (piiescent,  with  central  contractile  vesicle, 

FiG-i,  l;i-]l),  Succef  ive  changes  in  shape  and  relative  position  of  ./,  proteun  during  the  aif  of 
swallowing  and  digestii.^  the  former.  Fig,  IH,  .(,  7»o^««  apnro,iching  the  A.  veiruMsu,  with  anterior 
short  diverging  p,scadopods.  Fig,  14,  The  A.  protvim  einbraciug  closely  tlu^  A.  rirrmoHii  by  a  pair  of 
digitate  i)SCU''')po(is,  the  jioi.ils  of  contact  of  whic'i  being  marked  by  the  left-hand  arrow.  Fig,  l.'i, 
'i'lie  .'/.  vcrrucofti'  swallowed  uud  forniing  a  large  sphere  within  the  A.  proltiin.  Fig.  l(i.  The  //,  rcc- 
rucosa,  within  tli(^  latter,  has  assi!..ieil  an  oval  form,  an.l  is  eonlaineil  within  »  vacuole.  The  ceiitrnl 
cimtractile  vesicl  which  until  now  had  remained  persistent,  has  become  less  distinct.  Fig,  17,  The  A. 
nrnnoiKi  has  ass  .n.ed  a  ])yrilbrni  shape  witiiin  a  large  elliiilical  vacuole,  and  its  contractile  vesicle  luiH 
dls.ippe.ired.  Fig,  18.  The  ,1,  jirolvim  in  the  act  of  discharging  a  diatom,  while  the  .1,  riTrtuvnii  has 
become  doul  led  o:i  ilself.  Fig,  I'.l.  The  remriins  of  the  ./,  rcvniiona,  seen  as  live  granular  balls  within 
the  .1,  /))•<)/(■,  .■..  Later  tln>e  bal's  liisappeared,  ,ind  t''eir  material  ajipeareil  to  be  ditViised  ;im  >iig  tli<' 
giainilar  contents  of  fh"  ./.  ))rotviin. 


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PLATE    VIII 


Fuis.  1-10.— ASKEUA  VILL08A 


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Fios.  l-'J.  Siiinll  iiuUvidimlM,  froiii  wittt-r  of  n  nphv  (juoiih  Nwaiiip  on  Itroiid  Alniiiittiiii,  SiOmylkill 
County,  ronn»ylviinia;  coUoctcil  Scptrnibcr,  lH7(i.  'JOO  diiinictiTS.  KigH.  1,  "J,  two  views  of  tlio  sanio 
inilividnal.     Fig.  :t.  AnolliiT  iixliviilnal  in  which  Ihi^  nnclcns  iippi'aiH  niori!  ilistinrtly  ilirn'oldal. 

Fics,  4-l(;.  Sapjioscd  yoinif;  of  .Imobu  rillom.  In  water  lioni  a  Inick-pond  near  Swartlinioio 
College,  Delaware  County,  rennsylvania,  kept  during  the  winti'r,  and  examined  Felirnary,  187").  Figs. 
1-8,  .'5(1(1  diameters. 

I'Ki.  ■).  An  individual  diagging  after  it  a  largo  spherieal  alga.  Within,  it  exhiluts  thcHnu'lens  in 
ailvanee  of  the  position  of  the  (■oiitra<'tilii  vesicle. 

Fig.  .').  Anothi^r  individual,  with  two  contractile  vesicles,  ,ind  the  nucleus  posteriorly  Hituated. 

FlO.  (i.  An  individual  with  the  contractile  vesicle  in  the  act  of  ciilia|ise. 

FKf.  7.  Another  individual  with  large  contractile  vcsicl(>  and  in  advance!  a  snnill  nucleus.  Fig.  8 
is  an  (mtline  of  the  sa..ie  in<lividnal  as  it  tirst  app(  ared. 

The  green  balls  within  the  animals  consist  of  unicellular  alga'  or  s|iores  which  covered  tho  .surface 
of  the  water  containing  the  Amn'ba.  The  red  balls  apjicar  to  be  the  sanm  kind  of  algiu  changed  in 
color  by  digestion.     Among  the  contents  inimerous  minute  crystals  are  oli.served. 

I'lli.  U  ((-<•.  Some  of  the  crystals  magniiicd  l,'.i()0  diameters. 

Flo.  10.  An  individual,  nuigniliid  750  diameters,  exhibiting  a  midtitndc  of  crystals  among  its 
contents.     The  nucleus  occupies  a  iiosilion  Just  posti'rior  to  tlii'  contractile  vesicle. 

Flo.  10  a.     A  crystal  magnilieil  l.'JdO  diameters. 

Fig.  11.  An  individiuil  which,  after  moving  about  for  some  lime,  with  the  form  seen  in  the  pre- 
ceding ligurcs,  sprciid  out  in  disk-like  shape  and  be.anio  very  thin.  The  nucleus  to  the  left,  with  a 
reddened  algous  spore  resting  against  it.     700  dianu'ters. 

Fig.  I'J.  A  resting  individual  containing  .a  larger  nuchus  with  coar.se  uniform  granules.  700 
diameters. 

Figs.  l:i,  11.  Two  views  of  an  iuilividual  containing  two  large  and  coarsely  granular  nuclei. 
Fig.  II  cxliibil.s  the!  nnitual  compressiliility  of  the  nuclei  .and  contractile  vesicle,  as  si'i'U  in  the  move- 
iinuits  of  the  animal.     TiOO  diameters. 

Fig.  1.").  An  individual  as  it  ap])eared  at  the  moment  of  collajjse  of  the  contractile  vesicle  and 
the  bursting  cf  one  of  (he  nuclei  with  the  simultane(uis  escape  of  the  gruMulcs  or  s)»ires  of  the!  nucleus 
and  the  contents  of  the  contractile  vesicle.     The  red  bodies  arc  algous  cells,     .'ilili  dianieteis. 

Fig.  Id.  An  iiulividual  containing  six  la^^e  granular  luulei,  which,  togetluT  with  the  cqiuiUy 
large  c(Hitraclilo  vesicle,  rolled  about  among  one  another  in  the  movements  of  thi!  animal.  TjOO  diame- 
ters. 

Fir.s.  l7-:!0.— Suppose.l  young  of  ASKEUA  PROTKFS. 

Figs.  17-'J0,  Four  individuals,  from  among  a  nndtitude  contained  in  water  with  Nitella,  fiir- 
inslied  by  Mr.  llolman  in  mu-  of  his  "  life-slidi's,"  .January  8,  187r).  Tlie  nnc^lcnsof  vnriabl(!size.  1,000 
diameters. 

Figs.  'Jl,'.Ji.  Two  views  of  an  individual.  Fig.  'jll.  A  .second  individual.  Olitained,  together  with 
many  others  of  the  same  kind,  in  water  from  a  cow-tnick  in  a  springy  placi'  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware 
County,  Peinisylvania,  March,  l"i7t).     .">00  di.inieters. 

Figs.  Ui-'M.  Three  iiidividiuils,  observed  with  many  others  together  with  large  churactcristic 
specimens  of  jHitc/iojjrotoM.  From  ditch-wator,  collected  in  tho  meadows  below  Philadelphia,  April, 
1874.     500  diauietei-s. 

Figs.  S7,  ri8.  Two  dilferent  individuals,  observed  in  association  with  tho  preceding,  eenitaining  a 
large  tripartite  nttcleus.  Others  were  (diserved  with  the  nucleus  simple  and  in  various  stagesof  tripar- 
tit<>  division.    .''.00  diameters. 

FiO.  2\).  Individual  found  in  association  with  those  of  tigs.  2l-U'.\,  together  with  others  of  inter- 
mediate size.     Observed  in  tlii'  act  of  dis(har;',iiig  two  diatimii;,  while  luithing  else  was  seen  to  escape. 

FlO.  ;!0.  An  individual,  observi  d  in  the  act  of  division.  Se])aration  oecurried  in  ten  iniuutes 
after  having  noticed  the  animal  as  seen  in  the  ligure.  .Subsequently  the  lower  indivi<lnal  escajicd, 
while  the  upper  one  was  watched  and  was  seen  to  divide  in  the  same  inamu^r  as  its  parent,  but  in  a 
direction  at  right  angles  to  the  fonner  one.  The  ofVsi>rii:g  assumed  a  slug-like  shape  as  in  ligs.  4,  10, 
!iO,  21),  and  moved  away.  TiOO  diameters.  The  two  largest  globules  to  th<'  left  in  each  ligure,  inadvert- 
ently e(dore(l  by  tlu!  lithographer,  were  colorless  and  oil-like. 

Fig.  :U.  PKLOMYXA  VILLOSA.  An  individual  which  was  retained  over  night  in  abundance  of 
clear  water  in  an  aniuialcula  cage  widiont  pressure.  It  ri'uiained  nearly  moti(udcss,  hut  occasionally 
protrudeil  a  clear  lobular  i)ortion  of  ectosarc  together  with  a  few  pointed  pseudopods  and  shifted  its 
position.  Till!  posterior  part  of  tin'  body  was  luiniilely  papillati'.  Slight  pressure  c^Mised  the  sudden 
discharge  through  a  ruiiture  of  the  ec(<isare  of  some  of  the  contents,  consisting  of  clear  globules, 
granules,  a  lew  large!  nuclei,  and  nume'reius  linear  particles,  te)getlier  with  fexid-uialerials.  Fn)m  Almu- 
ce)m  peniel,  Ni!w  .ler.sey,  August,  1874.     100  diauu'ters. 

Fig.  :W.  One  of  tlio  discharged  nuclei,  with  coarse  iiiiiforni  grnuulcB  snpcrticially  imbedded. 
1,000  diamctcrx. 

FiC.  33.  GrannloH  and  linear  |)ttrtieles  from  the  same.     1,000  diameters. 

Fio.  !M  (I-I.  Ceincrefieiuury  mineral  e'lemeuts  ediscrve'd  in  some  Amiebas,  of  the  kind  re-prewntecl 
in  tigs.  4-10,  and  Ibunel  In  iissoc  iation  with  tlieni,  FeI;Uarv,  187r>.     4,0('0  iliameters. 


\)  :■   '^KOLOCICAi.  SIJRVF.V   OF  TlIF  Ti'.RRlTORSKS 


PIRATE    VII 


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PLATE    IX. 

Fkis.  1-|-.>.— OI'UAMfEIlA  VoWAX. 

l''l(i.  I.  Iiiiliviiliiiil  iiM  HiM'ii  tnoviiiK  will)  tlic  iiairow  ciiil  in  uilvuiice,  iiiid  with  tlie  tuftHof  ii|)|i<'nil- 
ngis  tiiiiliii;;  liililiid  in  a  widely  I'xpand-d  manner.  The  interior  ho  conijdelely  jjorjjed  with  food,  consist - 
inn  of  al(;»',  as  to  eomjiletely  obscnre  the  niudenH  andeontraetilc  vesicle.  The  first  speeimeii  ob.served. 
From  a  sprinj;,  in  which  gr«^w  water-eress,  (m  Darliy  Creek,  Delaware  Couiity,  rennsylvania,  May,  1874. 
Maijnilied  'JOO  diameters. 

Fig.  2.  Individnal  from  same  ^atherin^  as  seen  in  movement.  Five  tnftsof  candal  filaments  trail- 
ing behind.  A  di.seoid  iinclens  seen  in  advanoo  of  the  middle;  a  eontraetih!  vesicle  behind.  The  arrows 
indicate  the  direction  of  niotiim  of  the  three  juincipal  pseudopods. 

Fig.  :!.  The  same  specinn'n  as  obs<>rved  in  a  contnicted  spheroidal  form. 

Fig.  4.  Siiecimen  from  a  pond  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware  County,  June,  1874.  Provided  with 
only  two  tufts  of  short  caudal  lilaments.  The  arrows  indicate  the  tlircction  of  tlow  in  the  ditVerent 
pseudopods.     The  nucleus  and  contractile  vesicle  distinctly  seen.    250  diameters. 

FlQ.  5.  Specimen  from  same  spring  above  mentioned,  April,  1875.  Hody  of  jialmato  form,  with 
distinct  nucleus  and  contractile  vesicle.  The  caudal  lilaments  widely  diverj^ent,  and  presenting  ini'gu- 
lar  constrictions.  The  large  diatom  occupying  an  extension  of  the  body  to  the  left  imsteriorly  was  siib- 
s<^q\iently  withdrawn,  and  was  iinally  seen  to  be  «'xpelled  nearly  in  the  same  po.sition  it  now  occupies 
iu  the  iigure;  «.,  nucleus;  />.  v.,  contractile  vesicle.     ii.">0  diameters. 

Fig.  ().  Another  specimen  from  same  locality.    Nucleus  nearly  central.    350  diameters. 

Figs.  7,8.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual;  a  small  specimen  from  the  same  gathering  as  that  of 
lig.  5.     With  a  single  iiair  of  hmg  caudal  filameut.s.     Nucleus  unobserved.     350  diameters. 

Fig.  0.  Another  individual,  with  a  pair  of  .short  caudal  filaments  projecting  to  the  right  of  a  mul- 
berry-like ])roces8  of  the  body.     Nucleus  just  posterior  to  the  middle.     350  diameters. 

Fig.  10.  Two  tufts  of  caudal  filaments  sliowing  the  mode  of  branching  near  their  oiigin. 

Fig.  II.  A  singh^  cU'taclud  tuft  apparently  starting  from  a  button  of  somewhat  consistent  |)ro- 
toplasm. 

Fig.  12.  IVnt  ions  of  two  lilauients  from  the  specimen  of  fig.  1,  exhibiting  the  structure.  Magni- 
fied 400  diameters. 

FiG8. 13-17.  OlIRAM(EBA  BOTULICAUDA. 

All  the  ojiei  iniens  from  the  spring  above  indicated. 

Fig.  13.  Specimen  obtained  A]uil,  1875.  With  throe  caudal  appendages.  A  nucleus  in  advance 
and  two  contractih;  vi^sicles  behind.  The  latti'r  came  into  contact,  united  in  one,  and  then  collapsed. 
500  <lianieters. 

F^iG.  14.  Obtained  January,  1878.  Ijody  somewhat  palmate,  containing  a  nucleus  and  two  con- 
tractile vesicles,  and  with  four  caudal  appendages.  730  dianu^tcrs.  Body  elongated  to  O.Oli  mm.,  con- 
tracted to  0.021  mm. 

Fig.  15.  Spccimeu  with  three  appendages,  obtained  May,  1874.    500  dianietem. 

Fig.  l(i.  Specimen  with  two  tufts  of  appendages.     From  same  gathering. 

Fig.  17.  Specimen  obtained  with  that  of  fig.  13. 

Five  other  specimens  were  <d>served  at  same  time,  all  with  three  appendages  except  one,  which 
had  nine  appeiuliiges.  One  of  the  specimens  was  swallowed  by  a  little  worm,  Chietngaster,  and  could 
be  ilistinctlv  .seen  within  the  stomach. 


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PLATE    X. 

1  'IFFLUGIA  PYEIFOEMIS. 

Tlic  hUcIIh  of  most  Kpocimons  T'lircscnted,  nntl  tlip  Biiiiic  may  be  said  of  tho  otlicr  Kp<'<  ics  of  Difllii  • 
gia  vcpresi'iitcd  ill  tlui  snccfediiig  jdatos,  ito  eom])()si'd  of  irrognlar  aiisnlar  parlirlcH  of  'jiiartz  sand, 
wliicli  iiartiflcs  arc  mostly  drawn  only  in  oitlino.  The  tiansvcisc  diamotcrs  of  (lio  Hpcriuu'ns  arc  uni- 
form except  iu  cases  HpcciiiUy  indii^ated. 

FlO.  1.  Individual  with  pseudojiods  lu'ilrudid  ;  the  rndosarc  bright  greon.  Swarthmorc  brick- 
pond,  May,  1874.     200  diameters. 

Kio.  2.  Individual  from  tho  same  gatbei  iii;.  The  sareode  contracted  into  a  ball,  the  endo.sarc 
of  which  was  bright-green.     200  -|-. 

l"Ki.  ;!.  Individual  with  profuse  extensior.  of  pscudopods  ;  the  sareode  colorless;  the  shell  of 
coarse  sand  grai-s.     Pond  on  Darby  Creek,  D(l;iw:ire  County,  Pennsylvania,  May,  1874.     100 diameters. 

Via.  4.  Large  individual  with  profubion  of  pseudopods;  eudosarc  colored  ai)i)arently  only  from 
the  presence  of  food.  Shell  comparatively  even.  Abseconi  pond.  New  Jersty,  June,  1874,  i3;i  diame- 
ters.    The  same  gatheriUj.;  eontuined  many  like  it,  ranging;  from  0.:i2  to  0.5  mm.  in  length. 

I'iGS.  .'),  (i.  '1  wo  specimens;  iu  the  one  with  bright  green  endosarc;  in  the  other  with  the  eudosarc 
colored  brownish  centrally.     Ditches  below  Philadelphiii,  June,  1^74.    200  dian.eters. 

l''i(iS.  7-12.  ludividiials  from  Absecom  pond.  New  Jersey,  June,  1874.  In  all  except  tho  last  ono 
green  coloring  matter  was  absent  in  tho  eudosarc.  200  <liiimeters.  Specimens  collected  iu  the  same 
locality  th(^  following  S.i)tember  and  Koveuiber  ))res<'nted  the  same  appearances.  Fig.  7.  An  nnsym- 
metrieal  s'lecimen.     The  shells  presented  various  degrees  of  iuieveuiiess  and  proportionate  size. 

Fig.  l;i.  Individual  with  reuiarkably  uneven  shell,  compo.sed  of  coarse  sand  aiul  a  large  diatom 
case.     Fudosare  centrally  brownish.     Cranberry -swamp,  at  Afo,  N.  J,  April  1877.     200-t-. 

Fig.  14.  S])eciuu',u  with  shell  of  nnusnally  coarse  sand.  An  abundant  variety  from  u  8]dmguous 
bog  on  liudd's  Lake,  Morris  County,  New  Jer.sey,  No\ember,  1874.  2."0  diametei.s.  The  .sauu',  kind 
obsi'rved  iu  material  fnuu  a  sphagnons  bog  of  Abseeom,  Ne^>•  .(ersey,  Ai)ril,  187.">. 

Fig.  l.'i.  Large  s.  idl,  slightly  uiisymuu'triciil,  composed  mainly  of  irregular  .-lugular  (piartz  .sand, 
but  with  a  few  roundi  1  ones  (which  is  very  unusnal),  and  a  s]ioiige  sjiieule.  Kmply  spi'cimen.  200 
diameleis.     .Similar  ones  from  fl.O'i  to  I).."i8  iu  length  occasionally  fouTid. 

Fig.  1(1.  Largi' form,  with  shell  of  eoar.se  sand,  eomuiou  in  China  Lake,  I'iuta  Mountains,  Wyo- 
ming Territory,  August,  1877.  2.''iO  diameters.  Specimens  varying  from  0.2  to  O.Ilti  una.  iu  length,  with 
shell  of  coarse  sand,  and  eudosarc  centr.illy  bright  green. 

Fig.  17.  F.in))ty  shell,  coniiiosed  of  comparatively  thin  angnl.ir  Hakes  of  qnar'z.  A  not  nufre- 
ipient  variety,     li.'innion^ou  pond,  New  Jersey,  July,  1877.     ."lOO  lUameters. 

Fig.  18.  F.mjity  shell,  composed  of  narrow  rectangular  plates,  diattuu  eases,  anil  a  comjiaratively 
few  sand  grains.  From  sphagnum  bordering  a  spring  at  Hwarlhnuue,  Delawari'  County,  Penmiylvauia. 
250  diameters. 

Fig.  10.  Specimen  with  shell  composed  of  sand,  diatoms,  anil  spougilla  spicules;  the  sareode  con- 
tracted info  a  bull,  and  colorle.is.     Abseeom  pond.  New  Jersey,  November,  lf'75.     bl:!  diameters. 

Fig.  20.  A  similar  specimen  from  same  gathering,  with  shell  of  sand  and  diatoms,  and  sareode 
colorless.  100  diameters.  Large  tpjcimeus  like  this  and  the  former,  mo.stly  with  shell  of  variable  pro- 
portions of  sand  and  diatoms,  and  with  colorless  sareode,  are  not  unfrequent  in  the  ponds  of  sphaguous 
hogs  of  New  .Jei-sey. 

Fig.  21.  Individual  with  shell  of  rectangular  jilates  and  a  few  coarse  sand  grains,  and  with  sar- 
eode contracted  into  n  ball.     Sphagnous  bog  of  Abseeom,  Ni;w  Jersey,  Novendier,  1875.     2()0  diameters. 

Fig.  22.  Suuill  form,  with  shell  composed  of  clear  chit  inoid  mendirane,  incorporated  with  ilialoins 
sand,  and  dirt,  and  with  yellowish  eudosarc.  Pond  near  Kgg  Harbor,  New  .Jersey,  Sejitember,  187.1. 
fiOO  diameters. 

Fig.  2:t.  Knipty  shell  of  ehiliuoid  nieuibrane  incorporated  with  large  diatoms  and  dirt.  Found 
with  the  last.     The  same  fimu.  living,  oeeasioually  found  iusphagninm  bugs  of  Now  .Jersey. 

Figs.  24,  25.  Forms  oeeasioually  observed  in  water  of  the  cedar  swamp  of  Ab.secom,  New  Jersey. 
Shell  of  yellowish  chitiuoid  niendprane  with  incorporated  diatoms,  s;ind,  and  dirt.  Sareodo  colorless 
or  with  brown  endosarc.     In  the  individual  of  (ig.  25  it  formed  an  oval,  brown  encysted  ball. 

Fig.  20.  Individual  with  shell  of  chitiiioid  membrane  iinorporated  with  thin  siliceousplates,  and 
with  Barcode  attached  lo  the  fundus  of  the  shell  by  long  psciidopodal  threads.  Abseeom  pond.  Now 
Jersey. 

Fig.  27.  Individual  with  shell  of  black  dirt.  Abseeom  pond,  New  .lersey,  October,  1874.  '^00 
diameters 


; 


S:''i«l 


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Tho«  Sih-ilmr  *  n.jn  l.,.h 


DIFFLUi.ilA  PYR[FOr<MlS. 


r-t 


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■  1    US 


pr     -T'lppi 


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PLATE    XI. 


DIFFLUGIA  PYRIFORMIS. 


I  :  t 


f 


The  fignros  exliibit  many  variations  in  the  also  compressed  variety,  obtained,  with  multitudes  of 
the  same  kind,  from  Swarthmoro  biick-pond,  Delaware  County,  reunsylvania.  Shells  of  clear  angular 
particles  of  quartz  sand,  with  the  bright-green  endosarc  visible  through.  Th(!  differences  in  the  pscudo- 
podE  represent  the  appearances  as  actually  observed.     JIagnilied  from  100  to  110  diamefera. 

Fig.  1.  Regular  compressed  pyriform  iiulividnal.  Length,  0.,')()  mm.  ;  greater  breadth,  0.28mm. ; 
less  breadth,  0.18  mm. 

Fios.  2,3.  Two  views  of  an  individual ;  the  broader,  unsymmetrical. 

Fig.  4.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  individual  in  wliieli  the  sarrode  was  contracted  into  a  ball. 
Breadth,  0.24  mm.  by  O.IG  mm. 

Fig.  .'>.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  broad  rounded  fiindus,  of  compressed  pyri- 
form shape.     Breadth,  0.;i4  mm.  by  0.18  mm. 

Fig.  t).  Individual  with  luominent  fundus.     Breadth,  0.31  nun.  by  O.IG  mm. 

Fig.  7.  Individual  with  conical  fundus  and  nipple-like  sununit.  The  green  endosarc  ajjpeared 
retracted  to  the  fundus  of  the  sareod(>. 

Fig.  8.  Transverse  section  and  oral  view  of  the  same. 

Fig.  9.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  individual  Avith  trilobed  fundus.     Breadth,  0.3  nun.  by  0.16  mm. 

Fig.  10.  Bmader  lateral  view  ei'  a  comp.Tat  ively  long  sjieeimen  with  nipple-like  sununit.  Breadth, 
0.28  mm.  by  0.10  mm. 

Fig.  11.  Individual  with  brood  trilobe<l  fundus.  The  peculiar  fan-like  spreading  of  the  jiseiulo- 
pods  was  due  to  their  extension  beneath  the  inclined  sidesof  the  cell  in  "  Moliaan's  life-slide."  A  quan- 
tity of  green  corpuscles  of  the  endosarc  <',\tended  into  the  loot  of  the  ])seiulopods.  Breadth  of  com- 
pressed shell,  0.32  nmi.  by  0.18  mm. 

Figs.  12,  13.  Two  views  of  the  same  individiuil,  the  latter  reversed  longitudinally,  exhibiting  the 
broader  and  nan'ower  sides. 

Fig.  14.  Individual  wi'h  Hat  fundus,  and  with  the  sarcode,  contracted  into  a  ball.  Breadth  0.28 
mm.  by  O.KJ  mm. 

Fig.  15.  Broader  side  view  of  a  specimen  with  angular  bilobed  fundus.  Breadth  0.26  mm.  by 
0.14  mm. 

Fig.  1().  Broader  side  view  of  a  specimen  with  rounded  bilobed  fundus.  To  the  shell  a  conspicu- 
ous crystal  was  attached.     Breadth  0.32  nun.  by  0.18  mm. 

Fig.  17.  Broader  mdf  view  of  an  imsymmetrieal  individual.  The  narrower  aide  view  was  sym- 
metrical and  like  that  of  the  sneieeding  s])eeimeii. 

Fios.  18,  10.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual,  the  latter  reversed,  and  appearing  in  the  former, 
with  bilobed  fundus. 

Fig.  20.  Broader  8i<le  view  of  an  individual  with  conical  fundus  and  lateral  angular  projections. 
Breadth  0.28  mm.  by  O.IG  mm. 

Fig.  21.  Broader  side  view  of  an  individual  with  three  blunt  lobes  to  the  fundus.  Breadth  0.28 
mm.  by  O.IG  mm. 

Fig.  22.  Broader  side  view  of  an  individual  with  quadrilobate  fundus,  unsymmetrical.  A  single 
long  pseudopod  extended  ontwai-dly  aw  it  appeared  in  a,  "Ilolman's  life-slide."    Breadth  0.32  by  O.IG  mm. 

Fig.  23.  Appearance  of  clear  colorless  corpuscles  of  the  endosarc  measuring  from  0.00266  to 
Q.00798  nun. 

Fib.  24.  Appearance  of  the  green  cori)Usclcs  having  nearly  the  same  rauge  of  size. 


.1    1 


;LY    Ct'  TllK  Tr:Hi-n;;:^;F 


PLATE  XI 


;HI 


^^Hr 


'll'l 


'III 


DIFFLUGA   FYRIFORM'S       .  -  6   VAR.        COKfPRESS, 


;-\  /    "  irJ'c-.    -  /^i 


R   NODOSA 


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If 
'1 

i 

liiBi 

PLATE   XII. 

litis.  1-IH.— nil'l'I.L'dlA  I'YrMFOUMIS. 

Flu.  1.  Individiiiil  with  hIioII  iiI'  iiiiifonn  trnUHVcrHu  dinniotcni,  lint  witli  Ichh  prolungocl  in'ck  tlinii 
UHiiiil.  Tlir  ronfractcd  spicodo  with  liri^ht  urcrii  rndosair.  Ahscooiii  piind,  Scptciiihpr,  IHTri,  100 
diaiiictcrN. 

Kids.  )i-'.i.  Till'  viiiii'ly  lii(Jlii(iiii  vtix  disliiiKiiiflu'd  liy  ii  ((iiistiiitifMi  in  the  ni'ik  (il'lh<?  Bh«ll. 

Fifi.  'J.  Inilividiial  from  the  ^':un!'  j;alh('iin)j  as  lliat  nf  li(;.  1.     100 -j-  . 

Fi(i.  :t.   Kni|ity  shill  of  iiiarsi' sand  grains.     I'l.  llridK<'i',  Wvoniinn. 

Fids.  Mi  liidividnalH  with  slifll  Hlaincd  'ly  l'fiiii;;in(iiiH  roloiing.  SphngniniN  liog  near  Alwp- 
t'oni,  Octohcr,  l"*";').     10(1  diaincti'id. 

I'm.  7.  Siuall,  empty  slidl,  somcwliat  niiKviMniclric  al  and  of  I'onipnratively  pvon  mirfncp.  Swarth- 
«i(ir<!  hriik-poiiil,  April,  If-TC-.     :!."(•  dianu'ti'is. 

I'm.  H.  Inilividiial  with  compaiativi'ly  i\cii  hIwII,  and  with  indowair  niinKlcd  n'l'"'"  "'i''  y<'llow. 
Found  with  tin'  List.     ;i."iO-f. 

Fl(i.  'J.  Lai(;i'  Individniil  with  mIh'II  i<(  (Dane  Hand,  and  with  saiiiido  rontracti'd  into  a  liall  ;  Ihi' 
I'lidowirc  cxtfrioily  nrrvu  and  icntrally  yt'lh>'         Hiuld's  Lake,  \pw  Jersey,  Mareh,  1H7.">.     KM)  diameters. 

Fl<i.s.  10-l(i.  The  variety  Diffliiijia  lompnuHii,  in  wliieh  tli"  shell  is  liroader  one  way  than  in  tho 
other. 

FKiR.  10,  U.  Two  views  of  the  snmo  individual  in  outline.  The  yellow  spot  indientes  the  appoar- 
anco  of  the  endosare.     8pnn);  on  Darby  Creek,  k<elaware  County,  Penimylvaiiia.     KMI  ilianieters. 

Flos,  ly,  lU.  Two  views  of  an  individnal.  The  sareode  retraeled  bnt  not  eneysled;  the  endosare 
yellow.     From  material  eolleeted  on  South  MoMiilain,  Ihirke  County,  North  Carolina.     !J(M)  diameters. 

Fid.  II.  Individual  with  .shell  eoniposed  of  coarse  saiul,  uneven  sn-faco  and  8li){htIy-poiirted  sum- 
mit.    \>(){)  (l.aineters.     Ilri'adth  O.'J-J  7Vni.  Iiy  0.1 1'J  mm. 

Figs.  1"),  l(i.  Two  views  of  an  Inilividiial,  w  ith  shell  of  coarse  Hand  and  yellow  endosare.  200 
diameters.     This  and  the  iirecediiif;  from  a  jioiid  on  Oarliy  Creek,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Figs.  17,  If*.  The  variety  DillUifiia  vormita.  llotli  in  outline;  2.")0  diameters.  From  a  boj;  near 
Ateo,  N.  J.,  .Iiine,  lri77.     One  with  one,  the  other  with  two  points,  and  Vioth  with  colorless  sareode. 


■W> 


1 1 


Figs.  1!)-'J1.— DIFFMIGIA  CRATERA. 

Figs.  19, 'iO.  Two  mipty  shells  composed  of  ehitinoid  memhrane  with   incorporated  granules  of 
sand.     From  Bristol  Canal,  Bucks  County,  .VusiiHt,  187().     (iOO  diameters. 

Fig. 'il.  Empty  shell.     Lake  Erie,  Buffalo,  N,  V.,  August,  1H7H.    800  diameters. 

(Since  de.serihinn  these  minute  forms  I  have  suspected  that  they  belong  to  a.ciliated  infiisorian  of 
thu  genus  T.,itiiinus.) 

Figs.  *J,23.— DIFFLUGIA  URCEOLATA. 


,,  I. 


!^ 


1  I 


Common  ftmns  in  China  I^ake,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory,  Angnitt,  1877,  125 
diumctoi's.  ^ 

Fias.  24-28.— DIFFLUGIA  ACIIM1NAT\. 

(Compressed  vaiiety  with  from  one  to  three  spines  to  the  fundus  of  the  .shell. 

Figs.  24-27.  Hpeeimens  from  Swarthmore  bi'ick-iiond,  .Fune,  1874.  ;iuO  diameters.  Fig.  24.  With 
a  single  spiiu-;  breadth  O.O.W  mm.  by  0.052  mm.  Fig,  2.').  With  a  pair  of  spines  ;  breadth  0.072  mm.  by 
0.0,")2  mm.  Fig.  2<i.  With  two  spines  «ifnn  qual  length;  breadth  0.004  nun.  by  0,048  mm.  Fig.  27. 
With  three  spines;  breadth  0,072  nun,  by  O.O'iO  mm. 

FiG.s.  28,  211.  Two  views  of  the  same  individnal.  Fig.  28.  Broader  view,  with  psendopods  pro- 
truded, and  animal  as  observed  in  the  act  of  swallowing  a  diatom.  Fig.  29.  Narrower  view.  From  a 
ditch  Ik'Iow  I'hiladelpliia,  .Viigust,  1874.     iOO  itiameiers. 

In  this  plate  the  lithographer  has  greatly  exaggerated  the  yellow  coloring.  In  figs.  4-f)  the  shells 
hiul  a  faint  ferruginous  lint  :  in  ligs.  8,  9,  the  color  iiertaiiiing  to  tlie  sareodo  wii-s  browner  and  duller; 
iu  tigs.  15, 10, and  22-28  tho  color  wus  pale  clay  colored,  and  iii  ligs.  19-21  the  shell  was  uearlv  colorless. 


I     '   '  I 


M  3  -.-.EDL  'filsAL   .-iJi'-.'t.Y    Ul-   THE    I'Kf'HlTi'Jd 


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plFFLUGIA    P^i-'RIFORMIS        P.  -  9  n  VAS         lO  -    16  D    COMPRL'SSA.        17,18    D    COHNU'iA 


19 


E    CH/\TERA 


flS    D    UKCEOLAi'A 


;y    D,     ACUMINATA, 


f  1 


PLATE   XI  TI. 


DirFLLGIA  ACUMINATA. 


H:       M 


Tilt'  h\:  :11  coinposv  :1  ol'iiiiijiiliir  imrticles  of  quartz  Hiiii<l,oxco]it  in  instances  pspecinlly  mcntionril ; 
the  sareodr.  in  nei.vly  all  colorless,  or  with  a  l)ale  clay  color  to  the  enilos-uc. 

FlOb.  1,2.  Exaniple:^  of  conunon  forms  in  Swarthmore  brick -jmnd,  May,  1H74.  San'otle  colorless 
!Mi(l  commonly  entirely  obscured  from  >  lew  by  the  structure  ot  llie  shell.     iJOO  diameters. 

FlCiS.  "i.J.  Shells  of  coarse  an^jnlar  ((uartz  sand.  China  Lake,  Ui  ;ta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Toiri- 
lory,  August,  1877,     Coi anion  formt..     y.'iO  diaiiK'leis. 

Fl(i.  .'■>.  Two  individuals  in  conjugation.  The  eoiii-se  structure  of  the  shell  jirevented  any  move- 
ment of  the  sarcode  fnmi  beiu);  visil'le;  the  yellowish  stain  produced  by  the  cndosarc.  Swarthmorii 
brick-pond,  May,  lt74.     UOO  diameters. 

Flo.  •'.  Individual  with  psendopods  protruded.  Pond  on  Ji  juiit  (Jilbert,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyo- 
ming, August,  1877.    250  diameters. 

Fit;.  7.  Shell  of  coars(^  quartz  sand,     Absecom  ]r,)jid,  No^v  J(!rscy,  August,  187().    200  diameters. 

Fig.  8.  Individual  with  shell  approximatiiig  t?ie  form  of  that  of  Viffliigin  iircioUifa.  China  Lake, 
llinlas.     yfiO  diameters. 

Fia.  9.  Tubular  form  with  acuminate  summit,  not  nncomnion.  Toiid  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware 
County,  Pennsylvania,  October,  1874.    200  diameters. 

Fig.  10.  Small  in<lividual  found  with  others  of  the  same  kind  among  Utrieularia  from  Florida, 
Oecober,  1874.    200  diameters. 

Fig.  11.  Shell  of  coarse  sand,  with  ii  single  pointed  flake  at  the  acuminate  snmniit.  Absecom 
jiond,  New  Jeibcj,  October,  1874.     500  diameters. 

Fig.  12.  Shell  of  unusual  form,  v.itli  well-defined  nc^k  and  •iiontli  surrounded  with  a  distinct 
rim;  also  composed  of  comparatively  eoar.se  sand.  Found  in  liie  same  gathering  as  the  last.  .'iOO 
diameters. 

Figs.  13-1,^.  From  Swarthmorebrick-pond.  200  diameters.  Fig.  i:!,  an  ordinary  fonu  of  shell; 
sarcode  with  yellowidi  cndosarc  ;  tig.  14,  individual  with  jiseiidopods  jMOttuded  ;  tig.  15,  individual  w'lh 
pscndojiods  jirotruded  and  with  bright  green  cndosarc.  The  brown  spots  rni  the  sludls  of  the  two  latter 
ligures  indicate  graius  of  garnet  '.nteriiig  iiuo  their  coiiiitruction,  an  unusual  occunenee. 

Fig.  10.  Unsynimetric.il  shell,  with  unusually  large  stone  adherent  on  one  side.  China  Lake, 
Uintas,  Wyoming  T.     250  diameters. 

FiG.s.  17,  IS.  Shells  of  chitiiioid  menibrano  with  incorporated  sand.  Pond  at  Atco,  N.  J.,  August, 
187().    250  diameters. 

I^IG.  10.  Shell  of  chitiiioid  membrane,  with  i.,corpi)rat(;d  sand  and  diatom  fraginent.s.  AbBccom 
Jiouil,  New  Jersey,  August,  187(i.     250  dianicters. 

FiG>'..  20-2"!.  Drop  tube-like  fori'is.  Absecom  iiond.  New  Jersey.  200  diameters.  Fig.  20.  Indi- 
vidual with  unusually  and  remarkably  rough  shell,  composed  of  sand;  Sejitember,  1875.  Fig.  21.  Shell 
remarkably  uneven,  composed  of  chitMioid  menibraiic  with  incorixiratcd  sand  and  diatoms;  October, 
1874.  Fig.  2.  Shell  of  chitiiioid  me.nbraim  with  incorporated  sand  and  diatoms;  found  in  company 
with  the  last. 

Figs.  2;{-2().  Shells  of  chitinoil  niembraiie  incorporated  with  diatoms;  2H-25  empty,  ami  the  for- 
mer vritli  Br!id  at  the  border  of  the  month ;  2(>,  with  the  sarcode  cucyRted.  From  sphagnum  of  Abse- 
com cedar  swanij),  October,  1874      50(t  diameters. 


;h:oi.(-';i''Ai.,  :--\:k/v:'-  (if  tuv  TKRHi-'if- 


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PLATE   XIV. 

DIFFLUGIA  URCEOLATA. 

All  tlio  figures  won'  taken  from  living  specimens,  rftprcseuteil  in  tlielr  nsnal  position,  nnd  with 
the  shells  composed  of  nngul'ir  i>iii'tic,l<'S  of  quartz  sand. 

Fio.  1.  Variety  appniuching  IHfflugia  acuminata.  200  diameters.  Swarthmore  hrick-pond,  Dela- 
ware County,  Pennsylvania,  October,  187r>. 

Fig.  a.  Variety  with  less  ucuniin.'vto  fundus  to  the  shell.  '250  didmctoi-s.  Lake  of  Uinta  Monut- 
ains,  Wyoming,  August,  1877. 

Fig.  Ii.  Variety  Diffliigia  amphora.     1(X)  diameters.     Ditch  below  Philadelphia.     Connnon  form. 

Fig.  4.  Or.il  view  of  a  similar  specimen. 

FlO.  S.  Characteristic  specimen  of  7>i/Wi(j/ia  Mree«/<i((i.  200  diameters.  Abaccom  pond,  New  Jersey, 
August,  1870.     Common  form. 

Fig.  ti.  Narrower  variety  of  the  same  kind  occurring  with  it. 

Fro.  7.  Connnon  fonn  in  ditches  communicating  with  the  Delaware  River  bcdow  Philadelphia. 

Fig.  8.  Common  fonn ;  abundant  in  a  pond  of  Jiridger  lintte,  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming,  August, 
3877.    250  diameters. 

Fig.  9.  Acuminate  variety,  with  additional  spines  to  the  fundus.  A  not  unfreq\U"nt  form.  Atco, 
N.  J.,  September,  1877.     250  diameters. 

Fig.  10.  Common  variety.    Absecom  poud,  New  Jersey.    250  diameters. 

Fig.  11.  Variety  named  Diffliigia  olla.  Abundant  in  the  ponds  of  sphagnous  swamps.  Ihidd's 
Lake,  Now  Jersey,  September,  1874.     250  diameters.     The  sarcodo  encysted. 

Fig.  12.  Unsymmetrical  specimen.    Absecom  pond,  Now  Jeraey,  September,  1875.    SOO  diameters. 

Fio.  v.).  Many-spined  specimen,  found  with  the  former.  200  diameters.  Kach  spine  ending  in  a 
single  large  sand  grain. 

Fig.  14.  Single-spinod  specimen.  Atco,  N.  J.,  September,  1877.  250  diameters.  The  spine  end- 
ing in  u  single  large  sand  grain. 


H.   Sin.-U.r  >  ....    : 


DlFFLUGiA   !  FR  ( .'EOLATA 


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PLATE    XV. 

Kios.  l-'.M.— lUFFI-lIfilA  I.01I0ST0MA. 

I'l08. 1,2.  Two  viiiwH  (if  tlii^  Hiiiiir  iniliviiliial ;  lln'  mIioII  (•(uiiiioscil  nf  ('(iiiisc  <|iiikrl/.  Hand;  rndo- 
Riirc  fcntrnlly  lirinlit  ({ii'i'ii ;  llii-  |isi'ii(l(>|>i)tls  protrmlrd.  l''i(;.  I,  interim'  virw  <>xlill>ilinK  tin' (illnlicd 
nioiitli;  11){.  'J,  latorul  view.     Swiiillimori'  liiick-iioiid,  .liiiii',  l'*").     "JOIl  diaim'trrs. 

I''I0».  ;t,  4.  Siiuilai' views  (if  aiiollier  speiiiMeii  t'oiind  willi  the  roriiier. 

Klos. .'i, <!.  .s;iiiilai' viewN  of  an  (Mnply  .shell  willi  qniidiilnl  ii(e  nionlli.  I'lnnl  near  narby,  Deln- 
wftTO  County,  Pentirylvania,  Oetolier,  IrtTI.     'J.'ill  diameters. 

Fig.  7.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  triloli;ite  niontii  and  inoJeetinK  rim.  Pit<li  Ixdow 
Philiulelphia,  May,  m:>.     l!.'.n  diameters. 

Fill.  H.  Inferior  vi;\v  of  an  iudividnal  with  ipiadriloliate  month  and  colorless  san'odo.  Cliinn 
Lake,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyomiu;;  Territory,  Au;;nsl,  l-i77.     I.eontli,  O.ls  mm. ;  hn-adtli,  O.K!  mm. 

Fir,. '.I.  Infi'rior  view  of  au  individual  with  (|uimpieloliate  ukhiIIi  and  colorless  sareodi'.  Fort. 
BridKcr,  Wyoniin;;,  August,  l'<77.     '.illO  diameti'rs.     I.enKlh,  H.ll'J  unn.  ;  lueadth,  ll.l  mm. 

FlO.  10.  Inferior  view  id' jin  individual  witli  six-lolied  mouth,  the  maijiin  stained  hrown.  Fi;^. 
II.  Side  view  of  th<'  same  willi  reniarlialde  pseudopodal  cNtcnsioii.     Diteh  liclow  I'liiladi'lphia. 

Fio.  I'J.  Inferior  view  of  a  sin\ilar  indiviilnal.  Fort  llridyer,  AVyondnj;  Territory,  .Inly,  Irf<7. 
LeuKlli,  0.11  luni. ;  breadth,  O.IH  nun. 

Fig.  1:1.  side  view  of  an  individual  with  a  si'vcn-lolicd  uioolh.  Appearauii- of  the  iisi'iidopod, 
spnmd  (Uit  beneath  the  edf;e  of  a  Ilolniau  life-slide.     Fiunid  with  the  pnccdiu!;. 

I'll!.  11.  Inferior  view  of  ,in  individual  with  seviai-lobed  mouth  ;  the  sand  grains  id'  the  shell  out- 
lined with  brown  cement.  D.irby  C'n'ck,  Delaware  County.  "J.'iO  diameters.  I.cnjjlli,  0.11  mm.; 
breudtli,  U.  I'J  ium. 

Fig.  l.'i.  Small  individual  with  trihdied  mouth,  inferior  vii'W,  with  pndusi'  extension  of  p.semlo- 
pods.     Ditch  below  I'hilaihlphia,  April,  If^ili.     UOO  diami'tcrs.     Length,  0.(l."i,">  unu. ;  breaillh,  O.O.'i  nun. 

I'IGS.  Hi,  17.  Two  views  of  an  empty  shell,  compo.scd  of  reclanjjnlar  ,'iu<l  oval  plates  with  dotted 
intervals;  li^.  l(i,  inferior  view  oxhibitin;;  the  tpiadrilobate  month;  tif;.  17,  lati'ra!  view  showing;  pio- 
jeetiu;;  riui  of  the  mouth.  China  Lake,  Uinta  Mountains,  AVyiuuinjj;  Territory,  Aujjust,  Ii^77.  .MKl 
diameters. 

I'lr.s.  H,  !;>.  Two  vii'ws  of  an  I'Uipty  shill,  couiposnl  of  rii'tanijular  plates  and  fi'a;;uu'iits  of  ilia- 
tiMus;  tig.  IS.  inferior  vii'w,  exhibitiufj;  an  irreijular  nuillilobalc  (probably  uuililatcd)  mouth  ;  tig.  10, 
lateral  view.     Ilauuuontou  piuul,  New  .Icrsey,  Septcudier.  1^77.     'J.'O  diamctiMS. 

l''lG.i!0.  Latiral  view  of  a  spcciuwu  with  trilobed  mouth,  emuposcd  of  thin  angular  plates  and 
diatoms.     Atco,  N.  ■!.,  .lune,  1^77.     "J.'iO  <liau»>iers. 

Figs.  :ll,'i-i.  Inferior  and  lati'ial  views  of  a  mauuuillated  specimen  with  si.x-hdicd  mouth  lionh'iid 
by  iv  projectiu)^  rim.     Woodstown  pond.  New  ,Iersey,  September,  1877.     ii.'iO  diameters. 

FlG.s. '.'I!, 21.  Inferior  and  lateral  (reversed)  views  of  a  snuiU  liemispheroidal  speeinu'U,  with  (ive- 
lobed  nuiutli.     Swarthmorc  brick-piuid.     'J.'iO  diameters. 

FlG8.2iV-:U.— DIFFLUGIA  GLOBUI.OSA.     •-'.'.O  diameters. 

Figs.  2,'), 20.  Two  views  of  tlio  same  individual,  with  cidorlcss  san  ode,  except  the  color  due  to 
food  in  the  enilosare;  li(;.2."i,  lateral  view;  lij;.  2(i,  infericu-  view  exhibiting  the  circular  month.  .Swartb- 
moro  brick-i)oiid. 

Figs.  27,28.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual,  with  colorless  sarcode  and  oxtondud  ]iseudupods  ; 
fi(j. 27,  Lateral  view  showiuj;  a  projecting  rim  to  the  mouth  ;  fig.  28,  inferior  view  showing  tbo  large 
circular  mouth.     Fort  lindger,  Wyominn;,  August,  1877. 

Figs.  2t),  ;iO.  Two  similar  views  of  a  specimen.     Ditch  below  Philadelphia,  September,  1875. 

Fig.  111.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  the  shell  composed  of  ('hitiuoid  mendiraue,  irregu- 
larly striated  and  incorporated  with  a  few  scattei-od  sand  gi'nins.  A  single  pseiidopod  enormously 
extended.     Pond  near  Darby,  Delawaiii  Count,\. 

Figs.  '.12, X!.— DIFFLUOIA  PYRIFOUMIS.    200  diameters. 

Two  individuals  showing  their  approximntinn  in  slinpi  to  the  subpyriform  varieties  of  Difflugia 
(llobulosa.     Iriwiirtlimore  brick-pond. 

Fl08.:»4-:t7.— DIFFLUGIA  ARCULA.     ST.O  diameters. 

FlG8. 34,3>").  Two  views  of  an  empty  shell,  composed  of  clay-colored clutinoid  membrane;  fig.  34, 
lateral  view,  with  sand  grains  incoiTioratcd  at  the  fundus;  lig.  llTi,  inferior  view  showing  the  trilobate 
month.     Sphagnons  bog  of  Alwecimi,  N.  ,1.,  April,  1871!. 

FiGK.  Itii,  ;!7.  Two  similar  views  of  a  speciuu'n  eomposeil  of  cbitinoid  membrane  with  incorporated 
sand  and  dirt.     T(diyhanna  splmgnous  swamp,  Pokono  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  July,  1870. 


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IM.ATE    XVI. 

Kiim.  I-!.'I.— niKKM  tilA  (il.ori(iM)HA. 

I'liis.  1,'i.  'I'xMi  vii'Wn  111' nil  i'iii|il\  ^lii'll.  iiiiii|inM'il  III  I'liiii'u'  i|iiiiil/  Kiiiiil ;  llu,  i,  lnri'i'liir  vlrw 
Hhowiiit;  I  III'  cirriilai'  iiiiiiilli ;  I'lK- -<  liili'iiil  view  .     AIimi'iiiiii  iiiIM  |iimiiI.     '.'(HI  ijiiuiii'li'in. 

I'liiK.  ;i,  I.  Two  vii'WK  III' II  liii);i'  npi  riiiiin,  tiiiiiiil  »ltli  llir  |ir liiiK  ;  iniiKiiilliil   llHi  iliiiiiKliiN, 

I'liiH.  .'i,  )i.  Two  vii'WN  of  II  N|ii'i'iiiii'ii  Willi  M'llowinli  tint.  I'liilii  MuiiiilniiiN,  \V,\oiiiiiii;.  ■JlKl 
■  lliiiiirtrrH. 

i''lilM,7,H,  ('orriM|ioiiiliii^  vlcusiil'ii  llvlii;;  iiiillviilinil.     IHIili  lii'liiw  I'lilhiilrlpliia.    ViiNliliuiiirlirx. 

I'liiS,  !l,  III.  Sliiiiliir  virWH  ul' a  N|M'riiiii'li,  in  wlii'li  llir  hIh'II  Ih  riiiii|iimril  nt  rliilinuiil  nii'inliiiilii' 
iiiroi'|iiinitril  Willi  narrow  rrrtaiixnlar  jilalrM,  I'tc.,  iiml  tlir  wiiroili'  riuiliailril  into  an  I'liryNti'il  liiill, 
Cliiiiii  l.aki',  I'iiilaH,  W.viiiiiiiiK,  AiiKiisI,  1^*7.     '.'1K14.. 

I'nis.  II,  1','.  Iiil'iilor  anil  lalrral  virwn  ul' 11  hiiiiiII  nIhII,  i'oiii|hmi'iI  of  anil.  NiiIiiikiioiih  Nwaiii|i, 
Almri'oni,  N.  ,1.     l!(Ml-f. 

I'lilN.  1:1,  M.  Same  vii'WH  ol'ii  Hiiiall  nIhII  niiiipimi'il  orrlillinoiil  iiifinliriinr  iiK'niiioratril  Willi  naiiil. 
A  rontinnoiiK  riielii  of  huiiiI  f{raiim  HiirroniiilN  tin'  nioiitli.  iS|iliiif;i>oiiN  NWaiiip,  llroiul  Moiiiitaln,  I'l'iiiixyl- 
vaiiia.     •.'<Ki+. 

Kills.  I.'i,  Hi,  17.  Infrrioi',  latrral.  anil  siipniiir  virws  of  a  small  slirll  iniiipiiNril  of  I'lillliiiiitl  iiiriii- 
ItraiH'  Willi  Mrallrli'il  waiiil  niiiins.      ronil  mar  Capr  .May,  N.  .1.     '■!!'*> -\-. 

I'liis.  Iri,  I'.l.  I. atrial  ami  iiil'iiioi'  viiuH  ol  a  miiiiilr  nIh'II,  loinpoMil  ol  rliilinoiil  iiii'inliianr, 
Kti'iati'il  ami  im'orpiir.'ilril  willi  Nialtiiril  .^miiiI  parlli'li'x.  .\ii  arcniniilation  of  Ihc  lalln  ornipicH  llic 
I'liiiiliiM.     roUoiKi  Monnlaiii,  I'liiiisvlvania.     .'.lill-f. 

riii.'./ll.  Inli'l'ior  view  of  a  living  iiiiliN  iiliial.  willi  r-lirll  of  Kami,  ami  willi  rolmlrKS  Nairiiilc. 
I'ort  lliiildir,  WviiiniiiK  Ti'iiilorv.     VSJII  iliaiinlris.     .*»liill  of  o\  .il  lorni  n.n-^  mm.  Ioiik  ;  li.iKi"  mm.  Inoail. 

rill. '..'I.  Infi'i'loi'  vii'w  of  an  rmptv  slicll,  loinpoMil  of  cliitinoiil  nirmlirani'  imoiporalril  willi 
lar^i'  llialom^<,  rlr.  .'>>plia);iioiiN  swanip,  .Misnoin.  .\.  .1.  .\  nol  iiiifi'i'i|nrnl  l<iml.  .'^00  -f-  Slii'll 
In'ini.splii'roiilal,  ll.ii:)ii  mm.  liiill ;  ii.ii.'iH  iniii.  iiioail. 

I'm.  •"J.  Siinil.ii  \  ii'W  of  a  Kprriimn  romposril  of  n  rtaiiKulai'  plat  is.  to^i'llici'  with  a  frw  iliatoiii.'*. 
Foil  ml  w  illi  till'  pri  rriliiit;aml  lilii  wise  mil  an  iinfieiimni  Uiml.     Ilei^lil,  li.llii'J  mm. ;  liieaillli.  Il.ll.'i4  nun, 

I'lii.  'i^l.  Iiifei'ior  \\i\\  of  an  imiiviiliial  in  wliieli  1  he  . shell  w  as  eomposeil  of  lirowii  ehitinoiil  mem- 
Inane  imoipoialeil  with  sami  ami  <liii.  llo^i;.v  iilaee  mar  Swaillimore,  DelavMiiet'onnlv,  I'ennsv  hania. 
.MHI-f,     Shell  li.difi  mm.  hi^'h  ;  11.10  mm.  Iiroail. 

Klii.'JI.  Infeiioi' \  lew  of  a  spi'iimen  ill  whii  Ii  the  shell  was  loinposi  il  of  smiil  \\  il  h  inli  rveiiiii({ 
Iniiwii  leinenlin^  snhslam  e.  rsenilopiMls  niinieioils  ami  mole  Inaiiehiiie  ami  poiiileil  lliaii  iisiial.  .Siiiie 
loialily  as  the  preiiilinj;.     ,"ilK'-j-.     Sliell  ll.:t;l  mm.  Iii^h  ;  *<.<>'<  mm.  Iiioail. 

Fl()8.  a'^-'JO.— UIFFU'filA  I.OItO.S'l'O.MA. 

Kills,  •i.'i,  at).  T"  0  views  of  an  imliviilnal  in  whieh  the  shell  appeareil  to  he  lomposeil  of  .vollowiHli, 
eaiiei  Ihiteil  ehitinoiil  menilnane  as  in  the  >;eiiiis  Xehela  ;  lif;.  ■-'."',  lateral  view,  with  sareoile  seen  attaelieil 
hy  thleails  to  the  insiile  of  the  fiimlns  of  the  shell.  A  lar^e  eenlral  nneleiis  ami  .si'Veral  eontraetile 
Msiiles  siluateil  at  the  |ieiiplierv  are  also  visilile.  I'icr.  -JC,  infeiior  view  exhiliitiiiK  Hie  trilohiite  month 
anil  protrniliii);  |isenilopoils.     .Aiiion<;  UiiiUmeat  in  a  ilileli  lielow  I'hilailelphia,  .lime,  |s7  |.     ,',110  ^. 

Kliis.  ■.ii.^p'.  lufeiior  ami  lateral  views  of  a  living;  imliviilii.-il.  in  which  the  shell  wiis  eomposeil  ot 
eolorless  ehitinoiil  nienihrani'  with  a  few  seattereil  .s;iiii|  partieles.  Swart limoie  liriek-poiiil,  .Ma.v,  1S74. 
;!;tlt  iliameteis. 

Klii. 'J'.l.  Lateral  view  of  a  living  speeiini'ii,  in  whieh  the  shell  was  lompo.seil  of  ehitinoiil  iiiein- 
liraiie  with  im  "II  poraleil  lloeenlent  ilirl,  ami  in  which  llii'  month  was  triloheil.  l)o)ri^y  place  on  Darliy 
Creek,  Itelaware  Coiinty.     •.'ll(l+. 

I'Kis.  :!0,:tl.— DiKKLiroiA  AKcn.A. 

Inferior  view  of  two  ciniitv  shells  of  lieiiiis)iheroii1:il  shape,  composi'il  of  yllow  ehitinoiil  mem- 
hraiio  imorporateil  with  hrownish  ilirt  ami  a  few  seattereil  iiartieles  of  saml.  (The  nnsyniini'tricnl 
outline  of  ti;;.  ltd  correct,  tlioiif;li  prohalily  acciilcntiil. )  Splia^iiioiis  swamp  of  .\teo,  N.  .1.  'J,"(l  diaine- 
tor.s.  The  hIii'IIh  sha)ieil  like  that  of  an  onlinary  sea-iirchiii.  Ileifjht  of  shell,  (i,07'.'  nim. ;  lirea<lth,  ('.  UMi 
inui.  to  0.  II  mm. 

Kios.  ;t>-;t4.— DlKKM'tilA  IKCKOLATA. 

Kl(t.  IW.  Variety  Diffliifiia  iillii.  Liiteral  view  of  a  living  imliviilnal  with  protriiileil  •■senilopiids. 
Abseeoin  poiiil.  New  .Jersey,  bclolicr,  H7r>.     10li-(-. 

Ki(i.  :t;i  Ki;;;-shai)cil  variety,  with  a  narrow  projectiii};  rim  to  the  month.  Lateral  view  of  a 
liviii;;  siieeimeii.  A  common  form  in  a  pomi  on  liriilKer  Uiitte,  near  I'oit  Itriilner,  W.voinin({ '''''''''i'""',V> 
Anf,iist,  \>*",    'J.'iil  iliamelers. 

Kui.  ;i4.  Variety  Ilillhniin  iinqihnrn.  Lateral  view  with  |isiiiilopoils  extemleil.  ('oiiimon  in  the 
ilitrlii'H  lielow  l'llilailel|ihia,  Oetolier,  1H7.">.      IIIO  ili;iiiu'leis. 

Kid.  11.-..— DIKKLl'CIA  CKATKIJA. 

Lateral  view  of  an  emptv  .shell  eomposeil  of  ehitinoiil  inemlirane  incorporateil  with  line  saml  par- 
ticles.    Lake  Krio,  Hnlfalo,  N.' v.,  Oetolier,  IrtTs.     :,m-\.. 

Km.  :ti;,— DIKKLrtJIA  : 


Lateral  view  of  an  empty  pyriform  shell  ]iii.sscssinf;  two  loiiji  iliveri;enl  appcliila^es,  ami  coni)iiiseil 
of  colorless  chili. mill  niemhrane  iiiciirporali  il  with  irrcjjnlar  aiiyMlar  i|iiartz  ]iarticles.  The  only  siieci- 
ineii  of  the  kimi  ohscrveil.     .Spha^nons  swaiii)!,  Ateo,  N.  .1.     •>'t^\ -\-. 

Kiiis.  :i7,  :!H.— rUFFLlGH   I'VKIFOK.MIS. 

Km.  'Xi.  Snlipyriform  variety  ap]iro\iniatin^  HiJIIiinia  uliiliiilnnt.  Lateral  view  of  a  liviiif;  speci- 
men, the  shell  of  which  compo.seil  of  aniinlar  i|iiini/  s.'iml  with  a  coinparativelv  laiKc  ^raiii  attaelieil  to 
the  fmiilns.      Ditch  helow  riiilaileliihia, 'March,  If^Ta.     I(lll-)-. 

Km.  :!^.  Lateral  view  of  an  imliviilnal,  from  one  siile  of  I  he  shell  of  which  there  priijecls  nnsyiii- 
inetrically  a  roiii|iaralively  larjje  stone,  llonfiy  place  on  Darliy  ('reek,  Del;iware  Coniity,  I'i'iiiisylvania. 
100  ilianieters. 

Via.  'MK  Nneleiis  pressoil  from  an  iiidiviilniil  of  Difjhiiiia  Inhitxtnmu,  October,  \'^i.    fiClO  iliameteis. 

F108.  10,  11.  Isolateil  nucIeiiH,  anil  portion  of  crnslieil  material  froiii  an  individnal  of  lH^lllinjia 
urreolntii.     5IHI  diameters. 


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PLATE    XVII 


mi'TLUGIA  CORONA. 


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All  (111'  figures  wero  fium  living  specimens;  tlio  slioll  composed  of  !iii;;ular  qiiiirtz  saiiil  iiiul  the 
san'oile  colorless.     !i()(l  diiiiiieters,  except  wTicii  specially  iiiilicntcd. 

Ku;.  I.  Iiidividniil  with  extended  pseudopods ;  tli'  sliell  with  seven  spines  to  the  fundus,  of  which 
live  are  visible  iu  the  lateral  view.  The  mouth  was  furnished  with  twelve  points  or  tei'th  and  as  many 
interveuinj;  sinuses.  The  somewhat  jialmate  pseudopodi,  were  spread  outwardly  on  the  inclined  border 
of  a  glass  cell.  A  common  form  in  S'.varthmore  brick-pond,  Delaware  County,  and  in  ditches  below 
Philadidplna. 

Fi<is. '.i— 1.  Common  forms,  from  Lake  Huttacnwannn,  Jlorris  County,  New  .Tc'rsey,  October,  1W4. 

Fig.2,lateral  view  of  an  imlividual  with  extenled  pseudopods;  shell  with  seven  si)ineH  to  the 
fundus  and  lifteeu  tei^th  to  the  mouth. 

FlO.  li.  Inferior  view  of  another  individual,  exhibiting  the  mouth  and  extended  pseudopods. 
Shell  with  seven  spines  to  the  fundus  ami  fourteen  teeth  to  the  mouth.  A  similar  specimen,  0.'J48  mm. 
high  and  O.'M  mm.  broad,  had  seven  spines  to  the  fundus  and  twelve  teeth  to  the  mouth. 

Fill.  4.  Upjier  view  of  a  spi.'cimen  with  eleven  spines  to  tin?  fnndu.s.  Mouth  0.1(1  nun.  in  diameter 
with  sixti'cn  brown  teeth. 

As  represented  in  the  figures,  while  tlii^  body  of  tlie  shell  is  colorless,  the  spines  and  border  of  tlio 
mouth  .are,  freciuently  stained  of  a  ferruginous  brown. 

Figs.  .'),  ().  Two  views  of  the  same  individual;  lig.  .">,  lateral  view,  with  extended  psen(hi))ods,  and 
four  si)ines  to  the  fnndns;  lig.  (!,  inferior  view  exhiliiting  the  mouth  with  iifteen  teetli.  Ditch  below 
l'hilad<'lphia,  September,  187.'>. 

Flii.  7.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen  with  an  obli(|ue  mouth  ns  in  IHfflugia  coniitrktu,  but  furnished 
with  twelve  teeth,  and  havin'g  a  single  spine  to  the  fundus.  The  only  specimen  of  the  kind  seen. 
Swarthinore  brick-pond,  March,  187.">. 

Fid.  8.  Inferior  view  of  a  specimen  exhibiliiig  the  mouth  with  si.x  teeth.  The  fundus  of  the 
shell  had  seven  comparatively  short  spines.     Jacksonville,  Fla.,  March,  187."). 

Fi(j. 9.  Lateral  view  of  a  slightly  unsymmctrical  specimen  with  a  single  spine  to  the  fundus. 
The  mouth  had  twelve  teeth.     Ditch  bcbiw  I'hiladelphia,  .September,  1>'7.">. 

Fio.  10.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual  with  a  ]iair  of  widely  divergent  spines  to  the  fundus,  and 
with  extended  pseudopods.     Mouth  with  twelve  teetli.     With  the  preceding. 

Fig.  II.  An  unusually  unsymmetrical  .specimen.  Lateral  vi<nv  with  extended  pseudopods.  Seven 
sjiines  to  the  fandus  and  sixteen  teeth  to  the  mouth.     Ateo,  N.  ,L,  .Seiiteinbi'r,  1877. 

Fig.  1'-'.  Six-lobed  month  of  a  specimen  wlii<h  had  seven  sjiines  to  the  fiindiiN.  The  shell  w.'is 
O.ltH  mm.  in  diameter.     Lake  Hattacawanna,  New  .ler.sey. 

Fig.  l;l.  One  of  the  spines  from  the  same  siiecimen,  showing  a  lance-head-like  Hake  at  'he  end. 
375  diameters. 

Fio.  14.  Three  teeth  from  a  specimen  like  that  of  lig.  (1,  showing  terminal  colored  sand  grains. 


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PLATE    XVIII. 

DIKFLUGIA  CONSTKICTA. 

In  tho  lateral  views  of  thu  Hpcrinions,  ilicy  occupy  tlio  natural  posit  ion  with  the  month  down  want 
and  on  a  lovcl;  in  Iho  jiostcrior  vicwH,  they  arc  tilted  upward  or  appear  as  ordinarily  deen,  lying  on  tho 
front  beneath  tho  microscope.  Anterior  views  ajipear  the  same  as  tho  latter,  as  the  mouth  is  visible 
through  the  front  wall  of  tho  shell.  The  shell  mostly  composed  exclusively  of  angular  (piartz  sand, 
and  the  parcodo  colorless. 

Fio.  1.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual  with  pseudopods  protruded.  Ditch  below  Fhiladulphia, 
Juno,  1877.     500  diameters. 

Figs.  2, 3.  Two  views  of  the  same  specimen  ;  the  former  posterior,  tho  latter  lateral  (inadvertently 
misplaced  by  the  artist;  the  inclined  lino  on  the  right  should  have  been  horizontal).  From  moss  in  tho 
fork  of  an  apple  tree,  Swarthmore,  November,  1877.    ii'iO  diameters. 

Fics.  4,.^.  Lateral  and  posterior  views  of  the  .»amo  specimen.  Sidiagnous  swamp,  Vinelund,  N. 
J.,  September,  1876.     250  +. 

Figs.  0,7.  Lateral  and  posterior  views  of  the  same  (tho  former  misplaced  by  the  artist;  tho 
inclined  lino  on  tho  left  should  bo  horizontal).     Fort  Bridger,  Wy(»ning  Territory,  .luly,  1877.    ^50  -(-. 

Figs.  8, 9.  Posterior  and  lateral  views  of  a  shell  composed  of  yellowish  chitiuoid  membrane,  incor- 
porated with  scattered  sand,  ami  a  continuous  circle  of  grains  around  the  mouth.  Foiuul  with  that  of 
figs.  2,  ;i.    2,'')0  -f . 

FlC.  10.  Posterior  view  of  a  shell  composed  of  chitiuoid  membrane  with  s.and  and  dirt.  From 
among  moss  in  tho  crevices  of  the  pavements  of  rhiladelphia,  J\uie,  1878.     :!3li  +. 

Figs.  11,  V2.  I'o.sterior  and  lateral  views  of  an  individual  with  extended  pseudopods.  Shell  as  in 
tho  preceding.     From  among  moss  of  tho  pavement  in  the  yard  tif  my  house,  Jmie,  1878.     'i'Si  -)-. 

Fig.  13.  Posterior  view  of  the  same  specimen  in  the  natural  positi(Ui,or  not  tilted  fcuward. 

Fig.  14.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen,  with  shell  conijiosed  of  sand  and  with  projected  ])semh))iods. 
A  freiincnt  form  found  witli  the  preceding.     iiltH  -j-. 

Figs.  15,  Hi.  Posterior  and  lati  ral  vi(>ws  of  a  shell  of  chitiuoid  membrane  with  sand  grains.  Per- 
haps pertaining  to  Cinlropi/xin  vcoriih .     Found  with  that  of  tigs.ii, ;!.    !i,",0  -{-. 

FiG.s.  17,  18.  Lateral  and  jiostcrior  views  of  a,  shell,  compo.scd  of  sand,  stained  brown,  with  a 
darker  cement.  Fig.  li).  Posterior  view  of  another  specimen.  Month  of  a  cave  on  Itushkill  Creek, 
Kiiston,  Pa.,  July,  1878.     333  +. 

FiGS.yo.ai.  Lateral  and  posterior  views,  with  shell  of  chitiuoid  nienibrane  incorporated  with 
sand,  diatoms,  etc.     China  Lake,  I'iuta  Mountains,  August,  1877.    y,")0  -f . 

Figs. ±i,li3.  Posterior  and  lateral  views.  (Correct  outlines;  with  no  constricli(m  nor  abrupt 
projection  of  tho  fore-lip.)     Kgg  Harbor,  N.  J.,  August,  1878.     333  -[-. 

Figs. 'J'I,'.J5.  Posterior  and  lateral  views.     With  the  preceding.     333 -)-• 

Figs.  20, '27.  Posterior  and  lateral  views  of  a  specimen  witli  shell  of  ehitinnid  nu^mbrane,  incor- 
porated at  tho  fundus  and  around  the  mouth  with  sand  grains.  Sphagnous  bog  at  Ab.secom,  N. 
J.,  April,  187().     250-)-. 

Fio.  28.  Lateral  view  of  ^^hell,  tilted  up  to  a  jieriicndieular  line,  composed  of  chitiuoid  mendirane 
with  large  sand  grains  on  the  fundus.     With  the  la.st.     .''.00  -)-. 

Figs.  211, 30.  Posterior  and  lateral  views  of  a  speciuu'ii  wi<h  shell  of  yellow  ehilinoid  membrane, 
incorporated  with  sand.  A  continuous  circle  of  grains  surroumls  the  moutli,  and  comparatively  largo 
grains  occupy  th(^  fundus.     Absecom  pond,  April,  1''75.     2.'0  +. 

Figs.  31, 32.  Posterior  and  lateral  views  of  a  shell  of  chitiuoid  menibrano  with  incorporated  sand. 
Sphagnous  bog  of  liroad  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  Septendjcr,  1870.     2.">0  -|-. 

Figs.  33, 34.  Lateral  and  posterior  views  of  a  similar  specimen.  VInel,....!,  N.  J.,  September, 
1877.    250  -f-. 

Figs.  35, 30.  Lateral  and  posterior  views  of  .i  largo  shell,  composed  of  quartz  sand.  Viiu-land, 
N.  J.,  September,  1877.     175  +. 

Figs.  37— 14.  Empty  shells  composed  of  yollow  chitiuoid  membrane,  incoqiorated  with  variable 
jiroportioHH  of  scattered  sand  grains  and  dirt.  Sphagnum  of  Absecom  cedar  swamji,  New  Jersey.  Figs. 
37,  3i),  42,  lateral  views;  tigs.  38,  40,  43,  posterior,  tilted  up,  views;  lig.s.  41,  44,  po.sterior  views  in  the 
normal  position.     2.'ill  -\-. 

Figs.  45,40.  Lateral  and  posterior  views  of  a  large  individual  with  shell  of  (iuart:t  sand,  acumi- 
nate at  the  fundus,  aiul  with  extendeil  jiseudopods.     Vineland,  N.  J.,  September,  1877.     175  -fy. 

Figs.  47, 48.  Lateral  and  posterior  views  of  a  large  two-.spined  shell.     Absiccom  pond.  New  Jersey. 

Fig. 4!t.   Posterior  view  of  a  three-spined  specimen.     With  the  last.     175  -f. 

Figs.  50,01.  Posterior  and  lateral  views  of  a  two-spined  individual.  Wind  Gap,  Northampton 
County,  Pennsylviinia.     175  -f. 

Fig.  52.  Posterior  view  of  an  individual,  with  shell  having  a  row  of  five  spines  to  the  fundus, 
and  T'ith  a  long,  bilid  pseudopod.     Absecom,  September,  1874.     175  -f . 

FlG.53.  Posterii)  view  of  ,an  individual,  with  shell  having  six  spines  to  the  fundus,  and  exhibit- 
ing a  single  long  psem  opod.     Found  with  tho  preceding.     175  -|-. 

Fig.  .54.  Posterio.- view  of  another  specimen,  with  four  spines.     With  the  preceding.     175 -f. 

Fia.  .55.  Lateral  view  of  (ig.  53. 

Figs.  .50,  ,57.  Two  spines,  showing  the  lance-head-like  Make  at  their  termination.     .500  -f. 


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PLATE    XIX. 

ri(!s.  1— ja.-nirKi.i'ou  himualis, 

F1O8.  1,-.  Itromlcr  laliTiil,  nml  mitnior  iiainnvcr  vicwH  of  (ho  humi»  individiinl,  with  shell  of 
qnnrtz  8iiml  iiiiil  with  cxti'mU'tl  ip«mi<Ui|io(1s.     Swarlhinuri-  liri('k-|iiiiiil,  ScplciiilnT,  IH7I.    •.IM)  iliiiiiiclom, 

ri(i.  :i.  lli'oaili'i'  lateral  view  of  a  pair  of  iiiiliviiliialM  in  eoiijii^alioii.  Diteh  lielow  I'liilailelphin. 
Septomlwr,  lH7r>.     -JOO  + 

I''I0.4.  Ilnmder  lateral  view  of  a  kIk'U  eoiiiiKwil  of  veetangiilar  plates,  with  diatonm,  and  eeii- 
triilly  with  larj;''  niinnlar  |iarticlen  of  qimrtz  Hand.  Ilannnoiitou  pond,  Now  .h-rsey,  SepteinliiT,  1H77. 
a:iO  -f . 

FlO. .1.  Liiterul  view  of  nil  individual  with  extended  pHendopiMUi;  thii  Hhell  ennipcwed  of  quartz 
sand,  except  e<>nli){nonH  to  thi  month  v.Iuie  it  it  fonned  of  veriiiieiilar  pi'Ilets.  I'loiii  diteh  of  a  eran- 
beiiv-hojf,  Ateo,  N.  J.,  Oelober,  lrt77.     a.',0  +. 

I'lo.  (>.  Itronder  lateral  view  of  a  muall  H]ieeiineii,  with  Hhell  of  qinirt/.  Hand.  I'nol  at  Mannyiink, 
Philadelphia.     'JOO  +. 

1''I(!.7.  Hioader  lateral  view  of  an  inilividiial,  with  extended  jwendopods,  and  Mhell  entirely  eoni- 
poNcd  of  Hhort  veviiiienhir  pelletM.     A  freqneiit  Uiiiil  in  Aliseeoni  jiond,  Oetoher,  1H7I.     'J'M  +. 

l'"io.  H.  (Similar  view  of  an  individual,  with  a  profusion  of  pHendopodH.  The  Khell  eonipoMi'd  an  in 
the  hist,  lint  with  the  verinicnlar  pelletw  Heparated  liy  narrow  intervals,  oceiipied  with  eementiiif;  snl)- 
Htance,     Found  with  the  I'ormer,  hut  only  a  few  of  the  kind  oliservid. 

Fias. '.>,  1(1.  I'o.slerior  and  lateral  views  of  a  specimen  in  whieh  the  shell  is  eoinposed  of  veriniciihir 
pellets,  as  in  lij;.  7.  Siuiu'  of  the  pellets  seen  to  projeet  at  tlio  hold  T.  The  interior  ecnitaiiied  au  oviil 
brownish  ball,  iiroliably  the  nnuh  r. dated  and  einitraeted  sureodi,  '';'!'.;;j,....iin  swamp,  Alweeoin,  N. 
J.,Mareh,lH7,-|.     2.->0 +. 

Flii.  11.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  empty  shell  eoniposed  of  vermienlar  pellets  and  a  few  lar^e 
partieles  of  sand.     Same  locality,  June,  1H77.     i.'iO  +. 

Fig.  VJ.  Individual  with  shell  apparently  formed  by  a  not  with  small  aii;;nlar  meshes,  and  incor- 
porated with  a  few  larK'^  sand  sraiin.  Absecom  jiond,  October,  1^7-1.  '£iO  diameters.  The  strnctnre  as 
represented  1  have  suspected  to  he  illusory,  ami  to  have  been  really  as  in  tin.  H,  but  of  this  I  am  by  no 
means  positive.     I  have  seen  no  nune  of  the  kind  since  the  abovo  date. 

Flit.  Ui.  Individual  with  shell  of  ehitinoid  membrane  incorpoiai'il  with  sealleicd  .sand  );iainH. 
The  (Uitline  of  the  sarcoiU' mass  is  .seen  within,  cmlin;;  bchiw  in  the  project iiif;  pst'udopods.  Ahsceoni 
pond.     '^£1  +. 

Fios.  II,  1,'>.  Itroader  side  view  of  two  indiviiliials,  with  the  shell  composed  of  narrow  rectaiiHular 
plates  arranged  in  all  directions  anil  in  olo.se  juxtaposition.  The  outline  of  the  interior  sareodo  visible 
with  its  extension  to  the  month  of  the  shell.     Same  locality.     'S)0  +. 

Fio.  l(i.  Small  individual,  with  shell  oomposed  of  ehitinoid  meiidiraim  incorporated  with  luiunto 
rods.  It  contains  two  balls:  one  oval  anil  colorless,  probably  the  .sarcode ;  the  other  nlobul.ir  and 
colored,  probably  discharged  remains  of  food.     Same  locality.     'Ji'D  -f . 

Fto.s.  17, 1."*.  Posterior  and  lateral  views  of  an  empty  shell  composed  of  ehitinoid  menibrani  incor- 
jKJrated  with  scattered  diatoms.     Sphagniini  of  Ab.seoom,  October,  lci7.1.     '.'.'0  +. 

Fig.  111.  Uroadcr  lateral  view  of  a  shell  oomposed  of  ohitiimid  iiiembrane,  incorporated  with  scat- 
tered roiLs,  diatoms,  and  sand.     Absecom  ]iond.     ii."0  -j-- 

Fig. 'JO.  Specimen  with  shell  coinpo.seil  as  in  the  preccdin;;,  ami  containin;;  four  balls,  of  which, 
the  two  colorless  ones  appeared  to  consist  of  the  sareode,  while  the  colored  ones  were  supposed  to  con- 
sist, of  discharged  excrement.     Found  in  company  with  the  former.     li,A)  +. 

Figs',  yl.'i'i.  I'oslerior  and  lateral  views  of  an  empty  .shell,  with  nniisnally  long  neck,  and  coni- 
po.sed  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  specimens,  with  which  it  was  obtained.    SfiO  -f. 

Fui."j;t.  llriiadcr  lateral  view  of  a  shell  eoinpo.sed  of  elements  of  nndeterinined  character.  Abso- 
eom  pond,  .June,  l'-77.     'JiA)  -J-. 

Figs.  -.24-20.— DIFFLUOIA  PYRIFOHMIS. 

The  shell  of  coarse  quartz  sand,  and  with  a  slanting  constriction  at  the  root  1,1  he  neck,  so  as  to 
give  it  an  appear.'ince  approximating  that  of  Vifflnijia  ijiinilin.  Swarthmore  brick-poud,  September, 
1H74.  yOO -f.  Others  of  a  similar  character  fonnd  at  the  same  time.  Sarcode  cohirless,  except  a 
clay-colored  line  to  the  enilosare.  Mo.st  speeimens  also  exhibited  a  black  patch,  probably  due  to  Romo 
peculiar  food. 

F1G8.  ^-liO.— rtlFFHIOIA  URPKOLATA. 

Fig.  37.  Small  iiidividnal,  with  shull  of  ehitinoid  iiienihrane  incorporated  with  diatoms  and  sand, 
and  with  an  nnnsually  irregular  surface.  China  Lake,  Uinta  MoiintainH,  Wyoming  Territory,  August, 
1877.     aiiO  +. 

Fig.  28.  Variety  l)ij)tmjiu  ollii.  Lateral  view,  with  shell  composed  of  coarse  sand,  and  with  pro- 
jected iiseudopods.     Absecom  pond,  New  .Jersey.     yO()  -(-. 

Fig.  v".t.  Variety  Itiffnijia  olio.  Later.al  view  of  an  empty  shell,  eoinposed  of  ehitinoid  membrane 
incorporated  with  dialom.s,  etc.     Fonnd  in  the  same  locality  as  the  pi-.'oeding.     200  -\-. 


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riiATK    XX. 

Kins.  I   l().— IIVAI.OSI'III'.NIA  CUNI'.ATA. 

Km.  I.  Ili-oiulrr  laliTiil  view  of  im  iiidiviiliml  willi  a  pair  nl'  iirojritiMl  |mi'iiil«)ii)<lN.  Tlic  attai'li- 
iiirul  of  llic  interior  iiHCMilopoilal  tlucailN  proiliii'i's  inilentatioiis  of  tlio  tlclicato  Nhell.  Sj>i'iii|;  al  l.aiiH- 
ilowuo  station,  Oi'lawaiv  County,  I'runsylvaniii,  .Vpril,  IS/fi.     ,'^ilHI  clianictriH. 

Kid.'.'.  Ili'iiailci'  lateral  view  of  anollier  indiviilnal  friini  tlie  .same  Inealit.v,  .lannar.v,  |HTS.  KiK,<l, 
TraiiNVerse  section  of  tlie  sanic>.     (iliti  ilianielerM. 

Kl(;s.  1,,^.  Ilroailer  aiii!  narrower  lateral  views  of  an  iniliviilnal,  frinii  the  saine  locality,  , lime, 
1871.     lUUi  (liaineti'is. 

Kl(l.><. ti-ltt.  Series  of  view.s  of  a  pair  of  iinlividnals  in  conjugation  exiiiliiliii);  Hiu'ecHsivo  cliimgeit 
in  tlu'  sarcotle.     Same  locality  as  the  pirei'iliiif;,  .liuie,  i-vl.     I'.tHl  iliaini'ti'is. 

Kins.  1  !-!(<.— llYAl.OSniKN  I A  TINrrA.    WH)  iliainelerH. 

Kill.  II.  Kmpty  shell,  showing  minute  apertures  at  the  marnin,  intliculeil  liy  (hi'  arrows  «. 
Splia>!iuiin,  .\tco,  N.  ,1. 

Ki  1'.'.  Viewof  the  broader  side  of  a  living  individual,  showing;  the  retract  ion  of  the  sarcode 
from  lie  iioulh  of  the  shell  \vliil<>  psciulopods  are  yet  projected.  Ki(;.  i;i.  Transverse  vii'W  of  the  saiiie. 
Spha)<;noiis  swamp,  'I'ohyhanna,  I'idioiio  Mountain,  ,liily,  I^Tli. 

Km.  1 1.  Ilroader  siilc  view  of  an  individnal,  with  projected  pscndopods.  Ki^.  I.^.  Traiisveise 
Beottoii  of  the  same,  with  the  mouth. 

Kms.  Il'i,  IT.  Ilroader  and  narrower  lateral  views  of  i.iol  her  ini''vidual,  with  psendopods  wilh- 
i'.rnwn.     Same  locality  as  the  iirecedinj;. 

Km.  IS.  Small  eniiity  shell,  showinn  minute  apertures  at  the  holder.     Same  locality. 

Kms.  li)-':0.— r.YAl.OSlMIK.MA  Kl.KOANS.     .M:t)  diameters. 

Kuis.  I!)-'.M. — Kroiii  the  same  individual.  Kif;.  I'.).  Hl'oadcr  lateral  view,  .sliowiiiK  """  interior  Nir- 
eode  attached  liy  p.seudopodal  threads,  and  w  ilh  projcited  pseudopods.  Ki);. '.'II.  NHrrower  lateral  view  of 
the  shell,  showing;  the  cup-like  deii;essions.  Ki(j.'.'I.  Transverse  view,  w'lh  the  month.  S|diaKiiiiin, 
Alweeoiii,  N.  ,).,  (htolier,  li'l. 

Km. '*'.'.  Ilroailer  lateral  view  of  an  individual  willi  iiiiiple  sarcode  anil  projected  pseudopods.  ;>.  r. 
contractile  vesicles.     With  the  precediii);. 

Km. '-';t.  liroadei- lateral  view  of  an  individual  with  projected  pseudopods.  The  sarcode  exhihif.s 
at  its  pi'riphery  four  ecuitrai'tile  vesicles;  and  the  uiich'iis  is  eccentric.  Hieadth  of  shell  O.IKM  mm.  liy 
(I.IKW  mm.     .Mi.si'com,  May,    1S77.     (The  lilliograidier  has  erroneously  colored  the  sarcode,) 

Km.'.'l.  Ilroader  lateral  view,  reversed,  with  the  saii'ode  contracteil  into  an  ovoidal  hall;  and 
exhihitiiifi;  in  the  neck  a  niiinlier  of  round  halls,  supposed  to  he  excrementitioiis  and  disehai'ivd  Iroiii 
the  .sarcode.     Spha);iiiiiii,  Swarthmore,  Di'lawiire  Coiinty,  April,  1S77. 

I'm.'.';').  >Speciiiieii  containiii);  isolated  corpuscles,  prohalily  spores  or  );crnis,  rcsnlliii);  from  the 
MeKmenlation  of  the  ori);iual  sareoile.     Spha;;iiiini,  Ahsecom,  Ocloher,  IH7I. 

Km.'.'li.   Narrower  lateral  vii'W  of  the  shell  of  l!ic  same, 

Km. '.'7.  Individual  <vilh  the  saicoile  in  an  encysted  conilitioii.  A  frcipicnt  foriii  and  condition  in 
HphaKiiuiu  of  Sihooley's  Mountain,  New  ,lei-sey,  Oitidicr,  1S7I. 

Km. '2H.  Specimen  with  encysted  sarcode.  The  arrow  ii  points  to  one  of  the  luiniite  iiperliires  of 
the  ..hell.     Ah.sccmu,  N,  .1.,  April,  ISili. 

Km. '.I'.  Spcciiueii  with  encysted  sarcoih'.  The  inontli  of  the  shell  cl(v.si'd  with  a  loimhcr  of  IiiiIIh 
disehai'ged  fi-oiii  the  .saivode.     A  frcinicnl  eoiidition  at  .\lisecoui,  N.  ,!.,  Novemher,  IK?  .. 


, 


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1    Hi  iiYA,,(i.snil';Ml/«     iHiNi.AiA      il    If.  il   'I'lliriw      ;'»    ;'"     il    !■:;  I'CAtJ;' 


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PLATE    XXI 


1;  ;:;, 


.  I  :■  ■•  ■  \'^ 


.'I      !; 


HYALOSPHKNIA  TAPILIO.    500  tliamctors. 

FlO.  1.  Broftdor  lalcnil  view  of  nil  imlividiial  in  the  norninl  position,  willi  projectert  ,)8endopodB, 
and  in  the  net  of  discliarginj;  cxcivnifnlitons  nintliT.  Tho  Harcodo  nearly  filling  tlio  shell;  the  largo 
grannlar  niiclous  visible  in  the  fundiiH,  and  contigiionH  to  it  four  elear  eoutractilc  vesicles.  Abnndant 
form  in  sphagnum  of  most  localities  in  the  United  States.  Specimen  from  cedar  swamp,  Absecom,  N. 
,1.,  May,  1877. 

FlO. 'i.  Outline  of  flie  narrower  lateral  view  of  the  following. 

Fio.  3.  Broader  lateral  vi«>w  of  an  iiidividnal  with  protruded  psendopods.  Found  with  that  of 
fig.  1. 

Fig.  4.  Individual  in  which  the  sareodo  is  much  reduced  in  extent,  probably  from  defleicncy  of 
food.  Three  iscdated  green  coriniseles  are  seen  in  the  space  between  the  sareodo  and  shell.  Sphagnous 
swamp,  Tobyhanna,  I'okouo  Mountain,  July,  lH7(i. 

Figs.  .'">,  f).  'i  wo  views  of  the  same  individual,  witii  the  Barcode  retracted  from  the  month  of  the 
shell.     Spliagnum,  New  Jersey,  May  1877. 

Figs. 7, 8.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual,  with  the  sareode  contracted  into  a  discoid  ball. 
Absecom,  October,  1874. 

Fig.  i>.  Narrower  lateral  vicv  of  an  individual  with  encysted  sareode,  and  with  tlii'  mouth  of  tho 
shell  closed  by  contraction  and  ly  ;iii  operculum.     With  the  jucceding. 

Fig.  10.  Broad  view  of  a  sijuiiar  specimen;  the  mouth  of  the  slu'll  not  closed.  The  sareodo 
encysted.  Tho  two  brown  balls  consist  of  discharged  excrenieiititoim  matter.  Absecom  swamp,  Oeto- 
biT,  1874. 

1''IG.  11.  View  of  broader  side  of  a  specimen  ;  the  mouth  of  the  shell  closed  by  an  operi'nlnni ;  the 
sareode,  encysted.     Sphagnnm,  Swarlhmore,  Delaware  County,  reimsylvania,  Oi^tober,  187.'). 

Fio.  Vi.  View  of  n  specimen,  containing  numerous  green  coi-puscles.  J''rom  sphagnum  of  Abse- 
com, preserve-'  in  a  glass  case  during  the  winter.  The  specimen  observed  December,  1874.  Many  simi- 
lar ones  observed,  with  variable  quantities  of  green  corpuscles,  which  arc  snspected  to  be  germs  or 
spores  <U>rived  from  the  breaking  up  of  the  encysted  sareodo. 

Fig.  i:i.  Specimen  of  a  kind  repeatedly  observed.  Shell  containing  colorless  granular  eoi-pusclcs. 
These  occur  of  varied  nize  and  in  variable  quantity.  Undetermined  whether  to  be  tho  spores  of  tho 
Ilyalosphenia,  or  whether  they  aie  parasitic.     Sphagnum,  New  Jersey,  April,  1877. 

Figs.  14,  IT).  Transverse  sections,  exhibiting  the  form  of  tho  month,  and  the  attachments  of  tho 
saicodo  mass  to  tho  interior  of  tho  shell. 


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gooft^o 

oocYrc 

o^oo 
o  oo 

o 


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PLATE    XXTI. 

NEBELA  COLLARIS.    r.OO  diametcis. 

From  Mphnfriiiiin  of  the  Hphiiguoiis  uiiil  iMMliir  HwaiupH  ni'  Nuw  Jontey. 

Fio.  1.  Broadur  littoral  viinv  of  a,  living  iiulividiial  in  the  uormal  position,  with  pBOudopods 
nxteudcd.     Shell  composed  mostly  of  nearly  uniform  oval  plntcs. 

Figs. 2-4.  Three  views  of  the  same  individual: — 2.  broader  lateral  view,  with  interior  sarcoile 
and  extended  pseiidopods;  !$,  outline  of  iiaiTower  lateral  view;  4,  outline  of  transverse  suction  with 
view  of  the  month.     Shell  composed  of  regular  ciicnlar  disks. 

Figs.  5,  (i.  Two  views  of  the  sanie : — 5,  narrower  side;  6,  broader  side,  containing  a  number 
of  unequally  round  and  ovul  granular,  clay-colored  balls.  Shell  composed  of  larger  oval  pftitcs,  with 
intervening  minute  round  and  narrow  rectangnlar  plates. 

Fig.  7.  Individual  with  sarcode  encysted,  and  throat  of  tho  shell  closed  by  a  thick  laminar  oper- 
culum, apparently  compo.sed  of  materials  discharged  from  tho  sarcode.  Shell  composed  chiefly  of  largo 
oval  plates,  with  smaller  round  ones  and  a  fc^v  narrow  rectangular  ones. 

Fio.  8.  Indiviilual  with  the  yellowish  sarcode  contracted  into  a  ball  and  about  to  pass  into  tho 
encysted  condition;  with  tho  food  materials  still  retained.  Shell  composed  of  comparatively  small 
round  disks,  largest  in  tho  neck,  and  mingled  with  a  few  spongilla  spicules. 

Fig.  9.  Kmpty  shell,  reversed  position,  composed  mostly  of  largo  ovul  plates. 

Fig.  10.  Individual  with  small  sarcode  forming  a  central  ball.  Shell  composed  of  larger  ovul 
plates  at  the  fundus,  with  scattered  ones  of  tho  same  kind  in  tho  throat,  and  the  wide  intervals  occupied 
by  small  round  plates. 

Figs.  U,  VJ.  Two  lateral  views  of  small  empty  shells,  accompanying  the  former  specimen ;  in  ono 
with  mostly  oval  plates ;  in  tho  other  with  circular  plates. 

Fig.  13.  Broader  lateral  view  of  au  empty  shell,  composed  of  linear  plates  mingled  with  a  few 
scattered  round  and  oval  ones. 

Fig.  14.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  empty  shell,  composed  at  tho  fundus  mainly  of  largo  oval 
plates,  and  in  tho  lower  two-thirds  of  small  round  and  oval  plates,  with  scattered  linear  plates. 

a       Fig.  15.  Empty  shell,  in  outline,  composed  mainly  of  oval  plates,  decreasing  in  size  towards  tho 
mouth,  and  mingled  with  smaller  circular  and  a  few  rectangular  plates. 

Fio.  10.  Small  shell,  composed  of  comparatively  very  large  oval  plates,  mingled  ,vith  minute 
round  ones. 

Fig.  17.  Empty  shell,  composed  of  circular  plates,  split  at  the  fundus,  showing  that  tho  iissnre 
follows  tho  intervals  of  the  plates. 

Fig.  18.  Shell,  of  narrow  rectangular  and  oval  plates,  from  which  a  broad  strip  was  broken  away, 
showing  that  tho  fracture  follows  the  intervals  of  tho  plates. 

Fio.  19.  Fragment  of  the  same  shell  more  highly  magnified.    850  diameters. 

Fig.  20.  Similar  fragment,  in  outline,  from  a  different  focus. 


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PLATE    XXIII. 

Fuis.  1-7.— NKIIKI.A  COhl.ARIS. 

Nui'l'DWi'r  vnrivty  tlmii  llu'  iiiciri'  riiiiiiiion  I'nrin,  with  ii  pair  «)'  iiiiniiti'  a|i<'rtiiri's  ri'iu'cri'd  iiroiiii- 
licut  at  the  iiiiiTowcr  liiinli'r  of  the  hImII,  iiiiiiUcil  »  in  ti^.  'I. 

l''Ui.  1.  Itroiidrr  liili'iiil  view,  willi  ]iiotru(li(l  iwi'iiiliipodH.  Ilu'  nIicU  coiiiiMinftl  <>f  larfrn  ovnl 
platoH.     Splmuiiiim  of  AliNi'coiii,  N.  .1.,  Krpti'inlic'i',  lf(4.     r>:tll -f-. 

Fi(i.  2.  IlrKiiiIci'  latrriil  viiw  ipfan  iiiilividiial  willi  ciic.vHli'd  unrrodp,  niid  shell  elosod  with  n  thiol) 
liiininnr  opiTcnluiii,  aliove  vliicli  IIumi'  is  an  aci  lunulatiim  ol'  ilimliarncd  rxcrcinfnliliiinH  matters. 
Sliell  conipiweil  of  intermingled  linear  and  eirenlar  plateH.  I'i;;.  :i.  Outline  of  tlie  narrower  lateral 
view  of  tlie  Haine.     Spliajjniini  of  Selinole.v's  Slonntain.  Ni'W  ,Ierwy,  f)etol)<'r,  IHT-I.     Ml) -(-. 

FidS.  4-(i.  Tliri'o  viewH  of  the  same  individual: — (if;,  t,  hroader  lateral  view;  tin.  fi,  narrower 
lateral  vii'W  ;  theKareode  visilde  in  liotli  and  with  protrudeil  pNeudopodH.  Shell  eom])ow'd  r>f  eireular 
plates  dienasiufj  in  size  towards  the  month.  l"i(;.  (i.  Outline  of  a  transverse  seetion.  Sphii(;unni  of 
Ahscconi,  N.  J.,  May,  IHTC.     r>:t;i  +. 

]''l(i.7.  llroader  lateral  view  of  an  individual  with  reticulated  shell  and  eneysted  sareiide;  the 
thruat  of  the  shell  closed  hy  a  lenticular  opereuluni.    Aliseeoni  iioiid,  New  Jersey,  Oetoher,  li"7r),    :).">(•  -{-. 

Vicf  8-10.— NKIJELA  I'J-AllELLUIJIM. 

I'm.  H.  Broader  lateral  view  o.'a  liviuf;  individual  in  the  normal  positicni,  w  itli  protruded  jiseudo- 
pods,  and  with  shi'll  eoMii)osi'd  of  nearly  uniform,  larfje  oval  plates.  The  lar>{e  clearer  central  spot  at 
tln' fundus  (d' the  sarcode  indicates  the  nucleus;  and  font  clear  vesicles  at  the  periphery  eonti;;ui)Us  to 
the  latter  indicate  contractile  vesicles.  JJicadth  of  shell,  0.()'.)7  mm.  hy  (1.(14  mm.  Spha;;nuni  of  Alise- 
eoni, N.  J.,  Septemher.  1H7.").     7(10  diameters. 

I'lfi.O.  llroader  lateral  view  i<(  an  inilividu.'il,  with  protruded  pseudopods.  Shell  composed 
of  mostly  circular  platisof  very  variable  size.  Two  c(uitractile  vesicles  are  seen,  of  which  one  occupies 
!i  pridouKation  ot  the  sareodi'  at  the  fundus  on  the  left.  Kij;.  Id.  Outline  of  a  transverse  hcction,  witi 
the  mouth.     Same  locality.     .IdO  diameters. 

I'Ki.  11.  Itroader  later.  1  vii'W  of  a  living  individual.     Shell  composed  of  circular  plates,  of  wh 
the  larger  (Uics  me  scattered  with  an  ai>proximati(in  to  re);ularity,  whih^  the  smaller  ones  occupy  i.. 
int-rvals.     S|)ha};nnm,  Swarthmorc,  Delaware  County,  .Iune,lP77. 

I'KiS.  I'J,  l:!.  Two  vi(nvs  of  the  sanu' iuilividnal,  with  the  sarcode  contracted  into  a  central  hall. 
Shell  eom]iosed  of  circular  |>liiti's.  The  inirrowcr  side  viewed  in  a  diflTeront  focus  from  the  hroader  side. 
Absi'com,  N.  .1.,  Oetoher,  lt!74. 

l'"l(!.  14.  Hroader  lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  the  sarcode  contracted  into  a  hall,  and  con- 
taininjr  a  lar^e  and  uniform  ^^rannlar  nni'leu.s.  Shell  eoni]io.se<l  of  linear  plates  intermingled  with  round 
r.iid  oval  plates;  and  the  month  closed  hy  an  operenhnu.     Lonfjieonnuf;,  N. .J., Oetoher,  1875. 

Fl(i.  1.").  llroaiier  later.il  view  of  an  inilividmil  in  which  the  shell  is  not  prolonged  into  a  neck. 
Common  form  in  siihagnnm  of  Tohyhanna,  I'okouo  Mountain,  I'c'iinsylvania,  .Inly,  187G. 

Kits.  1(1.  Hroader  lateral  view,  reversed,  of  an  eni|)ty  shell  compo.sed  id'  large  mostly  circular 
plate.s  with  th<'  intervals  oei'upied  hy  snudi  ones.     Found  in  the  same  locidity. 

Fig.  17.  Empty  shell  composed  of  oval  phite.s.     Absecom,  N..I. 

Fig.  18.  Empty  shell,  of  circular  ."ii.ii  oval  plates  of  variable  size,  nnugh'd  with  linear  platt^s. 
With  the  preeodhig. 

Fig.  lit.  Emidy  shell  of  circular,  oval,  smuue,  and  linear  plates.     Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.,  May,  1877. 


1  .    '.I''  I. 


■;,  .■I'l*,!.;;   '  K  •"■■•  i-..:hhi;'M, 


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nil: 


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PLATE    XXTV 


ill 


li.is.  I   lU.    NKIIIOI.A  CARIIVATA. 

FlO.  1.  UroniliT  l.'itcr.'il  virw  dC  ii  liviiif;  imlivi  liial,  with  iinitrinlcd  )).sim|(1oi)ih1m,  .'iml  slicll  coiii- 
poHod  of  tliiii  platen  (if  v.'irinlilc  n1;:i)ics.  l'"ij;."J.  Oiitlinr  nf  tin- iwuTdwrr  siili' vii'w.  FiK- •'■  'rr.'iiisvt'ino 
Hoi'tiO'    with  oiitHiiiv  of  tlio  month.     S|ih:iKiiiiiii  of  AIikccoiii,  N.  •).,  .Imik',  IH77.     'JM)  iliiiiiii'ti'rN. 

l''ui.  1.  lli'iiaih'i' hitrral  virw  of  an  inilividnal  in  which  tlio  Haroodc  is  of  uri'atcr  |iroporti(niat« 
I'xjcnt  than  in  the  inoccdiiij;,  and  the  Hhrl!  coniiMiscd  of  )ihit»'H  of  vaiii'd  shaprH  has  al.so  a  few  (lartii'.les 
ofisand  attached — a  rare  occnirmcc  in  any  spccica  of  Ncbchi.     Ahscconi.  October,  \K7i.     XiO -f. 

'  Fki.T).  Itidividnal  with  Harcixhi  contracted  into  an  oval  hall,  and  throat  of  whcll  closed  liy  .'V  lanii- 
inted  opercnliiiii.  Tli("  hIicU  ('oniposed  of  thin  ani;nlar  pi  lies.  Spha^^nnni,  Swarthniore,  Dchiwaro 
Connt.v,  rennsylvania,  June,  1H77.     i-TiO +.     llreadtli  of  nhell,  <i.U18  nnn.  hy  0.<I4  nun. 

FlO.C).  Vi(^w  of  one-half  of  the  broader  side  of  an  empty  shell,  composed  of  round  .'uiil  oval  plates 
of  very  unequal  sizes.     Ahseco)u,N.  .1.     81icll,  O.IIHW  nun.  by  l).(i:!(i  nun.    .'^lOO-f. 

Fig. 7.   More  highly  niajiuificd  view  of  it  pent  ion  of  the  same  under  a  did'crcnt  focus. 

FlG.8.  View  of  one-half  of  an  eniiity  shell  with  a  coui]iaratively  narrow  carina;  the  shell  com- 
posed of  larfjc  oval  plates,  with  sni.iU  and  •■■.osllj  circular  ones  in  Ihcv  intervals.     Absecom,  N.  .7.     :!."iO-f-. 

FUi.  !>.  View  of  one-half  of  the  broader  side  of  an  empty  shell  with  ;:  wiih-  or  deep  carina  ;  th« 
shell  compirsed  mostly  of  nnnnte  round  plates,  interminjjled  with  linear  plates  and  a  few  lar};e  oval 
ones.     Absecom,  N.  . I.     ;t;"iO-|^. 

Flo.  10.  Kmiity  shell,  with  broad  keel,  composed  of  cliitinoid  mendirane  inciu'porated  with  scat- 
tered i)articles  of  sand,  etc.     Ab.seeom;  N.  .).     UKI  diameters. 


Fics.  11,  Vi.  -NKHKLA  COLLAKIS. 


liti.  11.  Fmply  shell,  compo.scd  of  chilinoid  mcndirauc,  iiuorporatcd  with  thin  an^jular  silicious 
plates,  separated  by  narrow  intervals.  .Sphagnum,  Vincland,  \.  ,1.,  Septendier,  lf^7(i.  MM  diameters. 
A  similar  sp<'cimen  I'oiMid  on  Itroad  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  with  shell  (1.1  nun.  loiiK,  and  (l.dlW  nun.  by 
il.O''  nun.  broad. 

I'Ki.  rj.  F.nipty  shell  i!omposed  of  thin,  irrcfjular,  angular  silicious  )datcs  in  clo.se  juNtaposil ion. 
.^<(I0  diaiueters.  Iheadth  of  shell  ll.tKil  mm.  by  It.l)-.' mm.  This  and  the  preceding;  lorin  are  transitional 
to  the  coin|U(sse<l  variety  of  hiffliiijiti  i>!iril'ormis. 

Fi(!.  i:t.— NKHKLA  IIIPPOCRKPIS. 

An  empty  shell,  with  inllciled  hollow,  spur-likt^  processes ;  the  shell  composed  of  circular  over- 
lappiu};  plates.     Absi'com  pimd,  New  .li'rsey,  Scpti'Ui'i.cr,  IHTti.     'i.MI  diameters. 


Fio.s.  11-17.— \Klli;i,A  IIARUATA.     .MMi  iliameters. 


ill 


it^t 


Fl<i.  11.  Hroadir  literal  view  of  an  individn.-il,  the  shell  nearly  repleli'  with  the  sarcodl^  and  with 
projected  pscudopods.  The  entire  snrfai'c'  of  the  shell  hirsute.  Sphajjuum  water,  Absecom,  >Se|item- 
ber,  lH7.->. 

FlCiS.  l.'i,  ICi.  Two  views  of  an  individual,  with  the  sarcodc  withdrawn  into  the  body  of  the  shell. 
.Same  localil/. 

Flii.  17.  Individual  with  lln^  sareode  contr'iete<I  into  a  ball,  ami  with  the  necU  of  thi'  slnll  occu- 
pied with  discharged  I'xcri'nientitious  uiatter.     Same  locality. 

riti.s.  IS,  la— NKIJFI-A. 

Fid.  l"*.  .\n  empty  shell,  the  lu'oad.'r  lati'ral  view,  reversed,  cnmpniu-d  of  circular  plates  of  un- 
ei|ual  si/.<'.  Internu'diate  in  ehanicter  to  yihila  Imrlmla  and  \ibcla  eollarin,  lioin^  shaped  liltu  the  lormer, 
but  without  (^ils  as  ill  the  latter.     Absei'om,  N.  ,1.,  April,  lH7r>.     .'lOO -f . 

Flc.  !!•.  .\n  empty  shell  nearly  like  the  tbriner.  China  Lake,  Uiiila  Mountains,  Wyoniiiif?  Ter- 
ritory, August,  1877.     UKI+.. 

Fio.s.  ■Jd-a,').  -QirADRlILA  SVMMKl'RK'A. 

Fill.  ".id.  Lateral  view  of  a  living  inilividnal.  .\rouiid  the  base  of  the  sareode  there  were  luiimirous 
detached  plates  like  tlnwe  of  tlie  shell,      rond  at  \ine!.iid,  N.  ,1.,  .Seiileinher,  lH7li.     rMO+. 

Fins.  oi.O'J.  Two  enility  shells.     Absecom  pond,  X.  .1.     ,")(H( -|-. 

I'Ki.yit.  Kmpty  shell.     Dilil the  SchiiylUiU,  above  Miiiiayiink,  l'hilitdel]ihia,  April, 11^7. 

Fill. 'J I.  Plates  of  a  similar  shell  highly  iiia;riii|i(.d. 

Fill.  U,').  Hroader  lateral  view  of  an  individual  in  which  the  Hureode  is  contraeted  into  an  nvnl 
discoid  hall,  and  the  mouth  of  the  shell  is  closed  with  a  thick  laminated operniiliiin.  Tho  pliites  of  the 
shell  arr.aiineil  in  ix  iiiiich  more  diajtonal  conrtu^  tliiiii  iiHiial.  Spliiigiium,  AhHecom,  N,  J.,  October,  IH74. 
'.t'lO  diainetci'N. 


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PLATE    XXV. 

Fios.  1-8.— NEUKLA  ANSATA.    SKO  dinniotcr.s.  " 

V\r,.  1.  Broader  lateral  view  of  a  well  IVtl,  active  iiiilividiial,  with  snrrode  nearly  illliiig  the  Hhell, 
extendiiijj;  iiitii  (he  aiipeiidajfes,  and  with  projeeted  pseudopods.  The  ahiiiidaiiee  of  food  eoiiccnls  (he 
mieleiiN  ;  a  eonlraetilo  vesiele  seen  on  eaeh  side.  The  Iar{;o  vacuole  within  the  neck  w;i8  observed 
gradually  to  approach  the  mouth  of  the  shell  and  discharge  its  contents.  Sphagnum,  Absecom,  N.  J., 
,Iui:e,  1877. 

Fi(j.2.  Individual  with  smaller  sarcode  attached  to  the  fundus  of  the  shell  by  tapering  threads, 
and  with  projected  pseudopods.  Nucdeus  visibU^  as  a  clearer  spot ;  and  a  contractile  vesiele  on  eaeh 
side.     Sarcode  in  the  act  of  discharging  excrement  it  ions  mat'er.     .Same  locality,  September,  1875. 

Fio. ;{.  ludividiuil  in  which  the  abundant  sarcode  is  withdrawn  from  the  mouth  of  the  shell 
The  yi'llow  balls  apparently  food.     With  the  ]ireceding. 

Fio.  4.  Individual  in  which  th(i  sarcode  is  contracted  into  an  oval  discoid  ball,  ready  to  beconui 
encysted ;  the  mouth  of  the  shill  closed  by  a  laminated  operi'iilum  comixised  of  nuitcrials  discharged 
from  the  sarcode.  Fig,  .">.  Outline  of  the  narrower  lateml  view  of  the  same.  Absecom,  N.  J.,  September, 
1874. 

Figs.  6, 7,8.  Views  from  three  specimens  exhibiting  the  difterent  forms  of  elements  composing 
the  shell.     Same  locality. 

Figs.  9-14.— NEBELA  HIPPOCREPIS. 

From  sjihagnum  of  Absecom,  N.  J.     250  diameters. 

Figs. 9-11, 13.  Three  views  of  the  same  individual: — iig. 0,  broader  lateral  view,  with  sarcode 
extended  and  pseudopods  projected;  fig.  10,  narrower  lateral  view  of  the  same;  iig.  11,  bro.ider  lateral 
view,  with  the  sarcode  retracted  from  the  mouth  of  the  shell  ;  fig.  l:t,  superior  view  as  the  animal, 
presents  itself  lieiieath  the  microscope  when  in  the  normal  position.     August,  1874. 

Figs.  P.J,  14.  Two  views  of  an  individual,  with  the  sarcode  very  small,  apparently  exemplifying 
a  starved  condition.  In  tig.  12  the  sarcode  is  greatly  extended  and  attached  to  the  fundus  by  long 
psendopo'lal  tapering  threads.  I'sendopods  are  protruded,  and  the  sarcode  is  in  the  act  of  discharging 
excrement.  In  iig.  14  the  sarcode  is  retracted  and  has  formed  an  attachment  to  the  ends  of  the  horse- 
shoe appendage.    Sopt«>mber,  1874. 


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PLATE    X  X  \^  1 . 

Flos.  1-11.— HELKOPKUA  VICTA. 

From  tlie  Bi>li!i)riiniii  of  (*i>liiit;n<)iiH  h\vani|>H  of  Nrw  Ji'rsc.v.     riOOdiuiiii'ttTH. 

FlQ.  I,  Hron<ler  latiTiil  view  of  uii  iiulividmil,  willi  n  prol'iisioii  iil'  |)hi'ii<1i>|>ii(1n.     Ajiril,  1875. 

Fio.  12.  Hrnntlor  lalcriil  vii>\v  of  an  iiiilivitliial,  witli  tlu>  saiTnih;  l'onuiii<;  an  t'liryHtcd  ball,  and 
with  thpsbcU  clom-d  liy  ii  Irnticiilar,  laininntt'd  optnciilnni.     Aiiril,  1877. 

FlO.  ;i.  N.'irniwcr  lateral  view  of  an  empty  Hliell. 

Fio.  4.  Individual  with  the  Hareode  eneysted,  and  with  tho  month  of  tbo  (dioll  closed  by  an  oper- 
culum.    April,  1877. 

Flo.  5.  Am>tlier  Hppcinien  in  tlii>  same  eonditiiin  n.s  the  precedin);,  Jnne,  1877. 

Fl08. (i, 7.  Two  viewH  of  the  same  individual,  with  eneyHted  Hareode,  and  month  of  the  shell 
closed.    The  fundus  of  the  kIu'U  with  an  aecunwilation  of  incorporateil  f;ruina  of  sainl.     October,  lri74. 

Fi(is.  8, 9,  Two  views  of  the  same  Hpeeimen.  In  tig.  8  nunuTons  isolated  Rreeu  corpuscles  are 
seen,  sui)poHed  to  lio  germs  derived  from  the  breaking  up  of  tlie  sareode.  In  tig. !)  the  mouth  is  seen  to 
bo  contracted.     Collected  in  .*»ei>tember,  187  l,  and  observed  December  ;10,  of  the  s!imo  year. 

FiCi.  10.  Si>ecimen  containing  scattered  green  coquisclcs  or  gvrnis.  Fnnilus  of  the  shell  with 
incorporated  sand  grains.     November,  1-74. 

Fio.  U.  Transverse  view  of  an  empty  shell  showing  the  mouth. 

Figs,  l-i-20.— HELEOPERA  PETKICOLA. 

Fio.  18.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  active  individual,  with  jirojected  pseudopods;  the  fundus  of 
the  shell  loaded  with  an  accumulation  of  large  grains  of  sand.  Hajumonton  pond,  New  Jei-sey,  Septem- 
ber, 1877.     ;i;t;i  diameters. 

Fio.  1:1.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  indiviilual  with  ei'cysted  sarcodo,  and  with  the  mouth  of  the 
shell  <'lo8i'd  by  an  opcrculnm.  Fig.  14.  Narrower  lateral  view  of  the  same,  iu  outline.  Sphagnum, 
Longacoming,  N.  .1. ,  September,  1875.    500  dianu'ters. 

Fio.  15.  Empty  shell,  with  conical  fundus;  broader  lateral  view.  Absecom,  N.  J.,  September, 
1875.    !i50-f. 

Figs.  10, 17.  T<ro  views  of  an  empty  slioll.     Absecom  ])<md,  N.  J.    800-)-. 

Fio.  18.  Broailcr  lateral  vitsw  of  an  empty  shell.  Fig.  10.  Transverse  section  of  the  same,  with 
the  mouth.     Sphagnum,  Absecom,  N.  J.    800 -f. 

Fio.  80.  Empty  shell  thickly  incorporated  with  fragments  of  diato  .is  and  sand.  Absecom  pond, 
N.  J.     850  +. 

Figs.  21-24.— NEBELA  CAUDATA. 


Sphagnnm  of  Absecom,  N.  J.    500  diameters. 

Fig.  81.  Broader  lateral  view  of  an  empty  shell.    June,  1877. 

Fig.  88.  Individual  in  whicli  the  shell  appeared  to  bo  comjiosed  of  chitinoid  membraue,  with  cir- 
cular disks.  The  sarcodo  encysted,  and  the  mouth  of  the  shell  closed  by  a  thick  laminated  operculum. 
September,  1874. 

Figs.  23,24.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual,  with  encysted  snrcode,  and  mouth  of  the  shell 
closed.    The  shell  wos  of  chitinoid  membrane  of  obscure  structure.    April,  1876. 


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osl.'   ,iiiA>!\.'\  1<^  tin-  (««vv>iM   <»<    0\<'  i>1\>>\l   1<>    irtV''""«l  'lio'ti''"      S«in(1n\»i>(i'  <vi(<U  )'»iiil.   I>«>li««i»ni 

)'V\.    .\     \ll.i\\  \i1l\.<\    «  »(1\  <-<n1iM>i\  »tliH,  !l>>'  ":»■    'Xti'    <  l"!!*!!'    «illu-l        S;Hni>    lid  :iUm  .  !lllil    niilail'lliil 

V^i  '  \  •«1.>v.l\  >\<'W  <M  :>H  n<n\v  *>nl\\  (<\<i;i\,  \>ii<\  «,>\i'i>.)i'  \\«U>li'.  «\ili  \>ivn\iil.it  iiuiilIiummIw, 
iwi!  w  \<1\  ivili' xvUii«  rUoW        V\w.-.mh  h«m\<I.  \    .1  .    ViMil.l-rtV     :(iM'  \  . 

1"V<;  S  rv|^<^V\i<"«  o(  ,■«  >  1^1^^ll>>•«  \Hi\>\  i<\»,l\  t'llr  |i»l>'0<ll'  rttl{ti'ltril  )>\  tit)>rlil\u  ll>\>;lil-i  (ii  ll(i> 
^^^h^^•^.^^  M  t\w  »1>oU  .  ,i<\M<«.t  il»  Km>\o(   (Ui«  <•>>«(  >-«riUi'  m  «iv\iw  \\«U>U'.  miil  imm-  (tiKinilh    i  |iiiii  nt 

(1.  iN«o  yM  tbf  iiiiol.^i      TsMwoiuu  l'':»vV.  rinlii(r\\>l\\.>.  ,ln\«>,  If^T^     l?."0  f 

Vl<;s  !*,  1<^  V«•>^  »  \<>n»  >»(  ll><'  fXwW  ^\^^^l^  ,■>  lU\l\iJ  l>\«v(mi-l>  ;  tmVliiM  \\>'H  '<l\<n\  inu  d  i  Ullllliltril 
«ll^lH1^,  ,m.l  l.ilt").^!  V  i>"«  »l\.>wm(i '''""'"'''' ""^"  "'•  ''"'"   '"■>'«''>' '1\.m(\imhIi       Mo.  i  i><\i  )ii>',»',  \i»  .Ii-ivi>\. 

I'liis  1\.\'^  \  .n.>v,i>  m.i  i\vr''i  Mi'«»>>(  :<>>  u\ili\  i>\>i.\l.  «i\li  tl\.'  '<!Hiim1.  \  inOili'.  iiml  "lili  pin 
^^  txsl  )^•^^ll*?«l)>»>1^^  o.  iiu.ltn  ;  ^.  »^Mitv;l«  ill*'  \  <  M»  Ir  .  .■.  .luiii^^oui  t  ..ipU'-.'Ir'i  ill  tiir  imniiil  ttriw.itt 
iho  viis  .^ ?.<  sn.l  i\w    liiO!  .  o\  \(»i-(iv  ,»ii  \miMi1i\     t'.iuMuMiiit  r.iik.  .imic,  \S;:      v\Mi  ) 

t"i>!   <:V    \«frli    1  xiow  iM"  ,<  Mi\n^>l  i«)><vini>-ii       I'li.  li  In  \<i«  ('hililili>\)iliii»,  Ni|i|i'i(iln'i.  If*?; .     Wl'   |. 

t'ivis  W.  1.V  \«l<>u<M  rtiiA  \,<iov.il  \i>'»s  .>t  Oi«'  >:niii'  i<nli\iilii;0  In  tlio  t'lmiioi  >  ii'«  llii' nminilo 
Hxi^NMN  ,\(  hiv^hI.i^    1\\<m.  )tn<\  \t  o\1nl>i(»  :i  »iii(ii.'   iiiii  li'n«   iiiiii   tlii>'i'  i  nmini  lili>    \i'«iili>u       \lt«iri<ni 

l^  :   \l\    SmsU  nli.^U  v<M  '1  >'.«iK  .<.  Iummis  .  .i\.m^  «ill\  v*"'"'  siiit'.i<<'       \\  iX'iIiIimmi  ih'ihI.  Nim  .In 

v.A.  s>iM.«iw,.  isrr,   ij.v  ^ 

\'\c.  K  Siiio  Mo«  <M'  ,1  )\,>n  .M  uiOu  iiliiil"  111  1  iiiyMU'llnMi.  I'Olli  111  tin- »iiiin' «i',i' .  llir  ulnll  nl  onu 
.?ivV<l  tli,ii\  iho  i>lWi       Sw  .iH(ii>uiiv  iMiik  i>>Mi\i,  S,  ott'iiltK'l,  |S:1      '^">0   ( 

t'liv  In.  \«fiMi<\v  mow  «>(  .•»  K\nvimi'ii,  Inuit  iiini  :i>ii\.\  in  »li\.  li  \<ni(ii>n'<  oi  dn'  nln-ll  ii|nir,ii  :n 
il  l>in.n  .MM.     At,-.\,  \.,1  ..Imv  ,  Is:j      iJ.\0  < 

l"l\;,v  l!>.  >>V  IntVii.M  .111.1  ),i<<>r.»\  \i.>w».i|  in  iii.iwi.ln.il.  wuli  .-.ni'.iii.  l.'.l  ali.-ll  ruiinnmii  I'miK, 
nv.li.VlixlHJi,  M.l\.is:;v     AV  f. 

?^i\V.?rvV  I'luw  \iows.  ot  »w»  ninin))'  m«viiiii'li»,  \ii>il>,il>h  v.nin.i  iinli>  iilimln,  wll'i  ll\i>  nunnilii 
vli.Nwinii  a  s.n^i.'  mu  )o«»  A«.\  «ni^':<l  l,n^'  ..MilMOtilo  M>!<iili"».      \i..>,  \   .1  ,  Oi|i>lii>i,  IS".     l.iHHl  (  . 

)>.!  A\    \  j^ivmI  >  iovv  rtC  .•«  Ii\  mji  »\iiviw\i>ii.   wn!i  iii-'.'.l  •.lii'M      I'liimi  1  nU.',   llnti  Mnimdiiim, 

1~tii  \)4  V«>i  MmiUi  in.il M."n,il!i  in  .■.«\(HB,ili<Mi.  «  .lli  t\w  slnOU..!  .\ii>.i^>n(  h1i:\.1i"<  .i(  i><.|..i  Willi 
ihr  ^\iv>>N-.liuii 

Vi.is.Vs\*v  liif.'n.n  .m.l  1  K.M.il  McWMil  (I-  in.liM.lii.il.  w  i(l\  )niii'.l  sl\,U  Sn  fiiilmi.nv,  |ii>li«nni 
i%vr,ii\.  Tv.  .V)Mil.  1^:4.     ;ViO  -) 

T»;s  'i?T.'.?>    Siij^n-i.M  iV.lii  )*(ov,>t  \  io»i  .>l   .111  .1,  |>i\  >.li.'ll.  w  nil  iiii'jiul.'.ili   (111 l.'.l  Hnttiii'.v     Ni|..ni> 
t.vatin 

l")«.s.. 'AV  :*V  I  sioiaI  j»ii.l  intVu.M  \  i.'ws  i\'  .111  in.liM'lu.il.  willi  inii.-.l  nlii'H  liil.li  !>.'!. >w  I'liiln 
.if  Iphi.l.  .'«w,  I>T<"      ;Vi«>  -<-. 

>''l<i  SI.   I ..HjtsJ  \ low  .11'  ;i  sjvv  ini.-n      I'.ni  Unil«vi.  Wvimiiiiii  r.'mi.i.x.  AiiishmI.  isr;      ',',>ll  | 

>^>;v  ;W,  ;V^  S..iloi-,il  1U.I  in<<-<nM  \n'«>  .»|'  .»  s\iivninMi,  Willi  lli.-HiUvml.'  oiiox^i.'.!.  :iiiil  ■.nn.mn.li'cl 
wuhri.wnlful  m.mor.  |w\iU»W\  .-\.  ivni.'iiiin.no.     .\i.-.>,  N.  .1  ,  .liiii.'.  !>"      t.iO  f. 

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PLATE    XXVIII. 

Figs.  1-7.— ARCELLA  VULGARIS. 

Tic.  1.  Lateml  view  of  a  pair  in  conjugation,  in  one  of  wliich  tUo  elicU  Is  oolorlces,  Tlio  mssacs 
of  Barcdili^  as  oliscivctl  were  not  in  nnion.     Kg;;  Harbor,  N.  .1.,  Septcnilier,  IHT".     COO  iliametcrs. 

I'Ki.'J.  Lateral  view  of  an  ('ni))t,v  kIu'II,  with  an  even  dome.     Ahseconi,  N.J.     .''.00  diameters. 

Tk;.  :t.  Lateral  view  of  a  speeimen,  with  the  sareodo  forming  a  largo  enr\.sted  liall,  and  causing 
the  eversion  of  llie  usual  fuunel-like  l);ise  of  tlu'  shell.     Same  locality,  March,  18T(i.     ;i."j(l-f-. 

I'ltiS.  -1,  .5.  Inferior"  and  lateral  views  of  an  empty  shell,  with  dejjresscd  fundus.  Found  with  tho 
preceding.     :i."0  4-. 

]"IGS.  (i,  7.  Superior  and  lateral  views  of  a  shell  of  quadrato  ontUno,  and  depressed  fundus.  Pond 
on  PoUono  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  .Inly,  187G.     2G0+. 

Figs.  8-13.— ARCELLA  VULGARIS,  v.ir.  angidoaa. 

FiCS.  8, 9.  Superior  and  Literal  views  of  the  same  specimen,  tho  former  represented  without  tho 
enrcode.     AVoodstown  pond.  New  Jersey,  Septemher,  1877.     2.">0  -|-. 

Figs.  10, 11.  Superior  and  lateral  views  of  a  similar  specimen,  found  with  the  preceding.  The 
sareodo  not  ri'presented. 

Figs.  12, 13.  Superior  .and  lateral  views  of  another,  and  similar  specimen  found  witli  tho  j)re- 
ceding. 

Fics.  14-38.- ARCELLA  DISCOIDES. 

Figs.  It,  1").  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  an  individual.  In  llie  sareode  iif  the  former  u  paii  of 
opposite  nuclei  and  several  eontraetilo  vesiclis  visible.  Swarlliniorc  liriekpond,  Delaware  County, 
Pa.,  .S.>pteni')er,  1.171.     350 +. 

I'IGS.  10, 17.  Infi'rior  and  lateral  views  of  another  individual  found  with  tho  fcuiuer. 

Flo.  18.  Lateral  view  of  a  shell.    Cliin.a  Lnl;e,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory.     "J.'iO -|-. 

Figs.  19-21.  Lateral  views  of  three  shells  from  living  specimens.  Woodstown  pond,  N<^w  .lersey, 
September,  1877.  Fig.  19  is  inadvertently  Mnsynnnctriial,  and  should  be  the  same  on  thi;  right  as  on 
the  left. 

Fig.  22.  Lateral  view  of  a  large  individual,  wilh  exteuiled  jiseudopods.  As  excmpliiied  in  this 
figure,  while  (he  mass  of  sarofl<le  wilhiii  IIk^  shell  and  the  psiMidojuids  exterior  to  the  base  are  vi-iblo, 
the  iiitenuediate  poriionsextending  through  (he  I'unuel,  from  (heir  (ranspareiicy,  cannot  Ytv  seen.  I'oil 
Bridger,  Wyoniiug  Territory,  August,  1^77.     2.'.0  -f-. 

1'IG.1;3.  Inferior  view  of  a  nearly  colorless  individual.  Tho  sareode  exhibits  a  jiair  of  ojiposito 
nuclei  and  seven  cnuspieuouseontraetile  vesicles.  Abseeom  jiimd,  N.  .1.,  April,  187.").  3,",0  -|-.  The  height 
of  the  shell  was  aliout  one-diird  (he  breadlh. 

I'IG.  2).  Inlerlor  view  of  an  iiidivic'ual,  with  projected  psendopods.  Tho  sareode  exhibts  a  pair 
of  nuclei,  four  coiitraetile  vesicles,  and  on  the  right  upper  border  a  large  air-bubble.  Fig.  2.">.  Lateral 
view  of  tho  shell  of  the  same.     Bristol  Canal,  rcnnsylvania,  Se])teniber,  1870.     .",00  -(-. 

Flcs.  2i>, 27.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  from  ihe  same  iuilividual.  In  the  interior  sareode  of  (ho 
fonner  the  two  oi)posile  nuclei  arc  S(>en,  and  at  (he  boi-dcr  liv<'  eon(rac(ile  vesicles.  Pond  on  Darby 
Creek,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  April,  1870.     HOO  +. 

Fig.  ,'8.  InlVrior  view  of  a  large  iiidi\  idual  (correct  ipiKline,  though  not  quite  regularly  eiieular). 
Three  nuclei  visible  in  the  sai'c<ide  ;  and  a  number  (if  ((intriKlilc  vesii'li's  at  (be  bnrder.  On  r(rieu!aria. 
from  Jacksonville,  Florida,  May,  1875.     2(10+. 

1"IG.  29.  Inlerlor  view  of  a  cMdorless  indivi<lual,  acted  on  by  an  ainmoniacal  solution  of  carmine; 
the  nuclei  as  they  appeared  stained  deep  red.     Abseeom  pond.  New  .Jersey,  ,111110,  187'1.     ;i50  -(-. 

Figs.  30,31.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual.  The  shell  pale  yellowish,  very  thin  and  flexilile. 
China  I^ake,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming  Territory,  August,  1877.     500  -|-. 

Flo.  32.  Inferior  view  of  an  empty  shell  with  fpiadr.ately  rounded  outline  and  oval  uioulh. 
J.acksonville,  Fla.     250 +. 

Fig.  33.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen,  having  the  same  shape  as  the  fonner  in  the  inferior  viow. 
Found  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  31.   Inferior  view  of  a  specimen  with  oval  outline.     With  the  preceding. 

FiG.s.  35,  lili.  InOrior  and  lateral  views  of  ;i  specimen;  (he  ibniier  wi(li  oval  outline,  and  oval 
innntli  whose  long  diameter  crosses  tli.it  of  the  .shell.  {The  lithographer  has  inadvertently  colored  tho 
two  ligures  diOerently.)     Found  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  37.  Inferior  viow  of  a  shell  with  oval  outline  and  mouth.     Abseeom  pond,  New  Jersey. 

Fig.  38.  Inferior  viow  of  shell,  with  trilobate  outliuu  and  oval  uiouth.    With  the  preceding. 

*  1a  tbo  empty  ohelU,  when  trQnsparcrt,  tho  inferior  and  Hupvrior  views  appear  the  Bame. 


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PLATE    XXIX. 

AKCELLA  MITKATA. 

FlOS.  1,2.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  iVoiii  tliu  Hanie  iiidiviiUial.  In  the  former  figure  tbo  central 
nndiilatinjr  circle  in  tlut  numtli ;  and  tlic  second  circle  is  produced  by  the  border  of  the  base  of  the  Hhell. 
In  the  latter  fijjure,  tbn  body  of  the  sarcode  is  seen  attached  to  the  mouth  of  the  shell  by  a  long  neck, 
and  th(^  periphery,  by  means  of  numerous  threads,  to  the  insidi^  of  the  shell.  Cliina  Lake,  Uinta 
Mountains,  Wyoming;  Territory,  Angnst,  1877.    250  diameters. 

F10.S.  3, 4.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  from  an  individual  similar  to  the  former.  Atco,  N.. I.,  Sep- 
tember, 1877.    250  +.     An  abundant  form. 

Fios.  5, 0.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  an  individual.  Absecom  pond,  New  .lersey,  September, 
1874.  3.')0  -)-.     The  dotted  ai>pearaneo  of  the  shell  in  l\g.  0  represents  the  eancellated  structure. 

Fios.  7,8.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  an  individual  in  which  the  sarcode  is  retracted  into  the 
fundus  of  the  .shrdl.     Th<' sarcode  ccuitained  a  single  nucleus.     Atco,  N.J.,  September,  1877.     2r)0-f. 

Fios.  t),  10.  Lateral  and  inferior  views  of  a  speeimeu,  in  which  the  shell  has  a  pyramidal  summit, 
l>erpendicular  sides,  and  a  heptagonal  base.     Absecom  pond.  New  Jersey,  October,  1877.     250  4-- 

FlO.  11.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen,  exhibiting  the  sarcode  and  its  attachments,  and  projected 
pseudopods.     Same  locality,  May,  1877.     500  -f . 

Fig.  li.  Lateral  view  of  an  cnipty  shell,  with  even,  dome-like  fundus.  Absecom  pond,  N.  J.,  Sep- 
tember, 1875.     2.50  4-. 

Fig.  13.  Lateral  view  of  a  colorless  individual,  exhibiting  the  sarcode  and  its  connections.  Atco, 
N.  J.,  September,  1877.     250  -f . 

Fig.  14.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual.     Absecom,  N.  J.,  September,  1875.    250-)-. 

Fig.  15.  Lateral  view,  with  visible  sarcode.  Tobyhanna,  Pokono  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  July, 
l87t>.     250  +. 

Fig.  10.  Lateral  view  of  a  large  individual,  with  shell  having  depressed  sides  and  pyramidal  dome. 
Atco,  N.  J.,  September,  1877.     250  -f. 

Fig.  17.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual  with  ]ierfectly  lolorless  shell;  with  tlu'  .sarcode  audits 
attachments  distinctly  visible,  and  with  protruded  pseudopods.  Tlie  dotted  appe.irance  on  part  of  the 
shell  represents  the  cancellated  structure  in  focus.     Absecom  pond,  N.  .L,  August,  1874.     2.50 -|-. 

Fig.  18.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen,  with  visible  sarcode  and  protruded  p.seudopods.  Absecom, 
N.  J.,  September,  1874.     350-}-. 

Figs.  19, 20.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  from  an  individual.     With  the  preceding.     350-)-. 

Figs.  21, 22.  Inferior  .and  lateral  views  from  an  individual,  in  which  the  sarcode  was  contracted 
into  a  spherical  ball  lying  on  one  side  of  the  cavity  of  the  sludl.     Foun<l  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  23.  Lati'ral  view  of  a  pyriform  specimen.     With  the  preceding.     350-)-. 

Fig.  24.  Lateral  view  from  a  specimen,  fu  which  the  sarcode  contained  a  nudtitnde  of  chlorophyl 
grains.     Absecom,  N.  J.,  July,  1876.     250  -f . 


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Kias.  l-i>.— ARCEI.LA  AKTOCKKA.     «.-(l  (liiiiiic  I.im. 

]''lii!<,  1,'J.  liilVrior  1111(1  liitiTiil  views;  tlic  t'liriiiiT  ('.\liiliitin<;  tlir  iiilrrior  Kiirt'ciilc  with  itM  alMin- 
ilaiit'o  of  ililcmipli.vl  miiiiiH.     AIhccoiii  |iiiiiiI,  Nfw  JiTHiy,  Scplnnlicr,  IM71. 

FldS. ;),  4.   Iiil'cricii'  mill  latrral  vicwN  ol'  n  xlirll,     >S|iliiiKiiiiiii  of  AlmiTiiiii,  N,  .).,  April,  187(>. 

Kkis.  Ti, <i.  Iiilrriiir  iiiiil  latrral  virwH  of  ii  slii'll ;  in  tlir  former  willi  irri'){iilarl,v  oval  oiilliiic. 
Found  with  llie  prccctliii);. 

I''l(iis.7,H.  Inferior  anil  lateral  vIiwh  of  an  iniliviilnal,  with  the  Narroile  in  an  eni.VHteil  eonilition. 
Shell  with  an  irre);nlarl,v  oval  untline  dm  Ncen  in  the  former  view.  The  hall  of  Nareode  prixineeil  an 
everxinn  of  t!ie  hase  of  the  Hhell  utt  Keen  in  the  lateral  view.  In  the  interval  of  the  nareoile  ami  xhell  a 
iinnilier  of  annelioiil  lorpnNeleM  were  viHilile.     With  the  preeedin;;. 

ri(i.i>.   Lateral  view  of  a  larjj''  empty  Hhell.    Aliseeoin  jionil,  N.  J.,  Septemhor,  1874. 

I'los.  10-19.— AKCKLLA  DKNTATA.    2r>0  diamoter». 

rios.  Ifl,  11.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  nti  empty  bIhII.     Ditch  helow  Philadolphia. 

\'iu».  I'J,  IM.   Inferior  ami  lateral  views  of  a  shell,     rairmonnt,  rhiladelphiu. 

TuiS.  II,  l."").   I'pper  and  lateral  viewH  of  a  shell.     Itiidd'M  Lake,  New  .lersey,  Oetohcr,  1S71. 

Fliis.  I(i.  17.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  a  nhell.     Dilih  below  I'hilailelphia. 

I'lii.  If*.  Lateral  view  of  a  Hhell.     Itndd'.s  Lake,  New  .Iiiwy. 

I'Ki.  I!).  Inferior  view  of  a  livinj{  individnal.  The  sareode  oxhihitH  a  pair  of  o)ipoNiti'  nuclei, 
several  eonlraetile  vesieleH,  ami  n  i>rojeett<l  pgcudopud.  Fouud  with  the  )ireeedinn.  a,  nneleuH;  h, 
tontraetile  vesiele. 

Iliis.  20-;i4.— CKNTUOI'YXIS  KCOIWIS  =  the  spinoleHS  variety  of  CENTROPYXIS  A(MILEATA. 

The  shell  in  most  eNainjdeH  eomjiosed  of  sand  pains,  eemented  in  ilose  Juxtaposition.  SO(l 
diameters. 

l'"l(l."J(l.  Inferior  view  of  a  liviii);  individnal,  with  protruded  ]iHendo|Kids.  The  shell  with  largo 
sinuous  iMontli ;  the  heifiht  aliont  one-third  the  breadth.     I>iteh   below  I'hiladelphia,  September,  187ri. 

I'Kis. •J1,'2"J. — Inferior  ami  lateral  views  of  an  empty  shell.  Swartlimore  briek-pond,  Delaware 
Comity,  I'a. 

I'"i(i.'*.  an,  24.  Inferior  and  latt^ral  views  of  an  empty  shell,  with  a  lar<;e  eireular  mouth.  Fairmount 
Park,  Pliiladelphia. 

I'lii.'J.').  Inferior  view  of  a  shell,  witli  a  small  circulor  mouth.     Diteli  helow  Philadelphia. 

Flo.  2(i.  Inferior  view  of  a  shell,  with  trilobed  month.  Pond  on  Darby  ('reek,  Delaware  Comity, 
Pennsylvaiiiu. 

Flfi.ii".  Inferior  view  of  a  shell,  with  nuadrilobed  month.     Same  loeality. 

Flds. 2H, 21).  Inferior  ami  lateral  views  of  a  shell,  with  quadrilobate  moiitli.  China  Lake,  Uinta 
Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Fios.  :$(),  :il.  lufiTior  and  lateral  views  of  a  living  individual,  with  extended  iisindopods.  The 
brown  shell,  imniiosed  of  sand  grains,  with  the  cement  of  iv  darker  hue  of  the  same  color.  Diteh  helow 
Philadelphia,  .lime,  1874. 

Fifi.  ;!2.  Inferior  view  of  a  living  individnal,  with  extended  pseudojiod.s.  The  shell  composed  of 
chitinoid  membrane  incorporated  with  dirt  and  sand.  Pond  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware  (Nmnty,  Pa., 
October,  1874. 

Fiiis.  IW,  34.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  an  empty  sludl,  composed  of  sand.  Same  locality  a.s  the 
jucccding. 


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PLATE    XXXI. 


ClONTHOrVXIS  At'UI.EATA. 

I'm.  1.  Iiili'iicir  \  ii'W  (if  H  living  N|iciiiiicii,  with  psciiddiKHls  prolniilcd  ;  sliill  ('om|)OHP<l  of  iliiti- 
iioid  imiMluiiiu  .  with  s(  iittin-d  siiiid  i»niiiiH.  and  iinirsrr  oniN  Imidcil  iihini;  tin  fnirdns.  y(KI  dianictors. 
S|iin(  1  r  pund,  Maine,  St  jdrnitpiT,  If^TT. 

I"((i.'i.  Inli'ijor  vii'W  (if  a  living  inili\idMaI,  with  Khcll  (if  ( liitindid  incnilir.inc  and  inoniioratfd 

fiiisiiidil  Cicck,  Kasldii,  I'a.,  June,  IWti. 
IKiscd  111   Imnvii  ( liitiiidid   nicinbianc,  with  incdiiioratcd  idds 


ri(i.'i.  inirr  (ir  view 
HIUillH  111'  silnd.     'Jjid  diameters.     Amniig  Ch.irn.  in  iKind  on  fiiisliliill  Creek,  Kaslon,  I'a.,  .fnne,  IH'Ci. 

I'l(i.;i.  Inl'eiidr  view  of  a  sliell  cdniiKi.scrt  iif  hnnvn  ( 
and  iiregiihir  angiihir  plates.     'i(M)  diameters.     Jdlch  lnlott  I'liiladdpliia. 

KlOH.  4,[i.  Inferior  and  inferidr  old'  views  of  tli(  Krinn  specimen.  .'^Iiell  of  ehitindid  menilm.nn 
»illl  srilltered  shikI  |il.'i|lis.     ;.''l(l  diiinieli  Found  with  the  preceding. 

lies.  0, 7.  Inferior  and  lateral  view.s  of  u  .-ipeiinien.  Shell  of  lirown  ehitindid  nicinlirane.  linely 
pnnelate,  and   with  scattered  s.ind  and  diatnni.s.     On  Ctiicnl.iria,  from  J.ieksonville,  Fla. 

I'm.  8.  Inferior  view  of  a  shell  of  lirown  chitinoid  niemliianc,  with  ineorpt^rated  sand  along  the 
poslerior  lioiili^r.     ii.'iO  diameters.     Sjihagnnm  of  .\li.seconi,  N.,J. 

I'lilH.II,  |l),  liifeiior  and  lateral  views  of  a  sliell  of  chitinoid  menihnme,  witli  a  few  incorporated 
dJMldMis  and  sand  gtiiins.     '.i.'iO  diameters.     Ah.HeKim  pond,  New  Jersey. 

I"l(i.  II.  liateral  oiitline  of  (he  shell  (if  a  living  specimen,  composed  of  chitinoid  inewilirane  with 
sand  grains,  and  with  a  ^inglo  siiiiie  to  the  fundus.     •.'."(»  diameters.     Pond  on  Parhy  Creek,  Pennsylvania. 

I'lilf-.  I'J,  |:i.  (nferi^  and  lateral  viens.  .Shell  ((imposed  of  chitinoid  memlirane,  with  scattered 
grains  of  sand.     "JIKI  +.     .>phagnnni  of  Aliscconi,  N.,]. 

I'm.  1 1.  Inferior  vjcw^if  an  ciiiply  shell  of  lirown  chitinoid  nicnihrane,  entirtOy  ilevdid  df  fdiiiigii 
matter,  ami  linely  and  regularly  pnnctale :  lint  the  pnneta'  mil  resdhalile  into  enneelli  as  in  the  shell 
of  Arcclla.     llilih  lietow  riiiladelphia,  with  I.enina  and  Wolllla. 

I'Kis.  hi,  111.    Interior  andl.iliial  \  lews,     a.'il) -f.     Alisei  (im,  N.  .1. 

I'Kl.  IT.   Inferior  view  of  a  shell,  composed  of  sand.     'Jdll  -|-.     Ditches  Iwdow  I'liiladeltiliiil. 

I'ms.  H,  HI.  Inferior  views  of  two  similar  specimens.  Pond  on  the  Delaware  Hiver  aliovn 
Kaston,  Pa. 

I'Kis.  'JO.yt.  Inferior  and  lateral  viens  of  a  specimen.  compoHcd  of  sand  niiiled  hy  Iikiwii  eeiiieiil. 
I'ort  Itridger,  Wyoming  Territory. 

I'ui.yj.  Inferior  view  of  a  siiceimen  coiniidsed  of  sand.     iSaino  locality. 

I'Kjs. '.iili'JI.  Inl'eridr  and  lateral  views  of  i  specimen  ((imposed  of  saini.  Parlridge  Inland,  Nova 
Scotia. 

I'Kis.  y,"i,'j(i.  Inferidr  and  lateral  views  (if  a  small  specimen.  .5011  -)■.  Dripping  rocks  (if  ralrmoiliil 
Keservoir,  Phihuhlphia. 

I'Kis.oT  'i!^.  Inferior  and  l.iti  ral  vii  w  s  nf  a  shell,  i  (imposed  of  ehilimiid  memlirane  with  sand  and 
dirt.    -JOn  f .     Alco.N.J. 

I'Kis.  y',*,  :10.  Inferior  and  jiiternl  views.     .'Ifid-)-.     Pond  on  Darli)  (.'reelf,  Pennsylvania. 

l'l(:.:il.  Infeilor  view  of  a  shell. except  Iho  spines  compo.seil  ofdialoms.  :l.'iO-f.  Pokonn  Monnt- 
ain,  Pennsylvania. 

Ki(i.;W.  Inferior  \  iew  (if  a  shell,  ((imposed  of  di.'ildnis  and  sand,  rilt(l-)-.  I.akii  Ilattacawaiimi, 
New  .lersey. 

ri(iH,  :t;i.  ;il.  Inferioi  and  lateral  views  of  a  shell  of  similar  ((imposition,  pertaining  to  llie  variety 
I'lnlrniijiiix  iKiniiH.     50(1+.     Almndanl  t'orni  with  the  preceding. 

Fia.  :t.'i.   I.ateral  view  of  a  shell,  with  spines  forn  and  alt.    'M)  -f  .     Diteli  lielinv  I'hlhiUelphia. 


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PLATE    XXX  11. 

J'UiS.  l-yr>.— t'OCHLIOI'ODlUM    IIILIMIIOSUM. 

'I'lin  (lotted  ii]i)ii':ii':iiicc  in  t)io  lironil  l>aiiil  or  /one,  iiiiil  in  tlx^  donlilc  eontonr  line,  in  must  of  tlic 
lij;"r('8,  iH  iiitondcd  to  rcprosi'iit  the  tiiicly  caiiri'llatrd  Htinctnro  of  llir  invcKtinn  innnilnniir  or  nIicII,  Init 
Ih  roprrNonted  nioro  diHtinct  than  natural. 

I'lii.  I.  Upper  \\e\\  of  an  individual,  tho  liroad  dottod  zone  reiircsontiiij;  tlio  oxpandert  bnsp  or 
iiiouth  of  tlio  sIipU.  Tbo  nutlcuH  won  centrally.  1,(KI0  dianietiTH.  China  Lake,  Uinta  MountaiUN, 
August,  1877. 

I'lO. 2.  Individual  with  the  hasal  border  of  the  shell  expanded  on  ono  side — in  the  dirii  'U  of 
niovcuK^nt  of  the  animal.     With  the  preeedinj;.     1,(H)0  -f . 

FKi.!!.  Upper  view  of  an  individual,  with  the  basal  border  extended  nearly  all  around.  .  inn 
alga',  in  ditches  below  I'liiladelphia,  May,  16?."i.     1,1MH)  -)-, 

Fi(i.  t.  Individual  with  pse\ulopodal  extensions  opposite  the  extension  of  the  basal  border  of  lbi< 
shell,  and  in  the  act  of  discharginj;  excrcnientitious  matter.  .'>Ofl+.  Amonj;  water-eregs,  iu  a  spring 
on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  April,  IW.'i. 

Fio..').  Lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  ps<'udopod«  exteiuling  from  benonth  the  expanded 
basal  band  of  the  shell.     1,0(H)  +.     Ditch  below  riiiladelphia,  April,  1870. 

Fui.  fi.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  extended  jiseudopods,  but  with  the  basnl  band  of  the 
shell  eoutractcd.     .Viil -f..     Found  with  lij;.  4. 

Fl(;.7.  Lateral  view  of  an  iudividuid,  with  extended  jiseudopods,  and  extension  of  the  basal 
baud  of  the  shell.     Witli  the  preceding.     .MK)-)-. 

FlO.  H,  Lateral  vi(^w,  with  pseudopods,  and  -.vilh  the  ba.sal  baud  of  the  shell  contracted.  500-1-. 
Fort  Uridger,  Wyoming,  August.  1877. 

Figs.  U,  10.  Lateral  and  upper  views  of  an  individual.  'MO  -f.  Spring  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware 
County,  Pennsylvania,  April,  HT"). 

Fio.  11.  Lateral  view,  with  the  basal  band  of  (ho  shell  drawn  into  folds.     Same  locality. 

I'm.  I'i.  Upper  view,  with  extension  of  the  basal  band  on  one  side  and  a  pseudopodal  extension 
ou  the  opposite  side.     With  the  preceding. 

Fio.  i:).  Upper  view,  with  iufleetiou  of  thi'  basal  band,  and  projection  of  psetidopods.  With  the 
preceding. 

Figs.  11-17.  Four  successive  views  of  the  same  indiviilual  seen  fiiun  above.  Fig.  14,  with  in- 
llcetcd  basal  baud ;  tig.  1"),  the  band  exteiulcd  <ui  one  side ;  figs.  10,  17,  the  band  widely  expanded  all 
round.  In  all,  pseudopodal  extensions  are  sim'u,  but  their  appearance  across  the  basal  band  is  drawn  too 
darkly.     Same  locality  as  the  preceding. 

Figs.  18, 19.  Two  views  of  an  individual;  in  the  former  as  it  appeared  either  spread  upon  or 
attempting  to  swallow  a  large  diatom  ;  in  the  latter,  as  it  diseng.iged  itself  irom  the  <tiatom,  moving  olf 
in  the  direeticm  of  the  expanded  basal  band.     W^ith  the  preceding. 

Fig.  !iO.  Lateral  view  of  a  snuill  individual,  with  inllc'cted  b.asal  border,  and  with  projected  psendo- 
pods.     Among  alga;  at  foot  of  fountain  in  front  of  tUty  Hall,  Market  street,  Phil.adelphia,  August,  1878. 

Figs.  yi,i!!i.  Two  views  of  an  individual,  with  broad  basal  band,  in  which  the  ]>unctated  .apjiear- 
ancc  could  not  lie  detected.     With  the  preceding. 

Fig. 23.  Small  individual,  seen  from  uliove,  with  widely  expamled  basal  band,  in  which  no  trace 
of  the  caucellateil  striu'ture  could  be  detected.    Swarlhmore,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  May,  1875. 

Fio. 24.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen  aiti'd  on  by  iininioniacal  solution  of  carmine;  the  nucleus 
deeply  stained. 

Fig.  25.  Later.al  view  of  a  specimen  acted  on  by  ,a  fc^'ble  solution  of  iodine  in  jiotassiniu  iodide. 


FlGS.2r>-28.— COCHLIOPODIUM  VESTITUM.     .^nO-f. 

Fio. 20.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  the  basal  band  of  llu^  shell  thrown  into  angulai 
folds,  and  with  the  interior  sarcode  eoutaiiiiug  a  large  (luantity  of  eliloii)|diyl  gianiilcs.  Absccom  pond. 
New  .Jersey,  M.'iy,  18l!5. 

Fig.  27.  Lateral  view  of  a  colorless  specimen.     Same  locality,  September,  1874. 

Fig.  28.  Lateral  viiw  of  an  individual,  with  yellowish  shell,  and  with  extoinled  psoudopods. 
Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming,  August,  1877. 

Fics.  20-37.— CENTKOPYXIS  ACULKATA. 

Figs.  21),  30.  Lateral  and  inferior  views  of  an  emjity  shell,  coniiinsed  of  ehitinoid  membrane.  500  -f . 
Tobyhanna,  Pokoiio  Mount!>in,  Pennsylvania. 

Fig.  31.  Lateral  view  of  an  empty  shell  of  ehitinoid  membrane.    500  -f.    Sphagnum,  Absccom.N.  J. 

Fig8.  32, 33.  Oblicjue  lateral  and  inferior  views  of  an  empty  shell.  250 -[-.  Same  locality  09 
preceding. 

Fig.  34.  Inferior  vii^w  of  a  shell  composed  of  ehitinoid  membrane,  with  incorporated  diatoms. 
Empty  and  deeply  stained  brown.     :550-f-.     Ditch  below  Philadelphi.a. 

Fios.  35, 30.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  a  ^.|>ineless  shell,  j>ertai'..iii;j;  to  the  •,  ariety  Ceniropyxis 
iconiiH.  The  shell  comjiosed  of  ehitinoid  membrane  incoqiorated  with  large  sand  giains,  2.'>0-|-. 
Sphagnum,  Absccom,  N.  ,1. 

Fio.  37.  Inferior  view  of  a  shell,  eiunpowd  of  ehitinoid  membrane  with  sand.  250-}-.  Sw.irtli- 
moro  brick-iiotid.  Delaware  Comity.  Pennsylvania. 


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ri(!S.  1-1).— PAMPnAflUS  MUTAnil-IS.    TronHVonto  diuinntera  iinc.iiml 

1''ii<.  1.  Aniiiiiil  vic'wrti  in  the  u|ii'iKlit  iiosition  piirtiiilly  twiHtcil  mi  ItHcIt'.  r>(H)  ilinmctcrN.  Spring 
on  Oaili.v  ('reck,  Delaware  County,  I'lMnmylvania,  AuKHnt.  11^71. 

rid.','.  Tlic  Haini'  individnal  nccu  IVoni  aliovr, 

Kiii. ;!.  ]troa<l  .si(li<  view  of  an  individnal.     Haniii  locality  as  tin'  lornuT. 

r'Kl.  4.  Narrower  Hide  vimv  of  tlii>  sain(>,  brnt  mo  an  to  lie  concave  on  tlii^  ri^lit. 

rui.'i.  Itroader  Hide  view  of  an  individual.  l'"i){.  (i.  Inferior  view  of  Huine,  TiOO  diitnii'tcrH, 
Samp  locality,  Aiiril,  lc!75. 

Via."}.  Uroador  Hide  view  of  III!  individual.  Kirkwood  iiiill-iiond,  Now  .Icnwy,  SeptPinber,  )>i7i. 
1,00(1  dianietern. 

Fi(i.  H.  Ilroader  Hide  view  of  an  individnal.  r>00  dianictcm.  Parity  Npriiif;,  PonuHylvanin,  Au- 
gust, 1871. 

Flo.  !>.  Ilroader  Hide  view  of  an  individual.     .'>00  diaraeterK.     .Splingnuni,  Atco,  N.  ,1.,  May,  1H77. 

I'll).  1(1.— rAMniAUlLS  AVIDIJS.     TrauHverHo  dinmeterH  oqnul. 

Upright  view  ;  the  mouth  to  the  right  inl'eriorly,  and  emitting  pHoudopoiIn.  The  iininml  Htretched 
ill  leiiglh  out  of  its  iiornifil  condition,  liy  portinnit  of  Iho  nlga  Didymopriiim.  2".((  diamcturH.  Ateo,  N. 
.I.,.Septcnilier,  1H77. 

Ki(is.  II,  IJ.— I'AMrilAOII.S  CUKVr,'*.     Tiansvcrse  diamel.'r.s  iiiiifeim 

I'iG.  1 1.  I<ateral  view  of  .in  iiidividua!.  Spring  on  Harliy  Creek,  Delaware  County,  reiiiiMylvania, 
August,  1H71.     5(10  diaineleiH. 

Flo.  Ivi.  Lateral  vii^w  of  an  individual.  Swartlimoie  lirick-ponil,  Delaware  County,  PeniiHylva- 
iiia,  Heptenilier,  1874. 

I'l.i.s.  i:t-17.— I'AMriIA(U:S  IIYAMNUS.    Spheroidal. 

Figs,  l;t,  14. — r]i]icrand  latei;il  view.i  of  the  Hame  individual,  with  protruded  psomlopodB.  500 
diameters.     Spring,  Dniliy,  Delaware  County,  1'eiiiiNylvaiiia,  April,  1875. 

Fl<!,  15.  Lateral  vii'W  of  an  individual,  with  pHeudopodal  exteiiNioim.  7."iO  diameterH.  Fort 
Hridger,  AVyoming,  .Inly,  1877. 

Fios,  l(i,  17,  liUteral  views  of  specimens  with  extensive  iirolriision  of  the  sarcodi',  Tlics(>  were 
Hiigpccted  to  be  iudividnuls  in  the  ]iniccss  of  multiplication  by  division,  but  they  died  under  ub.scrvat ion 
in  tho  condition  ns  reprcHcnted.     Found  with  the  preceding, 

Fios,  IH-08.— I'.sKIIDODIFFLUGIA  GRACILIS, 

Fl(i,  18,  Lateral  view  of  an  ovoid,il  form,  with  shell  apparently  of  chiliiioid  membrane  and  line 
granular  dirt,     250  diameters,     Kgg  Harbor,  N,  J,,  April,  1878, 

Fl(i,  19,   Largo  specimen  of  the  same  character.     From  the  Name  galhcring.     2,50  diameters. 

Fni.  80.  Individual  of  same  character  as  preceding,  with  a  profusion  of  pseudopodal  extensions. 
.500  diameters.     Swarthmmi^  brick-pond,  Delaware  Ciiiinly,  I'enn.sylvania,  .Iiine,  1874. 

Fig. 21.  Individual  with  a  brown  shidl  of  ehitinnid  membrane  and  tino  sand.  Found  wi(h  tho 
))receding. 

Fig. 22.   Individual  with  an  (iblique  miuith.     With  the  preceding. 

Fics.  211, 24.  Two  views  of  the  same  inilividiial,  with  a  retort-like  shell.     Also  with  the  preceding. 

FlO.25.  Individual,  in  which  the  chitinoid  shell  at  both  exli'cmilics  is  lienvily  loaded  with  sand. 
700  diameters.     Spring  on  Darbv  Creek,  Delaware  CoMiity,  I'ciinsylvania. 

Figs.  2!i,  27,  Lateral  ami  iiperior  views  of  a  eoiii)nc,ssed  ovoidal  spcinieii,  with  shell  of  sand, 
l(!(i  diameters.     F.gg  Harbor,  N.  .L.  August,  1878. 

Fl(i.2'<.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen,  willi  shell  composed  of  sand.  .500  diamelers.  Swarthmero, 
Delaware  County,  I'ennsylvania. 


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PLATE    XXXIV. 

FlOS.  I-IC— CYPIIODERIA  AMPULLA. 

Tig.  1.  Lateral  view  of  aii  individniil  in  its  natural  position,  with  psenilopods  extended.  lUiO 
diameters.     Sprinj;  on  Darby  Cnuik,  Pel.aware  Connty,  I'enusylvania. 

F?o.  2.  Lateral  view  of  an  individnal,  with  pserdopods  extended.  3()0  diameters.  Lake  Hatacu- 
wanna,  New  Jersey,  Mareli,  IH/."}. 

I'iG.  li.  Inferior  or  anterior  view  of  an  empty  shell.     From  the  same  eollcction. 

Fig.  4.  Lateral  view  of  a  largo  specimen,  with  spnr-liUe  proeetw  to  the  fundns.     Same  collection. 

Fi».  5.  Lateral  view  of  an  individnal  in  tlie  natnral  position.  350  diamoiurs.  Fort  liridger, 
Wyoniinfj,  .Inly,  1877. 

FiG.(i.  Interior  view  (corresponding  with  the  lower  part  of  fig.  5)  of  another  specimen,  firom  the 
same  locality. 

Fig.  7.  Outline  of  lateral  view  of  a  third  specimen. 

Fig.  b.  Lateral  view  of  a  living  specimen.  liCU  diameters.  Lake  Hattacawanna,  New  .Jersey, 
March,  187,'). 

Fig.  9.  Lateral  view.     Spring  on  Darby  Creek,  Delaware  Connty,  Fennsylvania,  April,  1874. 

Fig.  1(1.  Inferior  or  anterior  view  of  an  individnal,  from  same  collection. 

Fi<i.  II.  Lateral  view  of  another  individual,  from  the  same. 

I''iG.  I'J.  Lateral  view  of  another  individnal. 

Figs.  l;t,  14.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  Ihe  same  individual.     Same  locality. 

Fig.  15.  Lateral  view  of  another  specimen.     Same  locality. 

Fig.  l(i.  Appearance  of  the  cancellated  strnctnre  of  the  shell  under  high  magnifying  power. 

Figs.  17-a4  — CAMPASCUS  COKNUTUS.    250  diameters. 

(Miina  Lake,  Uinta  Monntaius,  Wyoming,  Angnst,  1877. 

Fig.  17.  Inferior  view,  the  s]iecimeu  tilted  forward,  with  interior  sarcode  visible,  and  psoiidopods 
extended.  Fig.  18.  Transverse  section  with  the  mouth.  Fig.  19.  Outline  of  lateral  view  tumedsoasto 
see  one  of  tho  processes  of  the  shell. 

Fig.  !iO.  Inferior  view  of  a  shell,  tilted  forward  and  upright. 

Fig. 21.  j/ateral  view  of  the  same  S£)ecimen  in  its  natural  position. 

Figs.  22-24.  Outlines  of  a  specimen  in  the  transverse,  inferior  and  lateral  views. 

Figs.  25-41.— SPHENODERIA  LENTA. 

FiG.s. 25, 2(i.  Two  views  of  the  same  specimen;  tho  shell  of  globular  shape.  .")(K)  diameters. 
Sphagnum  of  Abseeom.N.  .T.,  March,  1875. 

Figs.  27,28.  Two  views  of  the  same  specimen.     250  diameters.     Same  locality. 

Figs.  29, 30.   I^atcra'  views  of  two  living  specimens.    .'iOOdiiimeters.     Absecom  pond,  New  Jersey. 

Figs.  31,32.  Lateral  views  of  the  same  specimen.     Sphagnum  ot  Abseemn,  September,  1874. 

Figs.  33,  34.  Jiateial  views  of  two  empty  shells,  as  seen  under  dill'erent  foci.  Found  with  tho 
preceding. 

FiG.s.  35-37.  Three  views  of  the  same  specimen.     Same  locality. 

Figs.  38, 39.  Two  views  of  the  Name  s])eciinen.     500  diameters.     Sphagnum  of  Abseeoin,  N.  J. 

Fig.  40.  Lateral  view  of  a  large  oval  shell.     500  dianu^tors.     Witli  the  forn.er. 

Fig.  41.  Lateral  view  of  a  large  si)ecimen.     In  sphagnum  from  Mount  Vernon,  Alabama. 

I''i(!.  42.  Opposite  view  of  the  necK  of  the  same  shell. 


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I'lGS.  l-itl.— KUiJLYPllA  ALVEOLATA.     TruuHviTSf  tliaim-teis  of  the  shell  uuiforni. 

Flu.  1.  Lateral  vii^w  of  .a  living  speciincu.  (turooilv  t'xliibitiug  a  uucleua  at  the  fuiulus,  aud  a 
contractile  voNidc  on  each  side;  psoiuloiiiiilH  iirotriulvd.  Shell  with  six  Hpines  to  the  riiiuliis.  fiUU 
ilianieti'i-M.     Abseconi  pond,  New  Jersey. 

I'Kt.a.  Lateral  view  of  an  unnsually  large  empty  shell.  G(H)  diameters.  Sphaguous  swamp  of 
Tobyhanna,  Pokono  Mountain,  I'ennsylvanla.     Shell  with  fonr  spines. 

I'lu.  :t.  Lateral  view  of  an  empty  shell.  700  diana^ters.  Absecom  pond,  Now  Jersey.  Shell  with 
fonr  si)iiie«,  ami  doulile  row  ')f  serrated  plates  to  the  mouth. 

l'"i(i.  1.  Lateral  vi<^w  of  shell,  with  six  short  spines  to  the  fundus.  ijOfl  diameters.  China  Lake, 
Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Fk;.  r>.  Lateral  view  of  a  living  s])eeimon.  TiOO  diameters.  Ditches  below  Philadeljdiia.  Shell 
with  two  spines.  Sareode  with  largi'  nucleus  m  the  fundus;  fouv  largo  vacuoles  below ;  and  a  con- 
tractile vesicle  on  each  side. 

Fig.  (i.  Shell  with  numerous  spines  all  arounil  the  fundus.     Absecom  ])ond,  New  Jersey. 

Fio.7.  Shell  with  six  divergetit  spines  to  the  fundus.     8i>hagnnni  of  Absecom,  N.  J. 

Fig.  p.  Lateral  view  of  a  living  specimen.      Darby  pond,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Fig.  0.  Lateral  view  of  an  individual,  with  the  sarcodo  encysted,  and  the  mouth  of  the  shell 
elosod  with  an  opercnlinn.     Same  locality  as  the  preceding. 

Fig.  10.  Individual  in  which  the  sareode  is  encysted,  and  contained  within  two  distinct  envelopes. 
Found  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  11.  Small  living  individual ;  the  sareode  exhibiting  the  nucleus,  a  pair  of  contractile  vesicles, 
and  l)sciulopods  extemled.  The  shell  spineless.  1,000  diameters.  With  Rotifers,  iVc,  among  moss  in 
the  crevices  of  the  brick  pavements  of  the  city  of  Philadeljdiia,  August,  1878. 

Fig.  12.  Anothir  specimen,  from  a  similar  position  in  the  yard  atta<hed  to  my  house.  GCO 
diameters. 

Fig.  111.  A  iiair  in  conjugation  ;  the  sareode  mass  contracted  to  the  fundus  of  each  shell.  1,000 
dianutei-s.     In  company  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  14.  An  individual  in  which  the  sareode  is  encysted  aud  enclo.sed  ii.  a  double  tiivelope;  and 
till'  shell  closed  with  mi  operenlnm.     f)00  diameters.     Fort  Briilgcr,  Wyoming,  July,  1877. 

Figs.  If),  It),  17.  Three  successive  views  of  the  same  jiair  in  conjugation.  L'50  diameters.  Abse- 
com pond.  New  Jer.scy,  May,  1877. 

Fig.  18.  Highly  niagnified  view  of  the  plates  at  the  mouth  of  the  shell. 

Fii.s.  19,20.— KUGLYPHA  CILIATA,  variety  A',  strigom. 


Fig.  19.  Eni])ty  shell ;  of  uniform  transverse  diameter. 
Vernon,  Alabama. 

Fig.  20.  Empty  shell.     700  diameters.     Sidia|.,num  of  Absecom,  N.  J. 
nearly  double  in  our  direction  what  it  is  in  the  opposite. 


1,000  diameters.     Sphagnum  of  Mount 
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Kl  (il.VrilA  CIMATA. 


I'lti.  I.  Ilnijiclir  latcnil  view  of  III!  iiiili\  l<lniil.  i'hr  mivciiili'  |iiii'tially  nrnipviiiK  tlii<  hIii'II,  willi 
1»«'iiil(>|>i)il.s  |ii'iiii'('l<'il,  in'iHi'iitiii);  a  iiiii'IriiN  in  I  lie  I'iiiiiIiin,  Hi'vcial  riiiilriirtili'  vcnii  Iih  JiihI  IicIow,  anil  a 
i|iianlil,v  III'  t'onil  .vi'l  liiwiT.  I'in.  ','.  'rranNVi'im'  si'iliim  nl'  llir  hIu'II  of  llir  nami'.  <<HI  ilianirlriH. 
S|ilia^!iinm,  AliMrioni.  May,  ll^TTi. 

ri<!.  :t.  An  iniliviilnal  oIini'IviiI  In  lln'  ail  i>l  illsi'lini'^in);  an  ii|ii'ri'iiliMn  n  liirli  liail  iIiimi'iI  IIh'  niontli 
o!"(lli>  hIii'II.     Siinii' ilirl  still  iHrnpirH  Ihr  nnk  nl' llir  lallir.      I'linnil  Hilli  llir  |in'ii'ilinK. 

I'm.  t.  An  iiiili\  iiliial  alNo  rniinil  willi  llir  roiinil'.  'I'Ik'  Nairmli'  I'iIIm  llir  nIii'II,  anil  rnnlaillH  nIiIo 
liy  hIiIo  llii'  iiiU'li'iiH  anil  a  lar);i'  variiolr. 

Fill. 'i.  All  iiiiliv  iiliinl.  in  wliiili  tin- sarrmli',  toffrllirr  \Nilli  a  IliirU  laniinalnl  ii|iririiliiiii,  IIIIh  IIio 
hIii'II.     I'i^t.t'i.  Mi'iliiiii  111'  llir  slii'll.     ll.'iO  iliaiiii'triN.     S|>lia;;iiniii,  Aliw  rniii,  Ortnlirr,  If'TI. 

riii.7.  Small  iniliviilnal,  ill  \vliirli  llir  Naniuli' i.s  irlrarlril  riiiiii  llii'  iiiinilli  anil  iii'aily  IHIn  tlio 
xlirll.  Sni'i'oiiiiiliiiK  llir  (lositiiiii  nl  llir  ihii'Ii'Iin  it  rxlilliilril  a  iniillilnili'  of  ilrliirliril  plitlrN  liki'  IIiiihii 
('oin|iiwiiiK  till' ^ll^ll.     TilKI  ilianirtrrN.     S|>liaKiiiiiii.  Vinrlanil,  N.  .1.,  Si|iti'inlH  r,  |K?(i. 

I'Ki.  .>'.  Iniliviilnal  uilli  sanoili'  lilliiiK  Ilio  nIu'II,  wliiili  In  cliwiil  liy  an  o|ii'r<'iiliiiii.  S|ilniKliillii, 
Viiirlaiiil,  \.  .1.,  April,  1>''^<.     ,"vlKI  iliatni'Irrs. 

I'lii  <.l.  Iiiili\  iiliial,  willi  !<airi>ili'  nrarly  llllili);  llir  slirll.  Sralr.i  at  inniilli  of  lallri'  iniirli  lllick- 
«>IU'il.  ri;;.  10. 'riansvi'iM'  Hrrlion  of  llir  caiiir  nIiiII  willi  llir  inoiilli.  SpliaKiiiiiii,  .Swaiiliniori',  Drla- 
wavi' Coniilv.  ri"i|iHylvania,  Orlolii-r,  |l*7l, 

I'lii.s.  ll-i:i.  Tliiri'  vii'WN  of  an  I'liiply  nIhII.      I'oiiiiil  willi  llii'  I'orinrr. 

I'll).  1 1.   Small  iniliviilnal.    I'loiii   spiiiin  mi    Pailiy   Cirr!.,    Krlawair  Coiinly,   Maiili,  ISTti. 

I'lii.  l,"i,  TraiiNVi'i'Ni'  or  inliiior  \irw  of  a  slii'll,  willi  llir  iiionlli,     l,(KKI  iliaiiM'triN 

I'lii.  l(i.   llii-snli'  varirly  of  till' kIii'II.     .MIOiliaiiii'lriH.     Spliaf;iiiiin  of  Alwri'om,  N. .).,  Oiliilii'i',  1W4. 

I'm.  17.  AiiolliiT  Hprrimi'ii  of  liirsamr  Uiinl.     Saiiio  loralily, 

I'lii,  IS.  A  tlili'il  Npi'i'imrn  ;  liiisiitr  al  llir  fnnilns,     Saini' pitliriiii);  a.s  llir  pii'riiliii);  Ivvo. 

I'Ui.  111.  Slii'll  liiiMiilr  on  till"  naiTowiT  niilos.  7(ltl  iliaiiiiti'is.  llii'i'dlli  of  nlirll  H.II.VJ  niiii.  liy 
O.Wli  mill,     Spliajjiiiim,  -Misi'i'iuii,  X.  .1,,  DrlnliiT,  lH7t. 

I'lii.'-'O.  llirsutr  hIii'II.  Y'l);.  iJl,  Olitliiio  of  tlio  iiiirrnwri'  hiili'.  filU)  tlianii'trrH.  Splia);""''!  "f 
Absoi'om,  Si'ptomlicr,  IS74. 

Fill. 'J*.'.  F'lniilii.i  of  an  iiiilivt<liia1,  in  wliii'h  the  iiiu'U^iin  nppoairil  to  l>o  i'iicIomimI  in  a  iintiiilirunous 
lyst,     WMI  iliauirti'is.     Spluijiiiiim,  AliNrroiii.Oi'tolii'r,  1S7I, 

I'lil.'j;!,  A  xlirll,  I'litiri'ly  ilrvoiil  of  Npiiusi  or  liaii'N.  Tot)  diaiiii't)'™,  Aliwcoiii,  Oi'tobcr,  1874. 
Drcaillh  of  the  shell  lu-arlv  iloiilil,'  in  mm  ilircctioii  of  tin'  otliiT. 


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PLATE    XXXVII. 

Kios.  1-1.— IMKiLVI'lIA  ClilSTATA.     l,(l(K)  iliiiui.ittis. 

Fio.  1.  Liitcriil  vimv  nt'  an  oinpty  slu'll.     Absfeom  pond,  Now  Jersey,  March,  1876. 
FiO.  2.  Lateral  view  of  a  Nneciiuen  IVom  Hpliagiium,  Mount  Vcriior.,  Ala.,  Fobniary,  1875. 
I'm.  3.  Iiidivid'ial,  with  retracted  sarcode.     Absccom,  N.  J.,  October,  1874. 
I'lO.  4.  Specimen,  with  retracted  sarcodo.     With  prccedin;;. 

Fios.  5-10.— EUGLYPIIA  BRACHIATA. 

Fio.  5.  Outline  of  a  shell  (from  a  living  specinien).  Ooze  of  Batsto  River,  Atco,  N.  J.  500 
diameters.     May,  1878. 

Fig.  C.  Lateral  view  of  an  empty  shell.    Atoo,  N.  J.,  April,  1877.     500  diameters. 

Fig.  7.  Individual  with  sarcode,  in  the  act  of  fonuing  an  operculum.  At  the  fundus  there  is  seen, 
on  each  side  of  the  nucleus,  an  accumulation  of  plates  like  those  of  the  shell.  Spbuguum  of  Absecom, 
N.  J.,  October,  18*7.    GGti  diameters. 

FiO.  8.  Outline  of  a  shell.     Batsto  River,  Atco,  N.  J.,  M,ay,  1878.     500  diameters. 

Fig.  9.  L.ateral  view  of  a  shell.     Atco,  N.J.     500  diameters. 

Fio.  111.  Individual,  with  retracted  s.ireode.     With  the  last. 

Figs.  11-14.— EUGLYPHA  MUCRONATA. 

Fig.  11.  Lateral  view  of  a  shell.     Sphagnum  of  Ate,  N.  J.    500  diameters. 

Fig.  12.  Lateral  view  of  a  shell.  Absecom  jjond,  September,  1675.  Two  others  observed  at- 
tached mouth  to  mouth,  but  empty.     Also  three  similar  ones  from  sphagnum  of  Absecom  Creole,  N.  J. 

Fio.  i;i.  Individual  with  two  spines  to  the  funilus  of  the  shell.  The  sarcodo  encysted,  and  en- 
clo.sed  in  an  fsg-lilic  ease;  and  the  mouth  of  the  shell  closed  by  a  thick  operculum.  3(10  diameters. 
Siihaguum  of  Absec^om,  N.  J.,  .June,  1870. 

Fio.  14.  A  similar  specimen,  but  with  the  encysted  sarcode  enclosed  in  a  double  envelope.  500 
diameters.     Sphagnum  of  Atco  swamp,  on  l)orders  of  Batsto  Ri\  er.  May,  1878. 

Figs.  15-27.— ASSULINA  SEMINULUM.    From  Sphagnum  of  Absecom,  N.  J. 

Fig.  15.  Broader  side  view  of  ;in  empty  .shell.  Fig.  10.  Outline  of  the  narrower  side  view.  Fig. 
17.     Transverse  section  with  the  mouth.     5U0  diameters. 

Fig.  18.  Broader  side  view  of  a  living  siieeimen  ;  tlie  sarcodo  with  protruding  psoudopods.  Sep- 
tember, 1875. 

Figs.  10,20.  Two  lateral  vi('ws  of  a  living  individual.    October,  1874. 

Fio.s.  2l-2:i.  Three  views  of  the  8ami>  individual. 

Fig.  24.  Broader  side  view  of  an  em|)ly  shell. 

Fig. 2.").  Broaih'r  side  view  of  a  living  specimen.     Sc^itember,  187."). 

Fig.  20.  Small  colorless  individual.  Tlio  shell  tilled  with  sarcodo.  Tho  plates  of  tho  shell  woro 
evident  but  indistinct.     August,  187(>. 

Fig.  27.  Outline  view  of  a  shell,  magnified  0(10  diameters. 

Figs.  28. 25).— EUGLYPIIA  CILIATA 

Fig.  28.  An  empty  shell,  bniiuler  side  view.     .'vtX)  diameters.     Sphagnum  of  Absccom,  N.  J. 

Fio.  20.  Broader  side  view,  fiom  a  living  siie.cimen.  The  sarcode  contuiued,  ii>  the  viciinly  of  the 
nucleus,  an  inverted  zone  of  di'utieulate  plates  like  those  of  tho  mouth  of  the  shell.  .^00  diamctcm. 
Sphagnum  of  Absecom,  N.  .1.,  .hine,  1877. 

Figs.  ilO,  :u.— EUGLYPIIA  S  TKIGOSA. 

Two  empty  shells,  comptoss«<l  forms.     UW  diameters.     Sphagnum  of  Absecom,  N.  J.,  Ootobor,  187i>. 


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PLATE    XXXVIII 


PLACOCISTA  SPINOSA. 


r:?- !' 


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SiH'cimpiiS  mostly  from  tho  s|)liaj;iuiiii  orAl)m'ioiii,K.  J.    riOOdiamotors. 

Kios.  1-5, 7, !),  10, 13, 14.  Eroailrr  sido  views.     Figs.  8, 11,  K.  Narrow<'r  side  views. 

I'ui.  1.  Indiviiluiil  v.itU  the  snrcodo  coiif ructed  at  tho  Bidos  and  retracted  from  tho  month  of  tlio 
shell.     October,  187,-). 

l'i(j.2.  Individual  in  which  tho  s.ircodo  fills  the  shell  and  emits  psendopods.  Sidi.agnntn  of  Atco, 
N.  J.,  April,  1877. 

I'lO.I!.  Individual  obtained  witli  tho  preceding.  Tho  sarcodo  constricted  and  exhibiting  no  con- 
tractile vesicle. 

I'lG.  4.  Individual  with  protruded  jjsp.idopods ;  the  Barcode  oecu]>ying  a  comparatively  small  pro- 
]iortion  (.f  the  cavity  of  the  shell.     October,  1875. 

I'Ki.  5.  Individual  with  sareode  nearly  tilling  tho  shell.     October,  1874. 

FlCl').  Upj)ev  view  of  an  individual,  with  pseudopods  protruded.     A(eo, N.  .T.,May,  1877. 

KiG.  7.  Individual,  with  the  .sareode  contracted  and  siijiposed  io  bo  ready  to  pass  into  the  encysted 
condition. 

FiO. 8.  Outline  of  the  narrower  side  of  the  s.ame  siu-cimen,  showing  the  closed  condition  of  tho 
.shell  below  the  position  of  tho  sareode.     October,  1874. 

Fio.  9.  Individual  in  which  tho  sareode  apjiears  to  be  shedding  or  disdiarging  matter  previous  to 
its  as.snniing  tho  encysted  state.     Found  with  the  preceding,  October,  1874. 

Fi'!.  l(t.  Individiuil  with  pseudopods  projected.  Fig.  11.  Outline  of  the  naiTower  lateral  view  of 
tho  shell  of  tho  same.     October,  1874. 

Fir..  l".i.  Outline  of  the  narrower  lateral  view  of  an  emjity  shell. 

Fig.  13.  View  of  tho  broader  side  of  tho  same  specimen. 

Fig.  14.  Outline  of  tho  broader  side  of  a  shell,  which  contained  an  empty  lenticul.ar  shell,  ap)par- 
cntly  from  an  individiuil  in  tho  encysted  condition,  a,  a  spino  attached  to  tho  shell  in  an  unusual 
position. 

Fio.  15.  A  detached  spiiu^  highly  m.ignified. 

Flo  It).  Another  spino  more  highly  luagnilied,  apparently  exhihitiug  a  waving  condition. 


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PLATE    XXXIX. 

TKINKMA  ACINUS.     r.lK)  <liaiii<l.'iH,  rxccpt,  wlicro  Nporliilly  imlicuted. 

Fios.  1-5.  LftfRo  iiKliviiliinlH,  from  H]>liiiKiium  of  AbNoconi,  N.  J. 

Via.  I.  Inferior  vitnv*  of  an  iMiipty  hIioII,  cxhibiliiif^  (1m^  iiioiitli  lit  lowiT  part  of  tlio  liK">°<<i  "ikI  tlio 
cii'ciilar  platcH  witli  licaiU'd  innrKiiit.     l''i(;--.  I^ntcral  view  of  tlio  Bnino  Hpeciiiii'ii. 
l''l(l.;i.  Infi'rlor  view  of  ii  hccoiiiI  sprcimon. 
Fuj.t.  Inferior  lateral  view  of  aiiotlier  Npecinieii. 

I'ld..').  Inferior  view  of  a  liviii)»  Hpeeinien.  'i'lie  ]i.seii<lopoilH  are  extended;  and  the  Harcndo 
exIiililtH  tlui  nnelunH,  Hevcral  contrautilo  vcsieleH,  to);etlier  with  a  qnantity  of  yellowJNli  food  material. 
April,  1H75. 

Fios. (i,7.  Two  vieWH,  inferior,  of  tlio  Baiiio  individual,  Hliowiiift  HiieceHHiv<!  eliaiip's  in  extension 
of  lliOHareode.     I'airnioiint,  I'liiladelpliia. 

Fid. 8.  Interior  view  of  a  liviii};  Hpeeinien  ;  the  sareode  ixliiliitiiiK  the  iiiicleUH,  three  eontrnctilu 
venicleH,  and  a  Niiij^le  forked  pHendopod.     I'okono  Monntaiii,  l'i'iins\lvania,.liil,v,  IH7fi. 

l''lo.!l.  Inferior  view  of  a  livinj}  Hpeuiuien.  Hpliagnniii,  llroad  Moniitaiii,  PeiiimylvaiiiH,  Septem- 
ber, 1871). 

Fio8. 10, 11,  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  an  empty  Nhell.  With  iiiohh  in  ercviees  of  tho  ii».ve. 
ments  of  riiiladelpliia. 

Kios.  I'J,  i:t.  Inferior  and  lateral  viewHof  a  living  Npeeiinen.  Kroin  moss  and  lichens  in  the  eroleli 
of  an  apple-tree.     .Swarthmore,  IJcdawuie  Comity,  I'ennsylvania,  Deei'inher,  lt^7.     (Kid  diaiiielerH. 

I'"ui3.  11, 1.").  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  an  empty  Mhidl.  Sphaf;nnni,  Hroad  Muniitiiiii,  renn- 
Hylvaiiia. 

I'los.  1(),  17.  Inferior  and  lateral  views  of  a  liviiif:  Hpeeinien.  Swaniii  near  KriNtol,  Pa.,  Septem- 
ber, 187»). 

Flo.  18.  Inferior  view  of  a  living  individual,     lliiita  MonntaiiiH,  Wyomin){,  .Inly,  If^d. 
Kios.  li), 'JO.  Laleiiil   and  interior  views  of  an  empty  shell.      .Sphagnum  of  K^jg  Harbor,  N.  J. 
CA'iCi  diainctors. 

rui. 'Jl.  Inferior  view  of  a  livinj;  Hpeeinien.     Uinta  MonntaiiiH,  Wyominjj,  .Inly,  lH7(i. 
rid.s. 'J'i, '.'11.  Lateral  and  inferior  views  of  a  liviiifj  individnal.     Found  tojjetlier  with  Kii(jlyplia 
and  IJolifei-H,  anion;;  moss,  in  the  yard  of  my  house,  I'liiladelpliia,  Aiijj;iist,  1878.     1,000  diameters. 

I'ld.  ^1.  Inferior  view  of  a  minute  living;  individual.  Siphagiinm  of  Mount  Vernon,  Ala.,  Oeto- 
ber,  l87.">. 

Flo.'J.5.  Apparent  production  or  birth  of  an  individual  from  its  parent.  The  upper  is  the  parent; 
the  lower  the  oO'sprin;;.     .Sphagnum  of  rokoiio  Moniitain,  rennsylvania,  .Inly,  187(!. 

Fio. 'Jti.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen,  in  which  the  sareode  is  eiicysti'd.  Yard  of  my  Iionso,  Phila- 
ilelphia,  .Iniie,  1871. 

Fid. '27.  Lateral  view  of  a  Himiliir  speeinieu,  from  sidingniim  of  Absecoin,  N.  J.,  October,  1875. 
Figs. '.i8,'Ji).  Inferior  ami  lateral  views  of  ;i  nliell.     Dilelies  below  I'liiladelpliia. 
Fid.  30.  Inferior  view  of  an  empty  shell,     llroad  Moniit.-iin,  reniisylvauia. 
Fld.:U.  Inferior  view.     Darby  pond,  Fiiinsylvaiiia. 
FidS. :t'2, ;i;!.  Infiaior  and  lateral  views.     Mount  Vernon.  Ala. 
Fid.s.  :M,  ;!.').  Inferior  and  lateral  views.     Fort  Hridger,  Wyoming  Territory. 
Flos.  Uti,  37.  Lateral  views  of  two  Hpecimens.     Fort  Ilriilger,  Wyoming. 
Flo.'.W.  Minute  specimen,  inferior  view.     Mount  V<'riiou,  Ala. 
Fig.  liO.  Inferior  view.     Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming. 
Flos.  40-4'J.  Inferior  views  of  three  shells.     Mount  Vernon,  Ala. 
FlO.43.  Lateral  view  of  a  minute  shell.     Uinta  Mountain.s,  Wyoming. 

Fig.  41.  Inferior  view  of  a  living  speciiiU'U.  Spli.agnum,  Swarthmore,  Delaware  County,  Penn- 
sylv.niiia,  September,  1874. 

Fio.  4.').  Inferior  view  of  a  shell.     Spring  near  Darby,  Delaware  County,  Peiinsylvunia. 
Fid.  4(i.  Inferior  view  of  a  sliell.     Mount  Vernon,  Ala. 
Fios.  17,  18.  Inferior  and  lateral  views.     .laeksonville,  Fin. 
Figs.  49, .")(;.  Inferior  and  lateral  views.     Kphagunm,  .Mount  Vernon,  Ala. 
Fios.  .')1 ,  iVJ.  Inferior  and  lateral  views.     .Sph.agnnm,  Mount  Vernon,  Al.i. 
Flos.  .')3, 54.  Inferior  anil  lateral  views.     Jacksonville,  Fla. 
Flos.  !>,'),  50.  Interior  views  of  two  speciineus.     Fort  Hridger,  Wyoming. 
Fi(is.  .57, 58.  Inferior  and  lateral  views.    Minith  of  a  cave  on  Dushkill  Creole,  near  Eoston,  Pa. 
Fig.  .5'.).  Inferim-  view.     Mount  Vernon,  Ala. 
Fio.tiO.  Lateral  view.     Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming. 
Figs.  (11,  (W.  Inferior  and  lateral  views.     .lacksouvillo,  Fla. 
Flo.(!.'l.  Inferior  view.     Mount  Vernon,  Ala. 

Fig.  (54.  Infero-lateral  view,  with  sareode  resolved  into  spores.  Sphaguum,  Ab3CCcm,N.  J.,  Octo- 
ber, 1-^75. 

Fio.  05.  Infi^rior  view.     Mouth  of  cave,  Dushkill  Creek,  Easton,  Pa. 

Fig.  00.  Lateral  view.     Swarthmore,  Pa. 

Fios.  07, 68.  Inferior  and  lateral  views.    Jacksonville,  Fla. 


*  Tlio  inferior  views  m  tbc.v  usunlly  appear,  tilted  forward,  or  lyinR  in  tbo  Held  of  tJio  uiicroHCopo  on  tlielr  anterior 
faco.    From  the  transpiircncy  of  tin-  apccituens  tliey  appear  I  bo  Haniu  wbcu  viewed  from  bi'biml  or  in  front. 


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\rM\oiMU:\s  Sin, 

Kin.  I.  All  imlix  uluiil  li't'ilinn  on  (jixvr,  f<insnm'<'siil;iii  idi;:!.  IMd'liis  lu-low  IMiilililt'liiluii,  imiiMin 
'.omiiii,  Wtilrtlii,  I'lo.     Xl;tv.  I>"TI.     .MH*  iliiimi'lnii. 

luis.  V?  1.  rinvi'  \ii>w»  t\(  iho  siuin'  iuilivi<lii:il,  i>\hH>llititt  Iho  stu'rcKsivi'  Nlops  i(.  llio  oii|<liirx<  iinil 
xxMillnw  mi;  Hi"  it  l'ui;li'iii!t.  In  lljj.  :ttlii'  >u\s  iiw  loll  iml,  ami  in  (li;.  t  onlx  imiiiiiUv  ("immi.  V'ntr- 
iiumnt  l\uK.  .Iiitii",  1ST  I.     .'•iHt  ili;i;iu'loi>i. 

l"l«i,;i.  lli>ln>i-oiiu,  sni>in>M'<l  l»  li<  an  .l,.«>i/.  I'lu-  mn'h'iis  iliKlinrtly  visilili>;  lai'^v  miciioIi'n  iil  llio 
piMiphrn  ;  nml  i'nl\  iilioiil  Iialla  iln.-ru  v;i,>s.     I'lUt  ttriilm'v,  Wxuniini;.  .Iul\ ,  IST7. 

l"l<;,  (>.  Intln  uliiiil  <>!  iinn'<iin\  uianiilai  runslilnlinu.  «  ilhonl  vaiMml<'>.  iniil  i>\liil>Uin>;  a  oonlrai'- 
tili'  \o»irK'al  llu'  tioinulan .      I'omul  wilh  llii-  |>nv<'iUni>, 

l'ui,7.  Vn  imlivulnal.  «ill\  i'M'ii  priiplniv ,  ovliilnlini;  a  ti'nual  nmli'ns,  mnnorous  \a<'iii>li'H,  ami 
a  lav.uo  I'oloii'il  loml  l>all  Ki'm  iiw  (hf  <>i-<linai\  (ilaini-nlons  ia\s,  it  iii'<\)i-<'Iim1  diuilalo  i>w-mli>i>i>ilal  piM 
f'i'ssrs  ol'  pixMoplas  .1. 

Klu.S.  VuollitM' iniliv  iiliial  a|>|>ai\'nll\  n'ailv  li>  nn<loim>  iIimkumi.  ii  contains  a  imnit»'ior<'oli>i-<'<l 
lii.xl  lialls.     Willi  till' jin'iodinjj.     I'oii   lliiil);i'i,  \\\\  01111111;.   \iii;ns|,  ISTT.     MM' iliaim-liMs. 

I'll!,!',  l.ai'm'  iiiiln  uliial,  of  linrlx  );ianiilar  lOUNliliilioii,  with  ms.hIo  .I'ulial  luirli-iiN,  ami  ^ar^^< 
in-iiplirial  xariiolos^ilio  lalliT  inailvrcti-ntlv  li-t^  unsliailiiO.  Urislol  I  anal,  IVniisv  haiiia,  wi'li  ("oialo- 
l>li,vlliiin.     Aiinnsl,  ISTii.     oOO  diainoti'i'M. 

I'll),  10,  ,\  pail' in  roi\iii^aliiin.  Tlio  rontnu'tilo  vi>.sirl'>^  Noon  alioM>.  u,  iliMi'!iinp>  ol' an  otVoto 
liall.     S«a: ilinioii- liiiiK  \ioinl.  l>rla\\aiv  I'onnly.  IVunsylvanirt,  May.  1S?;>,     otld  .lianiotoi-s. 

I'ids,  11  •.•■.'.  .\  pair  of  iinlivlilnalx.  i>\liiliitin){  tli"  siuorsxivo  rliaiif^vt  In  ilivisioii.  Soiiio  of  tlio 
lljItifisH  III  '  (jiviMi  nio^'ly  i'   oiitlino,  ami  in  a  nninln'r  llio  ra\»  an>  not  drawn.     ;i>0  diaiiii'ti'i». 

I'll!,  11,  Tin-  pair  as  tiixt  notirod,  willi  a  lari;o  granular  I'all  liofwoon  tluiii ;  lii;.  1'.'.  as  soon  lluvo 
hoiK-s  siiKsi'i\uoii(l\  ;  Hi;,  l;!,  Iwo  lioni's  laior;  lii;s.  II  lli,  sin  rosvixo  rliaiiijos  diivinn  Itio  m'\l  lioi,r.  w  lion 
Niparalion  oomni'd  as  in  lli;.  iT.  I'l^s.  IS,  I!'.  sih'ii'sm\o  rliaiii;os  of  llio  loll  liand  iiidn  idiiat  '.oailiii^  to 
M'p,iralioii  into  a  p.iir.     l'"iK».  '."<*  'W,  siiooonsivi-ol  tii^osof  llio  ri);lit  hand  individual  loading  losoparalioii. 


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PLATE    XLIv 

ACTLNOSPH^RIUM  EICHHOBNII. 

Fig.  1.  An  individual,  exiiibiting  a  contractile  vesicle  at  a,  and  the  position,  b,  at  which  another 
has  jnst  coUapsod.  Tho  large  sphere  c  at  the  lower  part-  of  the  fignre  is  a  vacvjlo  containing  a  Rotifer 
which  has  just  been  swallowed.  In  tho  interior,  diatoms  .and  other  food  materials  may  be  seen.  250 
diameters.     China  Lake,  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyoming,  August,  1877.    Abundant  at  tho  locality. 

Fig.  2.  ludividual  with  comparatively  few  and  short  riiys.  a,  contractile  vesicle ;  6,  position  at 
which  one  has  just  collapsed ;  c,  large  vacuole  containing  a  Rotifer  in  the  act  of  being  swallowed  ;  d, 
act  of  discharging  eifete  matter.  250  diameters.  Ditches  below  Philadelphia,  with  Lenina,  Wolffla, 
etc.,  frequent,  April,  1877. 

Fig.  ;t.  A  small  individual  with  long  rays.  2.'')0  diameters.  Lake  Hattacawauna,  Morris  County, 
Now  Jersey,  March,  1875.    o,  contractile  vesicles. 

Fig.  4.  ludividual  with  only  live  rays.  Shortly  after  being  noticed  other  rays  were  produced, 
and  in  .an  hour  subsequently  numerous  rays  extended  in  all  directions,  o,  contractile  vesicle  ;  o,  food 
in  tho  act  of  being  swallowed.     200  diameters.     Pond  in  Fairmount,  Philadelphia,  September,  1875, 

Fig.  5.  Small  individual  with  few  rays,  a,  large  contractile  vesicle.  250  diameters.  Ditches 
below  Philadelphia,  September,  1875. 

Flo.O.  A  remiirk.able  rayless  iudividupl,  containing  a  Rotifer  and  other  food  materials,  which 
were  subsequently  discharged,  when  the  animal  assumed  n  more  regular  Hi)herical  form.  200  diameters. 
Found  with  the  preceding. 

Fig.  7.  Portion  of  an  individual  magnified  1,000  diameters,    a,  contractile  vesicle;  b,  nucleus. 

Fig.  8.  An  unknown  Hcliozoan,  suspected  to  pertain  to  Actinosphasrium.  500  diameters.  Marsh 
at  Bristol,  Pa.,  August,  1870. 

Figs.  9, 10.  Anomalous  body,  suspected  to  bo  a  detached  portion  of  an  Actinosphosrium.  500 
diameters.     Ditches  below  Philadelphia,  April,  1876.  • 

Fig.  11.  Areolated  body,  suBp<!cted  to  bo  a  moult  of  an  Actinosphasrium.  100  diameters,  Abse- 
com  ponil,  New  Jersey,  March,  187t).  Similar  bodies  occasionally  found  and  suspected  to  ho  related  with 
Aotinosphierium.  Perhaps  it  is  entirely  foreign  to  tho  latter  and  may  bo  a  vegetable  product.  Fig.  13^ 
A  portion  of  the  saiue  uioguilled  200  diamot«r8. 


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PLATE    XLII. 

KAPHIDIOPHRYS  ELEGANS. 

So  '■  PartTf  .1*''"''  '"'^'V''"'*'''  P"''  "'  *«  ^'•'"P  "^  ^e.  1.    500  diameter. 
1  G.  4.  Part  of  a  group,  which  consisted  of  thirty-eight  individuals.    f>()0  diametora 

iccted  irjhfprSV"''^''^'""' '"  *'"  ""*  "'  *"'^'"^'  "  ^""^»'"'^''  "^  -  ""--    ^"l^-*-    col. 


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PLATE    XL  II  I. 

VlOH.  l-«.— ACANTHOCYSTIH  CII^KTOrilORA. 

FlO.  1.  A  groen  ln<i.vi<liiiil.  Commmi  lonn,  in  tlic  vloliilty  of  Plilliulolpliiii,  among  various 
nqnntic  )i1niiiN.    Ditclii-H  liclnw  riiiladdpliiii,  Si>|)tcnilicr,  1^71.    7r>(l  diiuiH'tcrs. 

rni.'J.  0\w  of  llid  Idiik'T  t'lirciitc  Npiiu'H  iiicirc  IhkIiI.y  iimniiilli'd. 

Fl(i.  ;i.  Oiir  (if  tlio  Hiiiiillcr  fiii'rati'  N|iiiii'H  iiioro  lii);lil,v  iniiffiiilicil. 

I'ld.  4.  A  colorless  imliviilniil.  Lcsh  coiniiHiii  lliiiii  tlio  foiniiT  voricly.  Swnrthraoro  brick-pond, 
Di'lawiirt- Connly,  I'mnsvlviuiiii,  May,  l-TI.     1,(KH)  diami'trrs. 

I'ui.r).  All  rlli|itii'al  f(iriii,sii|ipos('d  to  pertain  to  llie  nanio.  Alisccom  pond,  Now  Jersey,  Septem- 
ber, 1871.     a7r>  diaiiielers. 

I'ui.ti.  Supposed  sbed  cHiisuU',  containiiiK  a  lew  (jreeii  (jraiiis  and  a  brownish  ovum-lllio  liody. 
Fort  Uriilfjer,  Wyoiiiiii«  Territory,  .Inly,  1877.  250  diamutcm.  Tlio  cnpsnlo  was  crowded  with  long  ond 
Bluirt  furcate  spiiieH  like  those  of  tlie  tigure. 


Kio9. 7-18.— ACANTHOCV8TIS 


- 1    With  simple  spines. 


I'Ki.T.  Uright  Kreen  iiidiviiliinl.     I'ort  Bridger,  Wyoming  Territory,  Angnst,  1877.    750  dinmotors. 

Kl(i.  8.  Oreen  iiidividiinl.     I'ort  Hriil(;er,  July,  1877.     ."00  dianieters. 

Fi(i.  it.  A  brij;lil  red  individual.  Spring  on  Uarliy  t'reek,  Delaware  County,  April,  1S75.  700 
dianii'ters. 

VUi.  10.  A  eolculess  individual.     Aleo,  N.  J.,  Oclolier,  1^77.     Ctt'A'i  diameters. 

I''l(i.  11.  Colorless  individual,     llroiul  Mountain,  renii.sylvania,  Septenilier,  187(!.     ."lOO  dianietein. 

Flu.  1'.!.  Colorless  individual,  with  the  protoplasmic  mass  in  an  encysted  cnndition,  enclosed  in  n 
s)iiiiou»  capsule.  With  Ceratophylluni,  fr<mi  IJristol  Canal,  I'ennsylvania,  December,  1877.  COO 
dianieters. 

I'H!.  1;1.  Fragment  of  membrane,  supposed  to  b(>  a  portion  of  a  moulted  capsule  of  Acanthocystis. 
Fort  llridger,  Wyoming,  August,  1877.    500  diametcra. 


Figs.  1 4-lfi.— ACANTHOCYSTIS 


-T    With  short  piu-liko  spines. 


Fig.  M.  Individual,  with  the  interior  occupied  by  a  mass  of  protoplasm  containing  a  inicleiis  and 
a  vacuole,  lint  eniitting  no  jisendopodal  rays. 

Flii.  l.'i.  An  individual  with  the  protoplasm  contracted  into  n  ball,  floating  in  a  thinner  liquor, 
and  exiiiliiting  at  the  jieriphcrv  three  vacuoles. 

Fig.  10.  An  individual  with  the  interior  protoplasmiu  mass  ajiparently  ready  to  assume  tho 
encysted  state.  All  three  .specimens  eollccti^d  with  otliers  in  a  pond  in  Fairnioiint  I'ark,  West  Philadel- 
phia. August,  1*78.     taVi  dianieters. 


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PLATE    XLIV. 

CLATHRULINA  ELEGANS. 

Fig.  1.  Tmlividual  with  yellow  latticed  shell  auil  stem,  and  interior  sarcoilo  ball  emitting  numor- 
0M8  rays.     Absceoni  pond,  New  Jerspy,  October,  1875.     1,0()0  diametors. 

Fio.  2.  Sjiecimen  of  two  individnals,  the  yonuger  with  its  stem  attached  to  the  head  of  tho 
Older.  The  laltiecd  head  of  the  latter  occupied  by  a  large  sarcodo  ball  emitting  nnnierons  rays,  tbo 
baKCs  of  which  together  with  tho  ball  enveloped  in  a  dift'iiaed  ])alo  grannl.ar  stratum.  Tho  sarcodc  mass 
of  tbo  younger  head  containing  large  globules.  Found  among  Utricularia.  Absccom,  N.  J.,  1875. 
750  diameters. 

Fig.  3.  A  young  specimen,  in  which  the  latticed  condition  of  tho  aholl  was  not  distinguishable. 
1,000  diameters.     Found  with  tho  preceding. 

Fni.  4.  A  still  younger  individual  than  tho  preceding.  6(50  diameters.  Found  together  with 
groups  detached  from  tho  luidor  side  of  leaves  of  the  White  Fond  Lily.  Hammonton  pond,  New 
Jersey,  October,  1877. 

Fig.  .").  A  small  group  in  outline.     S.ame  looality. 

Fio.  G.  Specimen  with  tbo  sarcode  forming  a  ((uiescent  bail  in  the  interior  of  tho  uncolorcd  latticed 
head.     l\mnd  lloating  in  water  from  Absccom  pond.  New  Jersey,  October,  1875.     1,000  diameters. 

Fig.  7.  Colored  specimen  containing  two  sarcodo  balls.  Sphagnum  of  Absc.'om,  N.  J.,  February, 
187,"..     1,000  di.ameters. 

Fig.  8.  Colored  specimen  containing  two  sarcodo  balls.  Ilanmmnton  pond,  New  Jersey,  October, 
1877.    fitili  diameters. 

Fig.  9.  Sj)ecimen  of  two  individuals,  with  the  sarcodo  encysted  in  both.  Absecom  pond. 
New  Jersc;-,  Noven'ber,  1874.     1,0(K)  iliameters. 


w 


M  f  GEOLOGICAL  5^UI>;,::V   of  the    rnWHlTCiRlES. 


PLATE   XIJV 


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CLA'l'HRUL.INA  ELECvWG 


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PLATE    XLV, 


I'KiS.  1- 


-IIKTEROI'IIRYS? 


Fig.  1.  ludividual  from  sphaguons  swiiuii),  Uroiul  Mountaiu,  Pounsylvanla.    500  diamoters. 
KlG.  2.  ludividual,  from  Uiuta  Mouutaius,  W.vomiujj;,  July,  1H77.     1,000  dinmeters. 
Flo.;(.  ludividual,  assoiiatt  1  with  the  last.    51H)  diameters. 

Fig.  4.— IIETEUOI'EIRYS  ? 

From  sphagnum-water,  Viuelaud,  N.  J.,  August,  1876.     400  diaiueters. 

Ficsi.  .1,  (J.— IIETEROPHRYS  ? 

Successive  views  of  the  same  individual.  Uinta  Mountains,  Wyominc,  August,  1877.  1,000 
diameters.  >       o  b.        t.      > 

I'lGS.  7,  P.— DIPLOPIIRYS  ARCIIERI  ? 

Two  views  of  the  same  siictiuuMi.  Swamp-water,  Broad  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  .Sei>lemliii-, 
lf<7(i.     iiOO  diameters. 

Fig.  9.— IIYALOLAMPE  FENESTRATA. 
From  sphagnum,  Abscconi,  N.J.,.1 1 1  lie,  1877.    500  diameters. 

Figs.  10-10.— VAMPYRELLA  LATERITIA. 

Iius.  10, 11.  Two  views  of  the  same  individual ;  the  fonuer  sis  tirst  observed,  the  latter  aa  seen 
two  hours  subseqiu'ntly.     Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming,  August,  1877.     500  diametei-s. 

Fig,  12.  ludividual,  from  Absccom  pond.  New  .Jersey.  September,  1H7!}.    t^tM)  diameters. 

Fig.  13.  Individual,  found  with  that  of  tigs,  10, 11.     500  diameters. 

Fig.  14.  Individual,  from  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming.  July,  1877.     500  diameters. 

Fio.  15.  ludividual,  containing  bright  green  alga-.  Spring  on  Parby  Creek,  Delaware  County, 
Pemisylvania,  April,  1875.     500  diaiueters. 

Fig.  l(i.  Individual,  from  bog-wat<  r,  i^ongaeoming,  N.  J.,  October,  1874.     800  diameters. 

Figs.  17, 18._nYALC)DISCl-S  RUBICUNDLSf 

Fig.  17.  ludividual,  from  ooze  of  Cooper's  Crec^k,  Camden,  N.  J..  May,  1874.     (;00  diauielers. 
Fig.  18.  Individual  found  with  the  preceding.     1,000  diameters. 


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PLATE    XLVI. 


Fid.  l.-KAl'IIIDIOIMlUY.s.    Probiibly  1!.  viridiK. 

All  iiidividiiiil  wliit  li  ii|>iu'iiic<l  bright  grwn  luidrr  lower  pownn.  Uitclus  below  Philmlolphin, 
JiiiU',  1874.    liTOdiiiiiH'ters. 

Vuh-i.  A  marly  colorlcHH  iiiilividuul.     >S:iiiic  locality.    .'i(H)  diamctcrH. 

l<'l(!.;t.  A  colorliss  liulividiia;.  Kouiid  with  Siiniigilla,  in  fchuylkill  Kivt-r,  IMiilndclidiiu,  Aiignsl, 
1H7J.     .-(Ht  diamotiTs.     A  more  binbly  iiiaRnitlpd  spionlo  socn  in  tlio  left. 

rir.s.4-(i.— IIETEROriinYS  MYKIAPODAf 

Fig.  4.  A  brisht  nrvni  liullvidnal,  f-xcopting  tho  color,  closely  resembling  nn  Avlinophrgs  tol.  Ab- 
sccom  pond,  New  .lersey,  May,  1H77.     250  diameters. 

FlO.5.  A  briglil  green  individual.     Vinelaud,  N.J.,Augn8t,  lH7(i.     .100  dianieterR. 

Fio.ti.  A  bright  green  indivi.iual.      From  Hphagninii-wnter.     Abseconi,  N.  J.,  Miiy,   1677. 

Fios.  7-10.  -HETEROPllKYS  f 

Fui.7.  An  individual  showing  n  very  great  variability  in  the  condition  of  the  rays.  Abseconi 
mill-pond,  New  Jersey,  .September,  1874.    fiOO  diametem. 

FuiS.8,l».  Two  views  of  an  individnal  exhibiting  siicccssivo  changes  of  shape.  Fonnd  with 
the  former.     1,000  diametei's. 

Fio.  10.  A  bright  pea-green  individual,  with  iliangcablu  fonu  of  bwly.  Absecom  pond,  New 
Jereey,  May,  1877.    250  diameters. 

Figs.  11-13.-HETEEOPIIEY6  T    Probably  of  tlio  snino  species  as  tho  former. 

Fig.  U.  a  green  individual,  containing  segments  of  I.yngbya,  which  have  become  red  as  a  result 
of  digestion.     1,000  diameters.     Ditch  at  roadside,  near  Darby,  Pa. 

Fig.  1','.  A  small  individnal,  ccmtaining  a  large  body,  probably  food,  of  unknown  character. 
Uroad  Moniit.iin,  Pennsylvania.     .WO  diainelei-s. 

Fig.  l;i.  An  individual,  containing  apparently  a  number  of  unicellular  nlgiu  variously  colored. 
Found  with  that  of  lig.  11.     1,000  diameters. 


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PLATE    XL  VI  I. 

lliis.  1-1.— iUOXlIA  TKIJK'IfOI.A. 

Kid.  I.  Indiviiliial  with  ii  miiltitiiilc  oti-xti'tiilod  psiMidniMxliil  iii.v.s  tVirmiiiK  an  intrii'iit«>  nt>t.  Tlip 
liody  <if  till-  imiiiial  lins  attaclicil  po.sd-rioily  a  iniaiititv  of  saiiil  and  dirt.  Krciin  amoiix  inoiHt  moss,  in 
conipaiiy  with  KotilVi-s,  Ac'.,  in  nvvici's  olth.<  iiavi-incnt  in  thi"  vaid  («t  my  hoiiHi<,  I'hilatU'Iidiia,  ■Imw, 
1874.    UOO  dianu'tore. 

FlO.a.  A  .st'cmnl  individnal  roninl  in  ('(pnipany  with  tlio  I'mincr. 

Fit!.;?.  .V  third  Individ  lal  with  lew  iisi'ndopiidal  (-xton.sion.s.  .M.so  I'lniiul  with  tlir  pri-ci'dinj;. 
The  arrow.s  indicate  tho  course  ol'  iMinviits  of  the  protoplasm.     '.'(H)  diamrlors. 

I'm.  1.  I  .rtion  ot'the  psondoiiodal  rays  of  a  (iroinia  more  highly  inaunitiod  than  in  the  procoding. 
The  arrows  iiidioate  the  eonrse  of  How  of  eiirrents  of  the  protopl'isns  with  (jranules.  As  seen  tinder 
llartiiaik's  Xo.  .1  immersion  objeetive  lens. 

I"lt!s.r.-1','.— niOMVXA   VAtiANS.     •,'->(!  diameters. 

Tliis.  ,'i,  (i,  7.  'I'hrei' siieeessive  views  of  the  .same  individnal. 

Kios.  8, !).  Two  sneee.s.Hive  views  of  anollu'r  individnal. 

Kio.  10.  A  third  individnal.  This  and  the  preeedinj;  speeiineus,  frou»  Npha);iinm  COlU'cleil  at 
Aliseeoin,  N.  J.,  in  the  anttunn  and  (ireserved  in  a  ffhiss  t'ase  dnriiiK  the  winter.     March,  1875. 

Fios.  II,  I','.  Two  views  of  an  individnal,  exhiliitinfr  sinressive  chaiiRes  of  form.  From  .Sphng- 
nnm.  Broad  Monntain.  Pennsylvania,  September,  |87(i. 


If 


U  S  a'X'LOC.lCAL  SUH^'KY   OK  THb:  TF.KKI'/ORIKS. 


n.ATK     >Cl,\ll 


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•fMi<\c\  y. 


(■'      1.-.     Mil  iM^'X.v    \   \i  ;  \f.i 


-^H 


jmiim,}  wmmmm 


wmm 


PLATE    XL  VI II. 


niOMYXA  VAGANS.    aso  (liiimotors. 


Via.  1.  Liirn''  imlividiiiil,  coutainiiif;  inaiiy  luitmto  ciintractili'  vcMiclcH  lti};t'tUi"r  willi  u  iiiuiilii'r  nf 
(  liKstoriuiiiH.  Tlio  liir({fr  ciiTuIar  spaci'a  ari'  vacaiif  ami  wvtv  protluciMl  l),v  tlii>  closinj;  of  ini'slicN  ol'  tlu> 
l)ruto|il!i«iiiiii' IK'I.  Tliii  arrowN  iiulicnto  tlic  loiii-m?  of  tli«  protoplamiiir  eurroiitH.  From  H|)lia);iimn,  of 
Alisi'coni,  Ni"\v  .IiTHcy,  collt'oteil  in  tlio  autnniu  of  1874  and  proHcrvcd  iii  a  glass  cam"  during;  (ho  wiiilrr. 
Observed  Mari'li,  1875. 

Flos. 'J,  H.  Two  snccesfiivo  viiiws  of  ii  small  individual,  fonnd  with  tlif  foimrr,  and  hu)i|ios(m1  to 
bi"  a  dotarhcd  fi-a}{m<"nt. 

Figs.  4-«!.  Tlirco  sncrossivc  viows  of  an  individnal.  Ohwrvcd  in  tlio  sam(>  s|)lia);iuuu  as  t.hu 
fonncr. 

Figs. 7-i).  Tliiw  HUieessivo  views  of  another  individual.     Also  from  the  same  sphagnnni. 

Figs.  U>-lt.  Five  snooe.ssivo  views  of  an  individnal.  From  spliagnnni  of  Hroad  Sloniitain,  I'enn- 
sylvania,  (September,  187<i. 

Figs.  1.V17.  Three  sucoessive  views  of  an  individual.     From  Hphapinin  of  Atio,  N.  .1.,  April,  1877. 

Figs.  18-'J0.  Three  anecessive  views  of  an  individnal.  It  eontained  a  distinet  n'"""l'H'  nuelens, 
and  is  snspectod  to  pertain  to  the  same  orjjanism  as  the  former  speeimens.  Fonnd  with  the  preceding 
in  spha>;nnm  of  Atco,  N.  J. 

Fig.  "Jl.  .''apposed  to  be  a  condition  of  Biomyxa.  It  contains  a  nuelens,  several  contract ilo  vesi- 
cles, and  iinnierous  darkly  defined  granules. 

Figs. '.H-'J.">.  Four  successive  views  of  another  individual  of  the  same  kind.  As  first  seen,  tig. 'J, 
the  creatni-c  diseharjj;ed  a  lar){e  mass  of  exerenieiititious  matter. 

The  subji'ctsof  lips. iJl-'J."i  were  found,  with  many  others  of  the  same  kind,  to({ellier  with  ninlli- 
tudes  of  minute  desmids.  in  a  clear  gelatinoid  substance,  adherent  to  the  gliuss  case  in  which  was  pre- 
served a  'argo  bed  of  sphaguiini,  coUocted  in  the  autumn  at  Absi  I'oin,  N.  ,1.     April,  1877, 


V  fi  .-.K.ii„'i",l.V\L,  SUKVKV   OV  TllK  TKHKITOWK:: 


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